一株好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及反硝化能力

利用驯化活性污泥的方法筛选出一株好氧反硝化细菌G3,该菌在碳源充足且溶解氧为(4.0±1.0)mg·L-1条件下,24h内对NO-2-N积累量为12.03 mg·L-1,对NO-3-N的去除率为91.09%.扫描电镜观察其形态特征为(0.4～0.6)μm×(1.2～2.0)μm的短杆菌.16SrDNA序列分析表明,该菌与Pseudomonas stutzeri的相似性为100%.利用MEGA软件对该菌株与已报道的相关微生物进行系统发育分析,并克隆出与好氧反硝化相关的周质硝酸盐还原酶的亚基napA基因,初步判定筛选菌株具有周质硝酸盐还原酶.     

高温好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其反硝化性能研究

通过高温筛选,从燃煤电厂生物滴滤系统填料的生物膜上分离出1株高效好氧反硝化细菌TAD1.该菌株革兰氏染色呈阴性,短杆状,大小为(0.67～0.89)μm×(1.03～1.41)μm;经生理生化特性和基于16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus 8p.).对菌株TAD1的反硝化性能进...     

基于微电极技术的反硝化滤池生物膜特性分析

为研究反硝化滤池中溶解氧对反硝化作用的影响,制备性能良好尖端直径在30μm以内的氧(O2)以及硝酸盐(NO3-)微电极,以此为测试工具,对反硝化滤池中生物膜内部O2、NO3-微环境分布进行测试,通过建立扩散-反应方程,获得生物膜微环境耗氧及反硝化活性特征.研究结果表明,溶解氧在生物膜内部呈明显的下降趋势,从主体溶液氧浓度约1mg/L下降至生物膜300μm深度处约为0.生物膜内部反硝化活性区域发生在300~600μm深度范围内.该条件下反硝化滤池生物膜的氧利用速率常数以及反硝化速率常数之间的比值为1.46,溶解氧对反硝化过程的影响是显著的.     

碳源变化对降解2,4-D的好氧颗粒污泥性能及形态的影响

在长期运行的序批式生物反应器(SBR)中,考察了以葡萄糖和2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为混合碳源培养的好氧颗粒污泥在转换为2,4-D唯一碳源废水后,其形态、结构及对目标污染物去除功能的变化.结果表明,基质转换为2,4-D单一碳源后,好氧颗粒污泥仍保持了对目标污染物高效的去除能力.当进水2,4-D浓度为361～564mg/L,其去除率为99.2%～100%,COD平均去除率达到85.6%.混合碳源向2,4-D单一碳源转换对原好氧颗粒结构产生一定破坏作用,使其发生部分解体,粒径由513μm下降到302μm.但好氧颗粒污泥良好的耐负荷冲击使其保持了颗粒主体,通过一段时间适应调整后能够重新聚集生长,最终获得能够利用2,4-D为唯一碳源生长并具有良好沉降性(SVI20～40mL/g)的好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为489μm.扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明,混合碳源转向单一碳源使好氧颗粒生物相丰富度降低.     

含硝氮废水的好氧反硝化处理及其系统微生物群落动态分析

利用好氧反硝化细菌强化生物陶粒反应器处理含硝氮废水,探讨了生物陶粒反应器中好氧反硝化生物脱氮的实现过程,并运用变性梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)对微生物菌群结构稳定性进行了分析.结果表明,在水力负荷0.75 m/h,气水比5:1～10:1,水温15～23℃,进水COD负荷1.92～5.98 kg/(m3·d),硝氮负荷O.60～1.34 kg/(m3·d)的条件下,生物陶粒反应器在稳定运行阶段可以基本实现对硝酸氮的完全去除,对总氮的去除率最高可达95.73%,出水中亚硝酸盐一直保持在较低水平.PCR-DGGE指纹图谱显示,微生物多样性与废水的处理效果出现协同变化的特征.在整个运行阶段,好氧反硝化菌群X31在反应器中稳定存在,并始终是优势菌群.     

数学模拟好氧颗粒污泥的形成及水力剪切强度对颗粒粒径的影响

以生物膜数学模型和活性污泥数学模型为基础,建立好氧颗粒污泥一维数学模型,并模拟营养物质的去除、颗粒粒径变化、反应器周期表现以及好氧颗粒污泥内DO和菌群分布.模拟有机物SS浓度和出水NH4+-N浓度逐渐降低,在大约50 d左右达到稳定,50 d后模拟出水浓度分别<25 mg.L-1和<1.5 mg.L-1.模拟出水NO3--N浓度随着粒径的增加呈现降低趋势.当颗粒粒径由模拟30 d时的1.1 mm增加到100 d时的2.5 mm,颗粒污泥缺氧区面积相应增加,总氮(TN)的去除率由不到10%增加到91%左右,最终模拟出水NO3--N浓度降低到<3 mg.L-1.在好氧颗粒污泥系统内,由于氧气传质阻力,模拟颗粒污泥外层DO浓度高而内层浓度低,颗粒内可以发生同时硝化反硝化,且好氧颗粒污泥内DO特征随时间而发生变化.在好氧初期,好氧颗粒污泥代谢活性高,模拟DO传质深度大约为100～200μm;而在好氧末期,模拟DO传质深度为800μm.模拟自养菌主要分布在DO浓度高的颗粒外层,异养菌分布在整个颗粒.当水力剪切系数kde由0.25(m.d)-1逐渐增加到5(m.d)-1时,模拟颗粒平衡粒径依次由3.5 mm左右减小到大约1.8 mm.在不同水力剪切强度下模拟颗粒污泥生长特征相似,其平衡状态下粒径随曝气强度的增加而减小,可以通过控制曝气强度来控制好氧颗粒污泥的平衡粒径.     

生物滤池系统内生化作用机理综合研究

采用淹没式生物滤池系统对官厅水库入库水进行了生物预处理的可行性研究 .综合考察了生物滤池系统内的生化作用机理 ,对地表水中的好氧反硝化进行了探索性研究 ,并在水力负荷为 4m3 (m2 ·h)的情况下取得了 2 9%的脱氮率 .好氧反硝化对于低C N比的地表水进行生物脱氮提供了一种新的思路     

好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其微观特性表征

采用厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,并对其微观特征进行了研究。COD负荷为1.5kg/m3·h～1.8kg/m3·h,表面气体流速在0.0052m/s之间,沉淀时间控制在10～8min时,有利于好氧颗粒污泥的形成。20d后完成好氧颗粒污泥的驯化和培养。研究发现培养的好氧颗粒污泥微生物相以杆菌和丝状菌为主,球菌较少。用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察好氧颗粒污泥的微观结构,颗粒污泥具有不平整的表面,轮廓清晰,表面有薄层粘液覆盖并有绒毛状结构。颗粒污泥表面和内部有明显的孔洞或孔隙。研究结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的有机物降解能力和同步硝化反硝化能力。     

厌氧-好氧-缺氧短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺研究

构建了主要由厌氧-好氧-缺氧构成的短程硝化同步反硝化除磷工艺,并在常温条件下用于生活污水的处理.研究发现,通过调节反应器内好氧区的pH(8.2～8.7)和溶解氧(DO为3～5mg·L-1)能实现该工艺的快速启动,在好氧区内实现亚硝酸盐的累积.在稳定运行期内,DO是影响短程硝化的主要影响因素,好氧1区DO控制在1.5～2.0mg·L-1,好氧2区DO控制在0.5～1.0mg·L-1,好氧区内亚硝酸盐氮累积浓度稳定在5～10mg·L-1,氨氮去除率达到90%以上.各反应单元内碳源、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对除磷贡献的研究表明,该工艺的缺氧段实现了在不外加碳源的情况下以亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐共同作为电子受体的反硝化除磷,反硝化除磷量占系统总除磷量的80%以上.     

鄱阳湖水体悬浮物反硝化潜力模拟研究

以鄱阳湖为对象,采用乙炔抑制法,分别模拟了厌氧和好氧状态下的悬浮物反硝化潜力和过程,结果表明,厌氧和好氧状态下水体悬浮物均能够产生明显的反硝化作用.受乙炔抑制,其反硝化产物N2O的浓度累积随时间呈"慢-快-慢"的节律,浓度累积曲线符合逻辑斯谛模型(P0.01).拟合结果显示:悬浮物浓度为30g/L时,厌氧培养条件下快增期反硝化速率达到(81.76±10.37)μmol N/(L·d),好氧环境下为(14.12±2.31)μmol N/(L·d).CO2浓度累积曲线同样符合逻辑斯谛模型,但好氧条件下CO2浓度累积极值较高,约为厌氧条件下的5倍,表明好氧条件下好氧呼吸占更大的比例.水体悬浮物反硝化潜力与悬浮物浓度有关,相同悬浮物浓度下,好氧培养水体悬浮物反硝化潜力较厌氧培养弱,且达到累积极值的时间更长,水体溶解氧一定程度上抑制了悬浮物反硝化作用.依据好氧培养的试验结果,估算得到鄱阳湖悬浮物全年反硝化导致的氮素净损失为1010t,约占鄱阳湖氮素年输入量的0.74%和鄱阳湖沉积物反硝化氮去除量的14%,鄱阳湖水体悬浮物反硝化在氮素净去除中起到一定作用.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.