固定化硝化菌去除废水中氨氮工艺的研究

采用聚乙烯醇－硼酸包埋固定化法,选用ＰＶＡ为包埋载体,粉末活性炭作为无机载体,包埋固定Ａ／Ｏ生物脱氮系统中的再经驯化过的硝化污泥,制成固定化硝化菌颗粒。     

菌株qy37吸附包埋固定化的脱氮效果研究

以对异养硝化好氧反硝化菌菌株qy37固定化后的脱氮效果为考察标准,分别研究了不同的吸附、包埋固定化载体和方式对固定化脱氮效果的影响。研究结果表明:以碳纳米管、多孔陶粒、活性炭、石墨四种材料为吸附固定化载体时,纳碳纳米材料的吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,脱氮率可达94%;以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA、PVA-SA-活性炭和PVA-SA-纳米材料小球为包埋固定化载体时,PVA和SA混合作为包埋剂固定效果要好于单独作为包埋剂,包埋剂PVA和添加剂SA最佳包埋比是10:1;吸附材料作为强化剂一起包埋的复合式包埋有助于提高固定化小球的稳定性和固定化效果,脱氮率提高5%。其中纳米材料作为强化剂的包埋固定化脱氮效果要优于活性炭,脱氮率可达到85%。强化剂活性炭、纳米材料最佳包埋比是5:4。吸附固定化整体脱氮效率优于包埋固定化。     

闭合循环系统中固定化活性污泥降解氨氮的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)—硼酸包埋固定化法,包埋固定驯化过的活性污泥,制成固定化活性污泥颗粒;以流化床作为生物反应器,对人工配制的含氮废水进行处理实验。结果表明,固定化活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率达 32.5mg/g(MLSS)·d,而悬浮活性污泥对氨氮的降解速率为18.3mg/g(MLSS)·d。同时研究了温度、氨氮负荷、盐度、COD/TN比及 pH等因素对固定化活性污泥硝化活性的影响。     

固定化硝化菌在不同温度下对氨氮的去除效能研究

采用聚乙烯醇——硼酸包埋法固定经常温富集培养的含耐冷菌的硝化污泥,用于处理常温和低温生活污水,进行了比较研究。结果表明,该固定化硝化菌群在常温下经过一个月的活性恢复和增殖后,转入低温环境,在短期内表现出一定的适应性,作用6 h后对NH4-N的去除率为80%左右。在常温下,该固定化菌更表现出高效的氨氮去除能力,作用3 h后,去除率达90%以上。可见,固定化硝化混合菌群经过常温活性增强和数量扩增后转入低温,对氨氮的去除是有利的,而且混合菌群中的低温菌仍能保持优势菌的地位。     

包埋活性污泥反硝化性能的快速提高及群落分析

为了快速提高以污水厂反硝化池污泥为菌源的反硝化包埋填料的活性,实现包埋固定化的工程化应用,探究包埋填料的微生物群落特性,采用批次实验研究不同碳氮比、温度、pH对包埋填料活性的影响,并采用高通量测序研究包埋填料的生物群落特性.结果表明,C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH为7.5±0.3时,经过7 d即可恢复5.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)的初始活性.在C/N为10,温度为25℃,pH为8.0的最优培养条件下,15 d后比反硝化速率即增大15倍至80.17 mg·(g·h)~(-1)并实现稳定运行.SEM结果显示包埋填料内部存在大量利于传质的通道,内部的细菌呈团簇状生长良好.高通量测序表明,包埋填料中具有反硝化功能的Thauera和Thermomonas为优势菌属,所占比例分别为24.27%和8.23%,保证了反硝化填料脱氮的高效性.Thauera优势菌属和Thermomonas菌属在最优培养条件下快速增殖是填料活性快速提高的主要原因.     

固定化微生物用于废水生物脱氮的试验研究

本文通过试验确定了用聚乙烯酸（PVA）对微生物进行固定化的最佳条件，对低温下未包埋和包埋反硝化菌脱氛的效果进行比较，探讨了固定化细胞用于有毒废水生物脱氮的可行性。结果表明，固定化微生物在低温时的脱氮效果明显优于未固定化细胞，且固定化做生物对毒性有很强的耐受力。     

厌氧氨氧化微生物的吸附、包埋固定化效果初探

以活性炭、陶瓷生化环、陶瓷生化球、珊瑚砂、火山石和生化棉为吸附固定化载体,以海藻酸钠(SA)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)制成的SA、PVA、PVA-SA和PVA-SA-活性炭小球为包埋固定化载体,研究了厌氧氨氧化微生物固定化的脱氮效果.结果表明,吸附固定化的大部分处理和包埋固定化的部分处理均能维持较高的厌氧氨氧化活性.吸附固定化脱氮效率优于包埋固定化,其中,活性炭吸附固定化脱氮效果最好,初期可以提高活性达30%以上.通过对活性炭吸附固定化的中长期连续运行监测发现,活性炭固定化第6次反应过程的厌氧氨氧化活性是对照的3.5倍.因此,活性炭吸附固定化还具有稳定持续的中长期效应,不失为一条有效提高厌氧氨氧化活性的固定化途径.     

硝化细菌的培养及包埋固定化中试

为实现硝化细菌规模化富集及包埋固定化技术的工业化应用.以污水厂回流污泥为菌源,利用工业级生物发酵罐,连续投加并逐渐提高底物浓度,控制FA和FNA实现硝化细菌的快速增长,实现了氨氧化速率118 mg·(L·h)~(-1)的高表达.高通量种群分析结果表明,回流污泥生物多样性较大,具有硝化作用的Nitrosomonas比例仅为0.53%;富集培养后污泥多样性明显降低,Nitrosomonas比例上升至10.27%,相较于驯化前,比例提高了20倍.以此为菌源,用PVA(聚乙烯醇)进行包埋固定化,包埋填料填充率为30%,通过连续流的方式进行包埋填料的活性恢复,仅用27 d填料的硝化速率达到62mg·(L·h)~(-1),证明包埋填料活性恢复.     

海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇包埋固定化技术对紫色非硫光合细菌脱氢酶活性影响的试验研究

采用两种包埋载体--海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇对紫色非硫光合细菌进行了固定化,研究了这两种包埋剂包埋固定化技术对紫色非硫光合细菌性能及脱氢酶活性的影响,并确定了其最佳固定化条件.     

硝化细菌的固定化研究

通过对呼吸速率的测定，比较了3种不同的硝化细菌包埋方法。实验结果表明，海藻酸钠包埋法最佳。考察了海藻酸钠法固定的硝化细菌与游离的硝化细菌在不同温度下硝化速率的大小，发现固定化的硝化细菌比游离的硝化速率高，表明其具有抗低温能力的特点。通过对富营养化水体进行的降解试验表明，所得结果具有一致性。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.