床板珊瑚形珊瑚属种鉴定的微机处理系统

本书将国内外已发表的床板珊瑚形珊瑚亚纲476属和国内已发现的2225种（包括部分国外模式种和种的模式标本）原始资料编制成化石鉴定特征检索表，并应用数学方法和IdASE－F微机技术阐明乐板珊瑚化石微机自动处理的方法、步骤和数学模型，在此基础上建成了可对床板珊瑚形珊瑚资料进行储存、分类、自动鉴定和数据库管理的综合性微机处理系统。本系统应用CDBASE一回汉字软件建立了树形结构的关系型数据库，并在数值分类的基础上建立了对未知化石微机自动鉴定和数据库管理的应用软件。本系统设计合理、功能齐全，具输人、添加、删除、修改、…     

下扬子区石炭纪珊瑚化石

本文总结了下扬子区石炭纪珊瑚化石特征及地理分布。共描述石炭纪珊瑚化石7属9种,其中3新属7新种。     

八射珊瑚的起源及有关问题的探讨

现代海洋中,八射珊瑚相当繁盛,研究也较详,但其化石并不多见:在古生代,是否有八射珊瑚化石尚有争议;公认的八射珊瑚化石首见于中生代,但只国外有零星报道,国内尚属空白。因此八射珊瑚化石并不为人们所熟悉。 70年代初,笔者于西秦岭中泥盆统上部的Stringocephalus层顶板中,采得一块构造罕见的化石标本,根据其构造特征(见下文),命名为海绵管珊瑚属Spongopora。稍后,西安地矿所晚古生代地层组又于该属模式种产地之西约10公里的较低层位上(相当于艾菲尔阶)采到该属另一个种的标本。当时笔者初步研究后,认为其与八射珊瑚亚纲的笙珊瑚属Tubipora Linnaeus颇为相似。但后者首见于新第三纪,两者的地质时代相     

西沙永兴岛珊瑚重金属水平及其富集效应

利用ICP-MS测定了永兴岛4种珊瑚骨骼中重金属Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni、Mn的含量。结果表明,相对于其他地区的珊瑚骨骼,永兴岛珊瑚骨骼中Zn、Mn、Cu的污染比较严重,Ni与Cd的污染较轻。重金属在珊瑚骨骼中的浓度水平从大到小依次为:ZnNiMnCuCd。重金属Cd在不同珊瑚种类间有明显的种间差异,其余4种重金属种间差异不明显。主成分分析结果表明珊瑚骨骼重金属主要有3个来源:船舶侵蚀以及生活污水、岩石自然矿化溶出、大气沉降。珊瑚对重金属具有富集效应,帛琉蜂巢珊瑚(Favia palauensis)对重金属的富集系数从大到小依次为ZnMnNiCdCu,其余3种珊瑚对重金属的富集系数从大到小依次为ZnMnCdNiCu。     

洗涤剂主成分LAS和AEO对软珊瑚氧化应激水平的影响

浅水珊瑚受到海岸排放污水中日益增加的洗涤剂的威胁。本文旨在探究洗涤剂主成分线性十二烷基苯磺酸钠（LAS）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO）对近海软珊瑚的影响,实验将肉芝软珊瑚（Sarcophyton trocheliophorum ）与小棒短指软珊瑚（Sinularia microclavata）急性暴露于不同浓度的LAS和AEO环境中,测定在此过程中的叶绿素含量以及部分关键酶的活性变化。结果显示:LAS环境胁迫下,珊瑚Chl a含量在高浓度LAS环境下显著升高,不同LAS浓度下两种软珊瑚的SOD与CAT活性均显著升高,GST与AKP活性受LAS环境影响不明显。AEO环境胁迫下,两种软珊瑚的CAT活性均显著升高,高浓度的AEO环境对两种软珊瑚的叶绿素含量与GST活性影响显著。说明LAS与AOE对两种软珊瑚抗氧化功能产生影响,本实验为研究洗涤剂对珊瑚礁的影响提供数据支持。     

苏、皖南部中石炭世四射珊瑚新属种

中石炭统黄龙组(原称黄龙灰岩),系1930年由李四光、朱森创名于南京龙潭黄龙山。其岩性:上部为灰白微显红色之纯灰岩,底部为白云岩。总厚近百米。黄龙组在华南分布普遍,层位稳定,岩性变化不大。唯珊瑚化石采集和报道较少。近年来,笔者对所存标本(包括自采和地质队采集的)进行了初步整理和研究,对苏、皖南部地区中石炭统一些珊瑚化石标本进行鉴定和描述。现将其结果报道于后,供大家对比和研究中石     

安徽巢县地区栖霞组的床板珊瑚化石分带

中国南部早二迭世珊瑚化石的研究,地质前辈做了大量工作。1932年,乐森(王寻)、黄汲清等先后就完成了有关中国南部早二迭世珊瑚化石的论著,为后来的研究工作奠定了基础。 安徽巢县地区下二迭统栖霞组出露完整,珊瑚化石比较丰富,是研究我国华南地区早二迭世珊瑚化石比较理想的地区之一。六十年代初期,何炎等(1960)、赵嘉明、陈华成(1963)先后在本区做了许多工作,并描述了部分珊瑚化石。1976—1978年,安徽省地质局区测队徐家聪、黄国成、齐敦伦等先后对本区栖霞组剖面进行详细的测制,观察,并系统地采集了大量的珊瑚化石。笔者就对其中的床板珊瑚化石进行了较系统研究,提出对本区栖霞组的床板珊瑚化石分带的粗浅意见,供同志们参考。     

珊瑚砂混凝土耐久性及应用技术研究进展

综述了珊瑚砂混凝土的应用研究及进展。对影响珊瑚砂混凝土耐久性的因素进行了分析,制约其应用的主要因素为高孔隙渗透性导致的内部结构筋腐蚀,以及珊瑚砂自身强度较低。针对以上两方面,重点总结了珊瑚砂混凝土用加强筋材料及珊瑚砂改性技术研究进展情况,最后对珊瑚砂混凝土的发展趋势进行了展望。研究分析结果可为珊瑚砂制备混凝土在远海岛礁建设的应用提供借鉴。     

温度、pH和盐度对珊瑚小穗生长的影响

2012年7月在广东徐闻海域采集澄黄滨珊瑚、大管孔珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚,分解获得珊瑚小穗,在实验室条件下进行温度、pH、盐度渐变单因子对照试验,观察其在环境因子渐变条件下的生长特性。结果表明:三种珊瑚的骨骼密度平均值变化在(1.563~2.137)g/㎝3之间,差异显著(P0.05)。温度和pH梯度的变化对同一规格珊瑚小穗生长率和组织延伸度影响差异显著(P0.05);盐度梯度的变化对同一规格珊瑚小穗生长率影响差异显著(P0.05),对组织延伸度影响差异不显著。三种环境因子对不同规格珊瑚小穗间生长率和组织延伸度影响差异不显著。澄黄滨珊瑚、大管孔珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚获得最大生长率和组织延伸度因子梯度有一定的差异,其中pH和盐度比较一致,均为7.8和32.5;而温度差异较大,澄黄滨珊瑚和丛生盔形珊瑚为29.5℃,大管孔珊瑚最大的生长率为25℃,最大的组织延伸度为28~29.5℃。     

全球气候变暖对涠洲岛珊瑚生长的影响

根据美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)和英国HadCRUT3提供的全球温度距平,涠洲岛珊瑚礁普查(ReefCheck)历史资料及涠洲海洋站实测海表温度(SST)历史资料,2010年采集的滨珊瑚样品,分析全球气候变暖对涠洲岛珊瑚生长的影响,结果显示:(1)涠洲岛滨珊瑚生长率约为6～8 mm/a;(2)近51 a涠洲岛SST上升率为0.11℃/10 a;与全球平均温度呈准同步变化;(3)预估2050年以前全球气候变暖对涠洲岛的珊瑚生长不会有毁灭性影响。     

Spine anatomy reveals the diversity of catfish through time: a case study of Synodontis (Siluriformes)

Synodontis (Mochokidae, Siluriformes) is a freshwater catfish endemic to Africa. The 118 extant species are present in almost all hydrographic basins. Some species are restricted to a single stream, whereas others have a vast distribution. Synodontis is known in the fossil record since the Miocene, and its history depends on the connections among African basins through time. The identification of species in the fossil record is essential to reconstruct this historical pattern. Catfish pectoral and dorsal spines are robust, they preserve well and they form most of the fossil remains for the genus Synodontis. Unfortunately, the criteria for the identification of extant Synodontis species are not applicable to fossil specimens. Here, we define 11 original morphological characters that permit to discriminate four extant species from the Chad-Chari hydrographic system. Six of these characters are defined on pectoral spines and five on dorsal spines. We then show that these characters can be used successfully for identifying fossil specimens. In particular, we present a case study in which we identify Synodontis cf. schall and Brachysynodontis cf. batensoda in the hominid-bearing sector Toros-Menalla (Late Miocene, northern Chad). We show that spine anatomy can be a powerful tool to recognise catfish species through time and thus to identify historical diversity pattern.     

区域源解析模式的建立

运用数值分类学手段建立了一种迭代的(iterative)、分裂的(divisive)、不加权的(non-weighting)、非交迭(nonoverlapping)的运算程式(IDNN模式),从实测原始数据中提取可近似作为纯源的样品和相应的性状,通过分析这些近似纯源样品及与之关系密切的其它特征样品的采样参数和成分特征可鉴别或识别源的类型,运用化学质量平衡法(CMB)求解受体样品的定量来源.在对模拟数据的验证处理中,IDNN模式显示了初步成功.     

Reconstructing the anatomy of the 42-million-year-old fossil †Mengea tertiaria (Insecta, Strepsiptera)

Fossilization in amber is unique in preserving specimens with microscopic fidelity; however, arthropod inclusions are rarely examined beyond the exoskeleton as this requires destructive sampling when traditional techniques are used. We report the first complete, digital 3D, non-destructive reconstruction of the anatomy of an insect fossil, a specimen of †Mengea tertiaria embedded in a 42-Ma Baltic amber. This was made possible using Synchrotron μ-CT. The species belongs to the stem group of the phylogenetically enigmatic and extremely specialized Strepsiptera. Most internal structures of the fossil are preserved, but small parts of the lumen had decayed due to incomplete infiltration of the resin. Data on internal organs provided additional information for resolving phylogenetic relationships. A sister group relationship between †Mengea and all extant lineages of the group was confirmed with characters previously not accessible. The newly gained information also yielded some insights in the biology of †Mengea and the early evolutionary history of Strepsiptera. The technique has a tremendous potential for a more accurate interpretation of diverse fossil arthropods preserved in ambers from 130 Ma to the present.     

Charles Darwin, beetles and phylogenetics

Here, we review Charles Darwin’s relation to beetles and developments in coleopteran systematics in the last two centuries. Darwin was an enthusiastic beetle collector. He used beetles to illustrate different evolutionary phenomena in his major works, and astonishingly, an entire sub-chapter is dedicated to beetles in “The Descent of Man”. During his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin was impressed by the high diversity of beetles in the tropics, and he remarked that, to his surprise, the majority of species were small and inconspicuous. However, despite his obvious interest in the group, he did not get involved in beetle taxonomy, and his theoretical work had little immediate impact on beetle classification. The development of taxonomy and classification in the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth century was mainly characterised by the exploration of new character systems (e.g. larval features and wing venation). In the mid-twentieth century, Hennig’s new methodology to group lineages by derived characters revolutionised systematics of Coleoptera and other organisms. As envisioned by Darwin and Ernst Haeckel, the new Hennigian approach enabled systematists to establish classifications truly reflecting evolution. Roy A. Crowson and Howard E. Hinton, who both made tremendous contributions to coleopterology, had an ambivalent attitude towards the Hennigian ideas. The Mickoleit school combined detailed anatomical work with a classical Hennigian character evaluation, with stepwise tree building, comparatively few characters and a priori polarity assessment without explicit use of the outgroup comparison method. The rise of cladistic methods in the 1970s had a strong impact on beetle systematics. Cladistic computer programs facilitated parsimony analyses of large data matrices, mostly morphological characters not requiring detailed anatomical investigations. Molecular studies on beetle phylogeny started in the 1990s with modest taxon sampling and limited DNA data. This has changed dramatically. With very large data sets and high throughput sampling, phylogenetic questions can be addressed without prior knowledge of morphological characters. Nevertheless, molecular studies have not lead to the great breakthrough in beetle systematics—yet. Especially the phylogeny of the extremely species rich suborder Polyphaga remains incompletely resolved. Coordinated efforts of molecular workers and of morphologists using innovative techniques may lead to more profound insights in the near future. The final aim is to develop a well-founded phylogeny, which truly reflects the evolution of this immensely species rich group of organisms.     

The telomeric sync model of speciation: species-wide telomere erosion triggers cycles of transposon-mediated genomic rearrangements,which underlie the saltatory appearance of nonadaptive characters

Charles Darwin knew that the fossil record is not overwhelmingly supportive of genetic and phenotypic gradualism; therefore, he developed the core of his theory on the basis of breeding experiments. Here, I present evidence for the existence of a cell biological mechanism that strongly points to the almost forgotten European concept of saltatory evolution of nonadaptive characters, which is in perfect agreement with the gaps in the fossil record. The standard model of chromosomal evolution has always been handicapped by a paradox, namely, how speciation can occur by spontaneous chromosomal rearrangements that are known to decrease the fertility of heterozygotes in a population. However, the hallmark of almost all closely related species is a differing chromosome complement and therefore chromosomal rearrangements seem to be crucial for speciation. Telomeres, the caps of eukaryotic chromosomes, erode in somatic tissues during life, but have been thought to remain stable in the germline of a species. Recently, a large human study spanning three healthy generations clearly found a cumulative telomere effect, which is indicative of transgenerational telomere erosion in the human species. The telomeric sync model of speciation presented here is based on telomere erosion between generations, which leads to identical fusions of chromosomes and triggers a transposon-mediated genomic repatterning in the germline of many individuals of a species. The phenotypic outcome of the telomere-triggered transposon activity is the saltatory appearance of nonadaptive characters simultaneously in many individuals. Transgenerational telomere erosion is therefore the material basis of aging at the species level.     

High bat (Chiroptera) diversity in the Early Eocene of India

The geographic origin of bats is still unknown, and fossils of earliest bats are rare and poorly diversified, with, maybe, the exception of Europe. The earliest bats are recorded from the Early Eocene of North America, Europe, North Africa and Australia where they seem to appear suddenly and simultaneously. Until now, the oldest record in Asia was from the Middle Eocene. In this paper, we report the discovery of the oldest bat fauna of Asia dating from the Early Eocene of the Cambay Formation at Vastan Lignite Mine in Western India. The fossil taxa are described on the basis of well-preserved fragments of dentaries and lower teeth. The fauna is highly diversified and is represented by seven species belonging to seven genera and at least four families. Two genera and five species are new. Three species exhibit very primitive dental characters, whereas four others indicate more advanced states. Unexpectedly, this fauna presents strong affinities with the European faunas from the French Paris Basin and the German Messel locality. This could result from the limited fossil record of bats in Asia, but could also suggest new palaeobiogeographic scenarios involving the relative position of India during the Early Eocene.     

植物硅酸体研究在黄土古气候恢复中的应用

地表植被对环境变化的响应最为敏感 ,沉积物中保存的各种植物残余是古环境研究的良好材料 ,植物硅酸体因其特有的物理化学性质 ,成为古气候信息的绝佳载体。在大量现代植物研究基础上 ,科学家们通过对第三纪以来各种沉积物中硅酸体组合的研究 ,较好地恢复了当时的古植被、古气候及其演化特征 ,在缺乏其它化石依据的黄土地层研究中表现更为突出。由于C3、C4 植物具有明显不同的环境适应性和同位素组成 ,地层中C3、C4 植物硅酸体相对含量和稳定同位素的研究也被成功地应用于古气候恢复中。在现代气候—植被类型和土壤植物硅酸体同位素研究基础上 ,利用数理统计方法 ,建立同位素指标与各种气候因子之间的数学关系 ,将为高分辨率黄土古气候定量研究开辟新的途径。     

Skeletal remains of a diminutive primate from the Paleocene of Germany

Most living mammal orders, including our own, started their career during the first 10 million years of the Cenozoic, the Age of Mammals. The fossil record documents that early Paleogene adaptive radiations of various clades included tiny species of the size of living shrews. Remains of particularly diminutive limb bones are described from the late Paleocene site of Walbeck, Sachsen-Anhalt. Discovered in 1939, it has remained the only known Paleocene mammal-bearing locality from Germany. The remains are referred to the family Adapisoriculidae, which is considered on the basis of the present postcranial evidence to represent plesiadapiform primates rather than alleged lipotyphlan insectivores as previously proposed. The Walbeck fossils compete with the Early Eocene species Toliapina vinealis from Europe and Picromomys petersonorum from North America for the status of the smallest known primate, fossil and living. Their estimated body weights are as small as 10 g. The limb bones show features related to enhanced flexion at the elbow and hip joint, suggesting arboreal habits and environments such as terminal branches. The diminutive size and tooth morphology suggest feeding on small insects and other invertebrates. Postcranials are important to assess early radiations, such tiny specimens as the present ones are extremely scarce in the fossil record, however.     

Phylogenetically clustering of rhizobia by genome structure: application to unclassified Rhizobium

Introduction The rhizobia can change nitrogen in the air into ammonia and provide nitrogenous nutrition to the plant. This will make us independent from the use of nitrogenous fertilizers so as to minimize pollution of water tables, lakes and rivers and r…