热带假丝酵母8953菌株对苯酚的降解特性研究

实验室分离的一株热带假丝酵母(编号为8953)具有较强的苯酚降解能力,并可以利用苯酚、间苯二酚、联苯胺等芳烃为唯一碳源和能源生长。该菌株在48h内可完全降解约14.88mmol/L苯酚,完全降解10.63mmol/L苯酚只需要24h,其降解苯酚浓度最高可达19.13mmol/L。在pH4～9,温度20℃～40℃范围内,苯酚浓度为10.0mmol/L条件下该菌株均保持100%的降解率。该菌株降解苯酚的最适pH范围为6.0～8.0,最适温度范围为28℃～30℃,最佳接种量为1%～3%,外源添加氮源能促进酵母生长和苯酚的降解。     

一株尼古丁高效降解菌株的分离鉴定和降解特性

从杭州利群环保纸业有限公司库存废烟叶中分离得到一株尼古丁高效降解菌株ZUTSKD.经形态、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株属于Pseudomonas sp.,命名为Pseudomonas sp. Strain ZUTSKD.该菌能以尼古丁为唯一碳氮源和能源生长,降解尼古丁最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5.添加氯化铵和葡萄糖有利于尼古丁的降解.在尼古丁的代谢产物中能够检测到3-(2,3,4-三氢-5-吡咯基)-吡啶,2,3′-二吡啶, 可天宁和3-羧基-吡啶.该研究表明,ZUTSKD菌株有很强的尼古丁降解能力,可用于处理烟草废弃物.     

两株毒死蜱降解细菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

采用富集培养的方法,从农药生产企业的废水处理系统中分离驯化出两株能够降解毒死蜱的菌株HY-2与HY-4,在形态特征和生理生化分析的基础上,又对其16S rDNA序列进行了分析,并研究了其对毒死蜱和其它有机磷农药的降解特性.结果表明,2个菌株均属蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cerens),HY-4对毒死蜱的降解能力大于HY-2.2个菌株降解毒死蜱的适宜条件为:外加葡萄糖浓度3g·L-1,培养温度35℃,初始pH值8.0,毒死蜱初始浓度80mg·L-1,接种量20%(体积比,菌体密度:稀释到所配菌悬母液(OD600=2)的0.5倍).酵母膏含量对降解的影响表明,当添加3g·L-1的葡萄糖时,最适的酵母膏含量为1g·L-1,而不添加葡萄糖时,最适的酵母膏含量为5g·L-1.2个菌株对甲基对硫磷的降解研究发现,HY-2和HY-4对初始浓度为100mg·L-1的甲基对硫磷60h的降解率分别达64.7%和88.7%;然而,2个菌株对初始浓度为100mg·L-1的三唑磷60h的降解率仅为13.3%-14.2%,降解率较低.     

嗜热地芽孢杆菌DM-2烃降解特性研究

从油田地层水中分离到1株嗜热解烃菌(地芽孢杆菌DM-2),通过研究该菌株在不同条件下降解原油的性能以及在最适条件下降解烃的特性发现：地芽孢杆菌DM-2可在45～70℃、pH 4.0～10.0、 0.2%～3.0%的盐离子浓度缺氧条件下降解原油烃类,其降解原油烃的最适温度和pH值分别为60℃和7.0.在此条件下,该菌可乳化液体石蜡作为碳源进行生长;气相色谱和红外光谱进一步分析表明,其能降解原油中的C14～C30的直链烷烃、支链烷烃和芳香烃类,并能降解C16～C36的长链单烷烃,其中对C28的降解量最高,达88.95%.DM-2菌株代谢烷烃的产物之一为脂肪酸,经液相色谱和质谱分析代谢十六烷产生的脂肪酸为乙酸,5 d产量达0.312 g/L,说明其采用次末端氧化途径氧化烷烃,之后进入β-氧化途径代谢.DM-2菌株在高温缺氧的极端环境下对烃的乳化、降解和产酸特性使其在高温石油污水的生物处理和开采重质原油方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

降解喹啉的假单胞菌BW003菌株的分离、鉴定和降解特性

从焦化废水活性污泥中分离出1株能利用喹啉作为唯一碳、氮源及能源的高效降解菌,16S rRNA鉴定为Pseudomonas sp..降解试验表明,菌株能将192～911 mg/L的喹啉在3～8 h内有效地降解,去除率均在96％～98％.最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解初始pH值为8.0.跟踪分析降解中间产物发现：在整个降解过程中,至少有43％的喹啉转化为2-羟基喹啉,其后有0.69％的2-羟基喹啉转化为2,8-二羟基喹啉,随后再转化为8-羟基香豆素;另外,至少有48％的喹啉中氮直接转化为氨氮,且外加碳源能促进氨氮的进一步转化,控制好碳氮比将能有效去除喹啉及其转化的各种污染物.     

广谱角蛋白降解菌的筛选及其降解特性分析

采用富集驯化的方法,筛选到一株广谱高效角蛋白降解菌株E-26。经形态观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA基因分析,该菌株初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌。产酶特性及发酵条件优化结果表明麦芽糖和酵母粉是菌株E-26降解猪毛的最佳外加碳氮源pH 8.0、温度40℃、接种量10%、底物浓度1.0%为其降解猪毛的最适反应条件。在该优化条件下,该菌株发酵培养10 d后,最高酶活性为57.8U/mL,比初始酶活提高了37.4%,最高猪毛降解率达71.2%,比初始猪毛降解率提高了41.9%。     

阿特拉津降解菌BTAH1的分离与鉴定

 从除草剂污染的土壤中,驯化分离得到 1株能够以阿特拉津为唯一碳源氮源生长的革兰氏阳性细菌 BTAH1,该菌株能够在 126h内完全降解1000mg/L的阿特拉津.通过生理生化鉴定,结合16S rDNA聚类分析,将该菌株鉴定为微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium sp.).外加碳源不会促进该菌株对阿特拉津的降解,该菌株的最适降解温度为 25～30℃,最适降解 pH 值在 7～9 之间.该菌株具有 2 个大质粒, pBTAH11 和pBTAH12,大小分别为 20kb 和 100kb,基因定位发现有 2 个参与阿特拉津降解的基因位于其中一个较小的质粒(pBTAH11)上.     

一株羽毛角蛋白降解菌的分离鉴定及特性研究

采用富集培养的方法,从广西大学家禽养殖场废弃羽毛处土样中筛选获得一株高效降解羽毛角蛋白的菌株GZD-23。经形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。环境因素影响和酶学特性实验结果表明,蔗糖与蛋白胨是菌株GZD-23降解羽毛的最佳外加碳氮源,pH 8.0、温度30℃、转速100 r/min和羽毛含量20 g/L为其降解羽毛的最适反应条件。菌株GZD-23合成的角蛋白酶最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH为7.5;金属离子Cu2+、Hg2+、Fe2+、Co2+、Zn2+、Mn2+以及SDS、EDTA和高浓度TritonX-100、异丙醇和β-巯基乙醇对其酶活有不同程度抑制作用;低浓度TritonX-100、异丙醇和β-巯基乙醇对其酶活具有一定促进作用。     

纤维素降解细菌的筛选及其产酶条件优化

以羧甲基纤维素钠为碳源,从秸秆堆腐物及牛粪中分出到8株能降解纤维素的细菌菌株,分别对其进行了滤纸崩解、CMC相对酶活、CMCase、滤纸失重率等的测定,从中筛选出N-12菌株分解纤维素的能力最强,初步鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis).通过测定不同培养条件下N-12菌株的产酶能力,初步确定其最佳产酶条件为:最适氮源为蛋白胨,最适pH为8.0,最适温度为37℃,接种量4%,培养72h,CMCase最高.     

汽油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

以长沙市环保塑胶炼油厂排污口的污泥为菌源,经过富集筛选、分离纯化得到一株能以汽油为唯一碳源和能源进行生长的细菌,命名为Z菌.通过形态学观察、生理生化特征鉴定,结合16S rDNA扩增、测序,运用BLAST检索分析,建立系统进化树.结果表明:Z菌的形态及主要生理生化特征与芽孢杆菌属一致,而且与蜡状芽孢杆菌(AH1134)的16S rDNA序列有较高的同源性(相似度为99%);在系统发育树上构成一个分支.由此确定该汽油降解菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).Z菌降解汽油的最适温度为37℃,最适pH为8.0,最适降解的ρ(汽油)为500 mg/L,72 h内降解率为79.4%.能较好利用的碳源是蔗糖和葡萄糖.以硫酸铵为氮源,生长量最好.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.