玄武湖表层沉积物间隙水与上覆水中微量金属的含量及相关性研究

应用ICP-AES对南京市玄武湖表层沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的金属元素进行定量测试,并对间隙水和上覆水中的金属离子浓度进行了相关性分析。结果表明,大部分间隙水中的金属离子浓度高于上覆水,且在两者中不具有相同的浓度分布趋势;相关性分析表明,除Mn外,其它元素在间隙水和上覆水中的浓度无明显相关性,但是Fe和Mn与其它金属元素之间存在明显的相关性。     

玄武湖上覆水间隙水和沉积物中的重金属分布研究

为了研究湖泊中重金属的分布情况及其潜在迁移趋势,以南京市玄武湖为对象,分析了该湖上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的Fe,Mn,Ba,Zn,Ni和Cd等重金属的含量。结果表明,上覆水和间隙水中的金属浓度呈相同的分布顺序:Fe>Mn>Cd>Ba>Zn>Ni;而沉积物则具有不同的分布顺序:Fe>Mn>Ba>Zn>Ni>Cd。同种重金属在三者间的分布顺序为:沉积物>间隙水>上覆水,表明了该湖中的重金属有从沉积物向上覆水扩散的趋势。统计分析结果表明,上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的金属浓度之间没有发现明显的相关性;但多数金属与Fe、Mn存在明显的浓度相关性,表明了Fe和Mn在湖泊系统的金属地球化学循环过程中起重要作用。     

太湖北部三个湖区各形态氮的空间分布特征

通过对太湖北部竺山湾、梅梁湾和贡湖上覆水、间隙水和表层沉积物中各形态氮含量的分析,探讨了其中各形态氮的空间分布特征,计算了沉积物-水界面氨氮(NH4+-N)的扩散通量,并对上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中各形态氮进行了相关性分析.结果表明,空间上,上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中,NH4+-N的平均浓度为竺山湾>梅梁湾>贡湖的分布趋势;NO3--N在上覆水和沉积物中为贡湖>梅梁湾>竺山湾的分布趋势,但间隙水中梅梁湾>贡湖>竺山湾;TN在上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中的分布与NH4+-N相似.NH4+-N在竺山湾、梅梁湾和贡湖的平均扩散通量分别为1009.27μmol/(m2×d)、49.35μmol/(m2×d)和3.14μmol/(m2×d).相关性分析表明:上覆水、间隙水、表层沉积物之间NH4+-N存在相关性.     

运用主成分分析法研究云南湖库水体中重金属分布

以云南省38个高原湖库为研究对象,测定了表层水体中Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Cd,As,Fe,Mn和Ni 9种重金属质量浓度. 运用主成分分析法对水体中的重金属分布情况和来源进行了分析. 结果表明:所调查的云南38个湖库水体中主要重金属的分布可由4个主成分来反映,其贡献率分别为F1(Zn,Mn,Cd)35.23%,F2(Pb,Ni)17.05%,F3(Fe,Cu)15.70%和F4(Cr,Fe)13.10%. 38个湖库表层水中均有多种不同质量浓度的重金属存在,在该调查时段,有8个湖库表层水体中部分重金属质量浓度超过《国家地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)Ⅲ类水标准限值,水质不符合饮用水标准;而其他30个湖库表层水体中重金属质量浓度符合Ⅱ类水标准. 在部分湖库中ρ(Fe),ρ(Mn),ρ(Zn),ρ(Cd)和ρ(Ni)超过Ⅲ类水标准限值,在表层水体中ρ(As),ρ(Cu),ρ(Cr)和ρ(Pb)较低,符合饮用水的标准要求. 主成分分析法能够较好地分析云南38个湖库水体中重金属的分布情况.      

贵州东风水库沉积物间隙水中溶解态汞及甲基汞的分布特征及界面交换

为弄清水库沉积物间隙水中汞及甲基汞的分布及扩散特征,于2009年春、夏两季对东风水库进行了采样,分别采用两次金汞齐-CVAFS法和蒸馏-乙基化结合GC-CVAFS法测定沉积物间隙水中溶解态(DHg)和甲基汞(DMeHg)浓度。结果表明夏季沉积物间隙水DHg浓度远高于春季,而DMeHg浓度却略低于春季;沉积物间隙水中DHg和DMeHg均有向上覆水体扩散的趋势,其夏季扩散通量高于春季;间隙水中DMeHg对上覆水体的贡献率大于DHg,最高可达30%,再次证明了沉积物间隙水中的DMeHg是其上覆水体的重要来源。     

大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属空间分布及污染评价

为了解大辽河感潮段及其近海河口重金属污染水平,对其上覆水、悬浮颗粒物和表层沉积物中6种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并分别采用综合污染指数法和地累积指数法对其水体和表层沉积物重金属污染程度进行评价.结果表明,研究区域上覆水重金属浓度的高低顺序为Pb相似文献   

大亚湾表层沉积物间隙水与上覆水中营养盐分布特征

通过2007年4月和8月2次对大亚湾内13个站位的采样分析,探讨了表层沉积物间隙水和上覆水中营养盐含量的时空分布特征,估算了沉积物一海水界面营养盐的扩散通量,并对间隙水和上覆水中的营养盐含量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,大部分表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐含量远高于上覆水,但两者不具有相同的含量分布趋势.PO34-P、SiO23-Si、NH4 4 -N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N在沉积物-海水界面的平均扩散通量分别为9.22、444.99、13.49、20.71、8.99p,mol·m-2·d-1.相关性分析表明,营养盐在间隙水和上覆水中的含量均无明显相关性,说明间隙水中赋存营养盐的浓度并不是其上覆水中营养盐含量的决定因素.     

淀山湖沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素分布特征

用原子吸收光谱仪测定了淀山湖上覆水体和沉积物孔隙水中Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Fe和Mn的浓度.结果表明,上覆水体中及沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素浓度由高到低的顺序,夏季为Fe>Mn>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd,冬季为Mn>Fe>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd.各种重金属元素在孔隙水中的浓度比上覆水体中的浓度高得多,且在孔隙水中随深度均呈现典型的峰型分布;但随季节的变化,峰值发生位移.重金属元素的浓度在沉积物-水界面处变化明显,夏季沉积物中的Cr对上覆水体水质的影响较大.     

香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算

采集香溪河沿程5个样点不同季节、不同深度的沉积物,用Hedley分级方法分析磷形态及垂向变化特征,同时研究上覆水和间隙水理化性质对沉积物中磷释放的影响.香溪河上覆水及间隙水pH值范围为4.72~8.55,夏季呈弱酸性,秋季、冬季及次年春季pH值呈弱碱性;沉积物处于较强还原性环境;上覆水及间隙水总磷质量浓度(TP)年变化范围为0.02~0.48mg·L~(-1),沉积物TP含量为0.48~1.45 g·kg~(-1);沉积物中磷形态的含量为HCl-P(HCl提取态)Res-P(残余磷)NaOH-P(NaOH提取态磷)NaHCO_3-P(NaHCO_3提取态磷)H_2O-P(水提取态磷).沉积物-上覆水体交界面还原性环境有利于沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放;春季水体的弱碱性、夏季的弱酸性有利于沉积物向上覆水释磷,从而增加了上覆水体富营养化的风险;间隙水TP与沉积物TP含量密切相关;5个样点中有4个样点的PO_4~(3-)-P由间隙水向上覆水扩散,释放通量为0.01~0.04mg·(m~2·d)~(-1).沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源.     

重庆园博园龙景湖新建初期内源氮磷分布特征及扩散通量估算

采集重庆园博园龙景湖不同区域沉积物样柱,分析沉积物上覆水和孔隙水中氮磷垂直分布特征,并利用一维孔隙水扩散模型(Fick定律)来估算氨氮和正磷酸盐的扩散通量和年负荷贡献量.结果表明,龙景湖沉积物-水界面氨氮从上覆水到孔隙水在垂直剖面上总体都呈现出增大趋势;表层(0~5 cm)沉积物孔隙水中氨氮平均浓度为6.13 mg·L-1±3.07 mg·L-1,是上覆水氨氮平均含量10倍.正磷酸盐垂直分布特征总体表现为先增大再减小,在表层孔隙水出现极大值;沉积物孔隙水中正磷酸盐平均浓度为2.01 mg·L-1±1.05 mg·L-1.所有区域氨氮均表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,新增淹没区库湾区域氨氮扩散通量低于6.0 mg·(m2·d)-1,龙景沟水库、龙景湖主湖原有湖区氨氮扩散通量分别高达47.19 mg·(m2·d)-1、40.29mg·(m2·d)-1.原有湖区正磷酸盐表现为由沉积物向上覆水释放,扩散通量仍以龙景湖主湖及龙景沟水库最大,为7.89mg·(m2·d)-1、6.13 mg·(m2·d)-1.新增淹没区的河道、库湾及赵家溪部分区域正磷酸盐却表现为由上覆水向沉积物中扩散,扩散通量为-1.93~-2.78 mg·(m2·d)-1.整个湖区氨氮年负荷贡献量为3.95 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为85%;正磷酸盐年负荷贡献量为0.357 t·a-1,新增淹没区贡献率为72%.     

基于统计的百花湖表层水中重金属分布特征

以云贵高原深水湖泊百花湖为研究对象,研究其表层水中9种重金属(As,Hg,Cd,Pb,Fe,Cu,Zn,Mn和Cr)的分布特征并开展溯源研究. 结果表明:各采样点之间重金属含量变化较大,变异系数为5.6%～147%,同一采样点水质中重金属元素含量变化顺序为Fe>Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>As>Pb>Hg>Cd;地统计分析从空间角度表明百花湖不同水域重金属含量分布差异较大;ρ(Ca)与ρ(Cu),ρ(Pb)的相关系数(R2)分别为-0.771(P<0.01)和-0.692(P<0.05);主成分分析揭示了该湖泊水体重金属含量主要受4个因素的影响(分别解释了总因子的33.88%,19.32%,18.02%和11.81%),其中一些重金属同时受2个以上主成分因素的影响;聚类分析将这9种重金属归为4类,Fe单独为一类,Cd,Pb,Hg,As和Cu为一类,Zn,Cr为一类,Mn独自为一类. 地统计分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析的应用使得影响因素复杂的水环境问题的研究相对简单化.      

北京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性重金属污染特征

于2011年冬季使用SASS采样器在清华大学采集PM2.5样品,并对其中重金属和水溶性重金属(As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn等)以及无机离子进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间水溶性重金属浓度较高,As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn平均浓度依次为8.42,3.18,1.99,7.84,30.82, 49.27,412.81ng/m3.Cd和水溶性As平均浓度超过《环境空气质量标准》中建议浓度限值.水溶性重金属在重污染期间易出现富集,灰霾和采暖期间As?Cd?Cr?Cu?Mn?Pb和Zn平均浓度都有增加趋势.水溶性重金属的逐日变化趋势与重金属和PM2.5有较好的一致性.水溶性重金属在重金属中比重:50%￡Zn和As;20%相似文献   

Metals in sediment/pore water in Chaohu Lake: Distribution, trends and flux

Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake (Anhui Province, China) were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux in 2010. Metals in the surface sediment were generally the highest in the western lake center and Nanfei-Dianbu River estuary, with another higher area of As, Fe, and Mn occurring in the Qiyang River estuary. Metal contamination assessment using the New York sediment screening criteria showed that the sediment was severely contaminated in 44% of the area with Mn, 20% with Zn, 16% with Fe, 14% with As, and 6% with Cr and Ni. An increasing trend of toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn) and Mn with depth was shown in the western lake. Compared with metal content data from the sediment survey conducted in 1980s, the metal content of surface sediment in 2010 was 2.0 times that in the 1980s for Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in the western lake, and less than 1.5 times higher for most of the metals in the eastern lake. Among the metals, only Mn and As had a widespread positive diffuse flux from the pore water to overlying water across the whole lake. The estimated flux in the whole lake was on average 3.36 mg/(m². day) for Mn and 0.08 mg/(m². day) for As, which indicated a daily increase of 0.93 μg/L for Mn and 0.02 μg/L for As in surface water. The increasing concentration of metals in the sediment and the flux of metals from pore water to overlying water by diffusion and other physical processes should not be ignored for drinking-water sources.     

农业区旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属赋存形态与生态风险评价

用ICP-OES测定了厦门市农业区某旱地垂直剖面土壤中10种重金属元素的含量,并用改进的BCR四步连续提取法分析了垂直剖面土壤中6种重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,剖面土壤中Cd富集较严重,Pb主要以还原态为主,而Mn、Cu、Fe、V、Zn主要以残渣态存在;重金属生物有效性系数排序为Pb(0.514)Mn(0.398)Cu(0.221)Fe(0.165)V(0.100)Zn(0.059 7),Pb和Mn的生物有效性较高,对环境存在较大的潜在生态危害。次生相与原生相分布比值法对重金属潜在生态风险评价的结果表明,Co、Zn、Fe、V、Cu和Mn处于无污染水平,Pb处于中度污染水平。潜在生态危害指数表明,垂直剖面土壤中潜在生态危害顺序为CdCuPbCrZn,Cd的生态危害系数对多元素综合潜在生态风险的贡献最大,即Cd表现为首要的潜在生态风险因子。     

Health risks associated with heavy metals in the drinking water of Swat, northern Pakistan

The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were investigated in drinking water sources （surface and groundwater） collected from Swat valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The potential health risks of heavy metals to the local population and their possible source apportionment were also studied. Heavy metal concentrations were analysed using atomic absorption spectrometer and compared with permissible limits set by Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb were higher than their respective permissible limits, while Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations were observed within their respective limits. Health risk indicators such as chronic daily intake （CDI） and health risk index （HRI） were calculated for adults and children separately. CDIs and HRIs of heavy metals were found in the order of Cr 〉 Mn 〉 Ni 〉 Zn 〉 Cd 〉 Cu 〉 Pb and Cd 〉 Ni 〉 Mn 〉 Cr 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Zn, respectively. HRIs of selected heavy metals in the drinking water were less than 1, indicating no health risk to the local people. Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses showed that geologic and anthropogenic activities were the possible sources of water contamination with heavy metals in the study area.     

Investigation on Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd fractions in the natural surface coating samples and surficial sediments in the Songhua River, China

Natural surface coating samples （NSCSs） from the surface of shingles and surficial sediments （SSs） in the Songhua River, China were employed to investigate the relationship between NSCSs and SSs in fractions of heavy metals （Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd） using the modified sequential extraction procedure （MSEP）. The results show that the differences between NSCSs and SSs in Fe fi＇actions were insignificant and Fe was dominantly present as residual phase （76.22% for NSCSs and 80.88% for SSs） and Fe-oxides phase （20.33% for NSCSs and 16.15% for SSs）. Significant variation of Mn distribution patterns between NSCSs and SSs was observed with Mn in NSCSs mainly present in Mn-oxides phase （48.27%） and that in SSs present as residual phase （45.44%）. Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were found dominantly in residual fractions （〉48%）, and next in solid oxides/hydroxides for Zn, Pb and Cd and in easily oxidizable solids/compounds form for Cu, respectively. The heavy metal distribution patterns implied that Fe/Mn oxides both in NSCSs and SSs were more important sinks for binding and adsorption of Zn, Pb and Cd than organic matter （OM）, and inversely, higher affinity of Cu to OM than Fe/Mn oxides in NSCSs and SSs was obtained. Meanwhile, it was found that the distributions of heavy metals in NSCSs and SSs were similar to each other and the pseudo-total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in NSCSs were greater than those in SSs, highlighting the more importance for NSCSs than SSs in controlling behaviours of heavy metals in aquatic environments.     

南黄海南部海域表层沉积物重金属来源解析及风险评价

基于2012年夏季对南黄海南部海域的调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中7种重金属元素的含量分布特征;采用多元统计分析,揭示了研究区表层沉积物重金属污染的主要来源及各元素之间的相关性;应用地质累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属元素进行了污染及风险分析.结果表明:Cd、Pb的含量均符合国标规定的一类沉积物标准,Zn、Cu、Cr在绝大部分站位也都低于国标规定的一类沉积物的最高标准,仅在个别站位处达到二类或三类沉积物标准;除Cr、Cd、Mn外,其余各重金属与Al2O3、平均粒径之间有显著的相关性,表明它们均以自然来源为主,并受到沉积物粒度的控制,遵循"元素的粒度控制律";Cr、Cd、Mn与Al2O3的相关系数较小,表明其可能受到人为污染源的影响.通过主成分分析和聚类分析可将7种重金属元素辨识为2个主成分,PC1(Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn)为自然源因子,PC2(Cr、Cd)为工农业源因子;其中,Cr、Cd在PC1和PC2上均具有一定的正载荷,受自然地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.地质累积指数法评价结果表明,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb整体均处于清洁级别,而Cr则处于轻微污染水平,污染程度排序依次为CrPbCdZnCu;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各元素潜在生态危害等级排序依次为CdPbCuCrZn,Cr、Zn、Cu和Pb均为低生态危害等级,Cd以低中等生态危害等级为主,局部出现较重生态危害等级,综合潜在生态风险评价为低度.     

长江口南槽重金属的分布特征

利用ICP－AES测试长江口南槽水体中各重金属浓度的结果表明,水相中Mn、Zn、Cu、Al、Fe的浓度在枯水期明显大于洪水期,而悬浮物中各重金属的浓度随季节变化不明显;表层悬浮物中各重金属浓度大多比底层高,水相中各重金属浓度则是底层比表层高．近10多年来,水体中Cu、Pb、Cd的浓度变化不大,但Ｚｎ的浓度有明显的增大;Fe、Al、Mn、Cu等重金属之间具有良好的相关性,说明其化学行为具有相似性．水体中各重金属的分布受到稀释、离子交换、吸附和凝聚的影响．     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 >DGT_0.78 >DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.