水合氧化镧吸附除磷的试验研究

以开发新型高效除磷吸附剂材料为目的,以金属水合氧化物MeH(metal hydrate)为试验对象,对所选材料进行了吸附除磷性能评价.通过对多种水合金属氧化物吸附除磷性能的比较研究,发现水合氧化镧LaH(lan-thanum hydrate)具有优异的除磷吸附容量,其吸附容量大约为参照物粉末活性氧化铝的十几倍.该吸附剂的吸附容量随pH值变化显著,在pH=3附近达最大值;吸附等温线较符合Langmuir方程;进行了抗无机阴离子干扰能力测试,给出了干扰离子的影响顺序;该吸附剂对正磷酸根的去除性能优越,但对聚磷酸根的去除效果不理想.试验结果表明,水合氧化镧在平衡吸附容量、pH适应范围等方面与参照物活性氧化铝相比较,具有优异的性能.     

水合氧化铁对废水中磷酸根的吸附-解吸性能研究

以FeCl₃为原料制备水合氧化铁吸附剂,研究其对废水中磷酸根的吸附-解吸性能.结果表明,随着溶液pH的降低,水合氧化铁对磷酸根的吸附能力不断提高,其吸附动力学曲线符合二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型.被吸附的磷酸根在50 g/L的NaOH溶液中进行解吸,解吸率>98%.解吸率与单位水合氧化铁的吸附饱和程度没有相关性.利用水合氧化铁对城市某污水处理厂污泥浓缩池上清液进行磷的吸附和解吸实验,结果表明该工艺对磷的回收率>90%.根据实验结果设计了城市污水中磷去除和回收工艺流程,该流程包括：吸附过程、解吸再生过程、富磷解吸液中磷回收等过程.     

水合氧化铁对含磷废水的吸附特性研究

以Fe(NO3)3为前驱物,制备了水合氧化铁吸附剂样品,以NaOH为解吸剂,研究了样品对模拟废水中磷酸根的吸附和解吸性能。结果表明,水合氧化铁对磷酸根有较好的吸附效果;随着pH的降低,水合氧化铁对磷酸根的吸附能力增强,在pH为2时吸附达92.5%;吸附前15 min吸附速率较快,约150 min达到平衡,吸附动力学曲线符合二级动力学模型;用水合氧化铁对初始浓度为50~100 mg/L模拟含磷废水吸附,随着初始浓度的增大,磷的去除率下降;水合氧化铁对磷酸根的吸附等温线较符合Langmuir吸附模型;用NaOH对水合氧化铁行解吸,浓度为40 g/L有最好的解吸率,60 min时达到解吸平衡。     

Friedel层状化合物对正磷酸根的去除效应及其作用机制

为了解Friedel化合物除磷的应用潜能,研究了Friedel化合物对正磷酸根的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,并结合反应后溶液中各离子浓度的变化和反应固相产物的XRD、红外光谱分析,探讨其除磷作用机理.结果表明:Friedel化合物对正磷酸根的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,理论吸附容量为4.86mmol·g-1;Friedel化合物除磷作用机理主要为溶出钙离子的沉淀作用,同时存在氢氧化铝的固磷作用.     

三水铝石(γ-Al(OH)3)和α-Al2O3表面酸碱性质与磷酸根吸附研究

采用批量实验法,对2种不同晶体结构铝氧化物(γ-Al(OH)3和α-Al2O3)表面上磷酸根的吸附进行了比较研究.吸附等温线实验在pH=4和pH=6的KNO3溶液(0.0l mol·L-1)中进行,并使用Langmuir等温方程进行定量描述.由吸附等温线可以发现,α-Al2O3表现出更大的吸附容量和吸附密度.且在pH 3.5～4.0范围内,表面对磷酸根的吸附达到最大值.为了更好的理解表面性质对磷酸根吸附的影响,使用X射线衍射、N2吸附比表面积分析、电镜观察和表面酸碱滴定技术对表面结构和性质进行了表征.结合表面信息和吸附结果可以发现,单位质量吸附剂上的吸附量大小与比表面积有关,而吸附密度与铝氧化合物表面对磷酸根的吸附反应活性有关.     

改性麦草秸秆对水中磷酸根吸附效果的研究

为实现农作物秸秆资源化,解决水体富营养化问题,将麦草秸秆化学改性成一种可以有效吸附水体中磷酸根的阳离子型吸附剂.考察了吸附剂投加量、磷酸根溶液初始pH、温度等因素对吸附效果的影响,分析了改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学过程和吸附机理.结果表明,在吸附剂投加量为4 g·L-1和磷酸根溶液初始pH为4.0～7.5条件下,改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果最好,去除率均高于90%;改性麦草秸秆对磷酸根的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式,饱和吸附容量为2.38 mmol·g-1;吸附过程符合一级反应动力学方程,为快速反应过程;反应活化能为12.6 kJ·mol-1,反应速率对温度的变化不敏感.     

类脂复合吸附剂去除水中微量七氯和环氧七氯的研究

研制了一种新型类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂,研究了其对水中痕量持久性有机污染物--七氯和环氧七氯的吸附行为.实验结果表明,该新型复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯有较强的吸附性能,反应48 h后,对初始浓度为20μg·L-1的七氯和环氧七氯的去除率分别为98.79%和98.08%;吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希模型;吸附动力学符合准二阶动力学模型.该复合吸附剂对亲脂性较强的七氯具有较快的初始吸附速率、较大的平衡吸附量和较高的去除率.相同实验条件下,类脂-活性炭复合吸附剂对七氯和环氧七氯的吸附速率和去除效果均优于传统吸附材料活性炭.     

氧化锆负载树脂处理含氟废水的研究

以火力发电厂废树脂为载体 ,制备了负载锆的水合氧化物氟离子吸附树脂 ,并探讨了该树脂对氟离子的吸附性能 .该树脂对氟离子的吸附和脱附与溶液的pH值有关 ,溶液 pH =3 .0时吸附效果较好 ,而溶液pH≥ 12 .0时脱附效果较好 .进行了该树脂对氟离子的吸附等温线试验 ,该吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温线 ,通过Langmuir型吸附等温得出的饱和吸附量Q0 为 714mg/g .利用该树脂对模拟火力发电厂含氟废水进行了处理 ,处理效果较好     

尿素分解共沉淀法中反应时间对 ZnAl类水滑石结构和磷吸附性能的影响

采用尿素分解均匀共沉淀法合成了一系列反应时间不同的ZnAl类水滑石,考察了其结构特征及其对水中磷酸根的吸附性能.结果表明,随着反应时间由12 h增加至96 h,制得的ZnAl均具有典型的类水滑石层状结构,但其中的n(Zn)/n(Al)由2.06降至0.70,比表面积升至ZnAl-12的7.6倍.样品中Al比例升高引起的层板正电性增加以及样品比表面积的升高引起了ZnAl对水中磷酸根的吸附性能总体上随着其制备反应时间的增加逐渐增强,同时表明表面的物理化学吸附在磷酸根的去除过程中具有重要作用.当反应时间为24 h时,制备得到的ZnAl类水滑石由于其很高的可交换阴离子含量而具有最高的磷酸根吸附性能,其在25℃的饱和吸附量(以P计)约为34.1 mg.g-1.这说明离子交换也是一种十分重要的磷去除途径.此外,不同反应时间制得的类水滑石对磷酸根的吸附等温线表现为Langmuir型;测得的磷吸附动力学结果均符合准二级动力学方程.     

改性玉米秸秆对水中磷酸根的吸附动力学研究

将化学改性后的玉米秸秆制备阴离子交换剂,重点研究了改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学特性.通过静态实验,考察了在不同pH、温度、磷酸根初始浓度条件下,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根吸附效果的影响,并分别用伪一级动力学方程、伪二级动力学方程、修正伪一级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,Langmuir等温模式能更好地描述改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附效果,并且随着温度的升高,改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的最大吸附量逐渐减小.改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,30 min内即可达到吸附平衡,该吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程,吸附速率主要受颗粒内扩散控制.随着初始浓度的增大,伪二级吸附速率常数逐渐减小,颗粒内扩散速率常数逐渐增大.通过改性玉米秸秆对磷酸根的吸附动力学研究,可以为反应器的设计和污水处理装置的运行提供基础信息,对于去除水溶液中磷酸根的技术应用具有重要实际意义.     

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents from melamine-formaldehyde resin using nanocasting technique for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents, having high nitrogen content, were synthesized via nanocasting technique with melamine–formaldehyde resin as precursor and mesoporous silica as template. A series of adsorbents were prepared by varying the carbonization temperature from 400 to 700°C. Adsorbents were characterized thoroughly by nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), elemental(CHN) analysis, Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and Boehm titration. Carbonization temperature controlled the properties of the synthesized adsorbents ranging from surface area to their nitrogen content, which play major role in their application as adsorbents for CO_2 capture.The nanostructure of these materials was confirmed by XRD and TEM. Their nitrogen content decreased with an increase in carbonization temperature while other properties like surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and surface basicity increased with the carbonization temperature. These materials were evaluated for CO_2 adsorption by fixed-bed column adsorption experiments. Adsorbent synthesized at 700°C was found to have the highest surface area and surface basicity along with maximum CO_2 adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents. Breakthrough time and CO_2 equilibrium adsorption capacity were investigated from the breakthrough curves and were found to decrease with increase in adsorption temperature. Adsorption process for carbon adsorbent–CO_2 system was found to be reversible with stable adsorption capacity over four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. From three isotherm models used to analyze the equilibrium data, Temkin isotherm model presented a nearly perfect fit implying the heterogeneous adsorbent surface.     

双酚A和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯在纸类上的吸附特性研究

采用序批式实验,考察了报纸对双酚A(BPA)和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DnBP)的吸附能力,用Freundlich、Langmuir、Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)、Flory-Huggins(F-H)、BET、Temkin 6种吸附等温线模型对实验数据进行了拟合.并选择了回归系数(R2)、均方根差(RMSE)和卡方检验(X2检验)3种非线性回归方法评价了模型拟合度.结果表明,Freundlich和Temkin吸附等温线模型能很好地描述BPA和DnBP在纸类表面的吸附,BPA和DnBP的R2均大于0.95(P<0.01),RMSE和X2分别小于0.05和0.02;吸附能力与吸附质的疏水性呈正相关.由D-R和F-H吸附等温线模型拟合结果可知,BPA和DnBP的吸附平均自由能分别为1.484和1.609 kJ/mol;Gibbs自由能分别为-6.559和-7.021 kJ/mol.说明BPA和DnBP在纸类上的吸附为自发的物理吸附.BPA和DnBP在纸类上的Freundlich吸附常数k分别为0.147和0.502 mg(1-n)·L"·g-1,均高于文献报道的底泥等的吸附常数,说明生活垃圾填埋场中纸类会阻碍BPA和DnBP的迁移和生物可利用性.     

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents from melamine–formaldehyde resin using nanocasting technique for CO2 adsorption

Mesoporous carbon adsorbents, having high nitrogen content, were synthesized via nanocasting technique with melamine–formaldehyde resin as precursor and mesoporous silica as template. A series of adsorbents were prepared by varying the carbonization temperature from 400 to 700°C. Adsorbents were characterized thoroughly by nitrogen sorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), elemental (CHN) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Boehm titration. Carbonization temperature controlled the properties of the synthesized adsorbents ranging from surface area to their nitrogen content, which play major role in their application as adsorbents for CO₂ capture. The nanostructure of these materials was confirmed by XRD and TEM. Their nitrogen content decreased with an increase in carbonization temperature while other properties like surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and surface basicity increased with the carbonization temperature. These materials were evaluated for CO₂ adsorption by fixed-bed column adsorption experiments. Adsorbent synthesized at 700°C was found to have the highest surface area and surface basicity along with maximum CO₂ adsorption capacity among the synthesized adsorbents. Breakthrough time and CO₂ equilibrium adsorption capacity were investigated from the breakthrough curves and were found to decrease with increase in adsorption temperature. Adsorption process for carbon adsorbent–CO₂ system was found to be reversible with stable adsorption capacity over four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. From three isotherm models used to analyze the equilibrium data, Temkin isotherm model presented a nearly perfect fit implying the heterogeneous adsorbent surface.     

沸石负载壳聚糖对铬（Ⅵ）的吸附平衡和动力学研究

采用沸石负载壳聚糖作为吸附剂,对溶液中铬（Ⅵ）的吸附平衡和吸附动力学进行了研究。结果表明,溶液中铬（Ⅵ）在沸石负载壳聚糖上的等温吸附数据符合Freundlich模型;吸附体系属于物理吸附,吸附状态属于多层吸附;吸附行为符合二级速率方程。     

吸附法处理重金属废水研究进展

对吸附法处理重金属废水的研究进展进行了综述,包括吸附机理、影响吸附的相关因素和常用吸附剂及其应用,同时展望了吸附法处理重金属废水的发展方向。     

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents

The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature.Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest,which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid.The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid.Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic,spontaneous physical adsorption process.Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.     

大孔树脂对柠檬黄吸附行为的研究

用三种大孔树脂NDA-7、NDA-99和ND-900作为吸附剂,对水溶液中柠檬黄进行吸附,探讨了温度、盐含量和pH值对不同类型树脂吸附行为的影响。实验结果表明,三种树脂对柠檬黄的吸附均符合Freun-dlich公式,在相同温度下,三种树脂对柠檬黄的吸附量大小顺序为ND-900〉NDA-99〉NDA-7;降温和减小溶液初始pH值均有利于三种树脂对柠檬黄的吸附;盐分对三种树脂的吸附效果均有严重的负效应,但是随着盐含量的增加,三种树脂对柠檬黄的吸附曲线又表现出不同的变化趋势。     

三氯乙烯在不同土壤中的吸附特性及其影响因素研究

吸附作用是影响三氯乙烯(TCE)在土壤环境中迁移、归趋的主要过程.采用有机碳含量不同的2种天然土壤以及用H2O2去除低聚合"软碳"和高温灼烧去除全部有机碳后所得到的4种土壤为吸附剂,考察了有机碳含量及组成、矿物质、TCE初始浓度、溶液pH、土壤含水率、离子强度等因素对吸附TCE的影响.结果表明,TCE在6种土壤上的吸附等温线呈非线性,随有机碳含量增加,土壤对TCE的吸附量增加;但矿物质的吸附贡献率却减小.土壤对TCE的吸附是土壤中有机碳和矿物质的共同作用,以有机碳为主,但矿物质的作用不可忽略;且TCE初始浓度越高,矿物质的贡献率相对越低.土壤中"软碳"的吸附等温线线性较好;而"硬碳"的吸附等温线为非线性.此外,增大离子强度对吸附具有促进作用,而pH和含水率对吸附几乎没有影响.     

Metal composition of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) regulating ClO4- adsorption to calcined LDHs via the memory effect and hydrogen bonding

A series of calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides （CLDHs） with various metal compositions and different M^2＋/M^3＋ ratios were prepared as adsorbents for perchlorate. Adsorption isotherms fit Langmuir model well, and the adsorption amount followed the order of MgA1-CLDHs 1〉 MgFeCLDHs 〉〉 ZnA1-CLDHs. The isotherms of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs displayed a two-step shape at low and high concentration ranges and increased with an increase in the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio from 2 to 4. The two-step isotherm was not observed for ZnA1-CLDHs, and the adsorption was minimally affected by the M^2＋/M^3＋ ratio. The LDHs, CLDHs and the reconstructed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, FT-IR and Raman spectra to delineate the analysis of perchlorate adsorption mechanisms. The perchlorate adsorption of MgA1-CLDHs and MgFe-CLDHs was dominated by the structural memory effect and the hydrogen bonds between the free hydroxyl groups on the reconstructed-LDHs and the oxygen atoms of the perchlorates. For ZnAI-CLDHs, the perchlorate adsorption was controlled by the structural memory effect only, as the hydroxyl groups on the hydroxide layers preferred to form strong hydrogen bonds with carbonate over perchlorate, which locked the intercalated perchlorate into a more confined nano-interlayer. Several distinct binding mechanisms of perchlorate by CLDHs with unique M^2＋ ions were proposed.     

活性炭吸附有机蒸气性能的研究

吸附法在油气回收技术中运用很广泛.吸附剂的选择对吸附分离效果起到了决定性作用.选用3种商用活性炭,以正己烷和正庚烷为吸附质,在温度为293.15 K下进行了静态和动态吸附实验,并研究了活性炭孔结构对其吸附性能和吸附能的影响,同时利用Logistic模型的回归公式对活性炭的吸附穿透曲线进行拟合.结果表明,活性炭的比表面积和孔容是其吸附性能主要影响因素;正己烷和正庚烷的吸附行均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;3种活性炭对正己烷和正庚烷的吸附能都随其比表面积变大而变大;Logistic模型拟合曲线与实验结果具有高度相似性,可用于活性炭吸附穿透曲线的预测.