Characteristics and distribution of phosphorus in surface sediments of a shallow lake

Phosphorus ( P ) in sediments plays an important role in shallow lake ecosystems and has a major effect on the lake environment. The mobility and bioavailability of P primarily depend on the contents of different P forms, which in turn depend on the sedimentary environment.Here, sediment samples from Baiyangdian (BYD) lake were collected and measured by the Standards, Measurements, and Testing procedure and Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P NMR) to characterize different P forms and their relationships with sediment physicochemical properties. The P content in the sediments varied in different areas and had haracteristics indicative of exogenous river input. Inorganic P (334–916 mg/kg) was the dominant form of P . The 31P NMR results demonstrated that orthophosphate monoesters (16–110 mg/kg), which may be a source of P when redox conditions change, was the dominant form of organic P (20–305 mg/kg). The distribution of P forms in each region varied greatly because of the effects of anthropogenic activities, and the regions affected by exogenous river input had a higher content of P and a higher risk of P release. Principal component analysis indicated that P bound to Fe, Al, and Mn oxides and hydroxides (NaOH-P) and organic P were mainly derived from industrial and agricultural pollution, respectively. Redundancy analysis indicated that increases in pH lead to the release of NaOH-P. Organic matter plays an important role in the organic P biogeochemical cycle, as it acts as a sink and source of organic P .     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

Comparison of different phosphate species adsorption by ferric and alum water treatment residuals

As safe byproducts of drinking water treatment processes,ferric and alum water treatment residuals(FARs) have the potential to be new phosphate(P) immobilization materials.In this study,batch experiments were conducted to investigate and compare the adsorption characteristics of three P species by FARs.The results showed that the kinetic processes of different P species’ adsorption by FARs could be described by a pseudo second-order model.The ranking list of the initial adsorption rates with respect to different phosphates was pyrophosphate,phytate,orthophosphate,hexametaphosphate and glycerophosphate.Of the six models considered,the two-site Langmuir model most effectively described the adsorption characteristics of the various P species.Upon fitting the results,the maximum adsorption capacities were determined to be 40.24 mg/g for phytate,18.04 mg/g for pyrophosphate,17.14 mg/g for orthophosphate,15.86 mg/g for hexametaphosphate and 10.81 mg/g for glycerophosphate.In addition,the adsorption processes of the different P species were spontaneous endothermic processes and were favored at lower pH values.The pH dependency was found to be especially true for orthophosphate,where the adsorption capacity decreased by 1.22 mg/g with an increase in pH from 5 to 9.Fractionation of the adsorbed P species from the FARs demonstrated that Al-P and Fe-P were the dominating forms,constituting approximately 80%-90% of the total P fractions,which indicated that the adsorbed P species had a low leaching risk and could stably exist in the FARs.Therefore,the FARs could be effective in controlling pollution in water caused by different P species.     

Factors effecting aluminum speciation in drinking water by laboratory research

Effects of aluminum on water distribution system and human health mainly attribute to its speciation in drinking water. Laboratory experiments were performed to investigate factors that may influence aluminum speciation in water supply system. The concentration of soluble aluminum and its transformation among other aluminum species were mainly controlled by kinetics processes of related reactions. Total aluminum concentration had a notable e ect on the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum in the first 4 day; then its e ect became weak. At pH above 7.50, both fluoride and orthophosphate had little e ect on aluminum speciation; while, when the solution pH was below 7.50, the concentrations of mononuclear and soluble aluminum were proportional to the concentration of fluoride and inversely proportional to the concentration of orthophosphate. Both mononuclear and polynuclear silicic acids could complex with mononuclear aluminum by forming soluble aluminosilicates. In addition, the adding sequence of orthophosphate and aluminum into drinking water would also a ect the distribution of aluminum species in the first 4 day. In order to minimize aluminum bioavailability in drinking water, it was suggested that orthophosphate should be added prior to coagulant process, and that the concentrations of fluoride and silicic acids should be controlled below 2.0 and 25 mg/L, respectively, prior to the treatment. The solution pH in coagulation and filtration processes should be controlled in the range of 6.50–7.50.     

Characteristics and distribution of low molecular weight organic acids in the sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, China

The composition and vertical profiles of low molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) and the contribution of them to dissolved organic matter (DOM) in sediment porewaters in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China were investigated. The results showed that total concentration of LMWOAs was up to 94.5 μmol/L and their proportion in DOM was 5.6%, suggesting that LMWOAs were important chemical components in DOM in lake sediment porewaters. Among the seven LMWOAs, pyruvic and acetic acid had the highest concentrations with 26.30 and 8.31 μmol/L, accounting for 51.4% and 14.92% of LMWOAs, respectively. Trifluoroacetic and sorbic acid had the lowest concentrations, indicating that the compositions of LMWOAs in relative reducing environments were largely different from those reported in glacier, atmosphere and soils. The concentrations of lactic, acetic, formic, sorbic and oxalic acid decreased with increasing depth, probably relating to stronger microbial activities in the initial stage of early diagenesis. Trifluoroacetic acid was mainly anthropogenic with its concentration, showing a diusive trend from the surface to bottom sediments. The concentrations of lactic acid and nitrate generally showed a consistent profile. The increasing concentration of pyruvic acid in the vertical profile was just opposite to that of sulfate, revealing a significant negative relationship between them. Oxalic acid remained constant except for an obvious peak at 6 cm depth. The results indicated the diversities in sources and behaviors for various LMWOAs during early diagenesis in sediments.     

Environmental significance of biogenic elements in surface sediments of the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas

Biogenic elements and six phosphorus(P) fractions in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were determined to investigate the governing factors of these elements, and further to discuss their potential uses as paleo-environment proxies and risks of P release from sediment. Total organic carbon(TOC) and leachable organic P(Lea-OP) showed high concentrations in the estuary, Zhejiang coast and ofshore upwelling area. They came from both the Changjiang River and marine biological input.Biogenic silicon(BSi) exhibited a high concentration band between 123 and 124°E. BSi mainly came from diatom production and its concentration in the inshore area was diluted by river sediment. Total nitrogen(TN) was primarily of marine biogenic origin. Seaward decreasing trends of Fe-bound P and Al-bound P revealed their terrestrial origins. Influenced by old Huanghe sediment delivered by the Jiangsu coastal current, the maximum concentration of detrital P(Det-P) was observed in the area north of the estuary. Similar high concentrations of carbonate fluorapatite(CFA-P) and CaCO3 in the southern study area suggested marine calcium-organism sources of CFA-P. TOC, TN and non-apatite P were enriched in fine sediment, and Det-P partially exhibited coarse-grain enrichment, but BSi had no correlation with sediment grain size. Diferent sources and governing factors made biogenic elements and P species have distinct potential uses in indicating environmental conditions. Transferable P accounted for 14%-46% of total P. In an aerobic environment,there was low risk of P release from sediment, attributed to excess Fe oxides in sediments.     

Significance of dredging on sediment denitrification in Meiliang Bay, China： A year long simulation study

An experiment for studying the effects of sediment dredging on denitrification in sediments was carried out through a one-year incubation of undredged (control) and dredged cores in laboratory. Dredging the upper 30 cm of sediment can significantly affect physico-chemical characteristics of sediments. Less degradation of organic matter in the dredged sediments was found during the experiment. Denitrification rates in the sediments were estimated by the acetylene blockage technique, and ranged from 21.6 to 102.7 nmol N2/(g dry weight (dw)·hr) for the undredged sediment and from 6.9 to 26.9 nmol N2/(g dw·hr) for dredged sediments. The denitrification rates in the undredged sediments were markedly higher (p0.05) than those in the dredged sediments throughout the incubation, with the exception of February 2006. The importance of various environmental factors on denitrification was assessed, which indicated that denitrification was regulated by temperature. Nitrate was probably the key factor limiting denitrification in both undredged and dredged sediments. Organic carbon played some role in determining the denitrification rates in the dredged sediments, but not in the undredged sediments. Sediment dredging influenced the mineralization of organic matter and denitrification in the sediment; and therefore changed the pattern of inherent cycling of nitrogen.     

Persistence and growth of faecal culturable bacterial indicators in water column and sediments of Vidy Bay, Lake Geneva, Switzerland

The aims of this study was to investigate the persistence and the growth of culturable bacterial indicators (CBI) including total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms represented by Escherichia coli, enterococcus (ENT), and aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) in the surface sediments and the water column of Vidy Bay (Lake Geneva, City of Lausanne, Switzerland). The study was carried out for 60 d using microcosms containing Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) e uent and nonsterile water without CBI, as well as contaminated and non-contaminated sediments. The e ects of water temperature and of organic matter associated with sediments on the survival of CBI in the sediments and the water column were observed. The number of CBI colonies in the contaminated sediments of Vidy Bay and in the STP e uent was almost identical in the order of 105–107, 104–106, 103–105, and 104–107 CFU/100 g sediment or /100 mL water for TC, E. coli, ENT, and AMB respectively. A degradation of CBI was observed in the sediments where organic mater content was low and in the water column at a temperature of 10°C after 5 d of experimentation. In addition, a growth of CBI was observed in the sediment which is rich in organic matter at 20°C. The results of this study indicate: (1) the higher concentrations of the CBI observed in di erent points in the water column of Vidy Bay may not be explained only by the recent contribution of the three potential sources of the Bay contamination including STP and the Chamberonne and Flon Rivers, but also by the persistence, removal from sediment and multiplication of CBI in the sediment and water column; (2) the sediment of Vidy Bay constitute a reservoir of CBI and can even support their growth; and (3) the CBI not only survive in sediments, but also can be remobilized and increased in the water column, therefore, it become a permanent microbiological pollution in Vidy Bay.     

Spatial and vertical variations of perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments of the Haihe River, China

The levels of six perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs) in surface sediment and their vertical variations in dated sediment cores from the Haihe River were investigated; studied substances included perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA),perfluorononanoic acid(PFNA),perfluorooctane sulfonate(PFOS),perfluorodecanoic acid(PFDA),perfluoroundecanoic acid(PFUnA),and perfluorododecanoic acid(PFDoA). Results showed that the total PFAS concentration in surface sediment ranged between 0.52 and 16.33 ng/g dry weight(dw) with an average of3.47 ng/g dw,with PFOS and PFOA as the dominant PFASs. In general,the PFAS concentrations in the mainstream increased from the upper to the lower reaches,except that a drop occurred downstream of the Erdao dam. Although the PFASs in the sediment cores did not show a clear decreasing or increasing trend with depth,the three cores had a similar vertical variation.The PFAS levels were relatively low in the surface sediment,and reached the first high point at8–20 cm as a result of the wide use of PFASs from 1990 to 2000. After that the PFAS levels decreased,and then increased to a second high point at about 40–48 cm,which might be caused by the leaching of PFASs in sediment. Because PFASs have hydrophilic groups and relatively high solubility,the PFASs will transfer from the upper to lower layers of sediment when water infiltration occurs,leading to the fluctuation of PFAS levels in sediment cores. This study suggests that both the temporal variation of sources and transfer processes of PFASs in sediments are important factors influencing the vertical variation of PFASs in sediment cores.     

Phosphorus sorption capacities in a headstream landscape The pond chain structure

Understanding phosphorus sorption phenomena in different wetland sediments is important in controlling the P output in headstream watersheds. The pond chain structure （PCS） is widespread in the headstream agricultural watersheds in the southeast of China. Phosphorus sorption characteristics were determined for pond surface sediments （0-12 cm） along a pond chain structure in Liuchahe watershed of Chaohu Lake. Results showed that P sorption capacities （expressed by P sorption index （PSI）） varied both with the landscape position of the ponds and sediment depth. From foothill ponds to riverside ponds the P sorption capacities indicated a significant gradient variability. The higher elevation ponds showed greater sorption capacities, and with the pond elevation decline, P sorption capacities gradually decreased. Some physico-chemical properties, such as pH, oxalate-extractable Fe （Feox）, organic matter （TOC） and Mehlich l-extractable Ca, Mg of pond sediments also indicated significant gradient variability from high elevation ponds to low elevation ponds. Feox was the sediment parameters most highly positively correlated with PSI and was the key factor in controlling P sorption capacity in the pond chain structure （r=0.92, p〈0.001）. Long-term hydrologic and sediment inputs can affect the distribution of sediment constituents and further affect the P sorption capacity. Making the best of the spatial difference of sorption capacities of ponds in watersheds to control nonpoint source P pollutant is necessary.     

基于31P-NMR与SMT方法的海河流域典型河流沉积物中磷形态特征研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振分析方法和SMT分级方法,对比研究了海河流域典型人工河流子牙新河和滏阳新河、自然河流子牙河表层沉积物中磷形态.结果发现,两条河流沉积物中TC、TN、TP含量均很高,且相关性显著,污染较重且具有同源性.沉积物中总磷在568.2~9171.9mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的25.5%~81.8%之间,其次为NaOH-P,所占比例为9.3%~55.5%.使用~(31)P-NMR技术在沉积物中共检测到7类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P)及多聚磷酸盐(Poly-P).Ortho-P和Mono-P分别为总磷和有机磷的主要组成成分,含量分别在113.8~6226.1 mg·kg~(-1_和27.0~1991.9 mg·kg~(-1)之间.子牙河、子牙新河和滏阳新河两条河流在沉积物磷组成方面存在很大的差异子牙新河和滏阳新河沉积物中总磷明显高于子牙河.     

基于液相31P核磁共振(NMR)技术的巢湖沉积物中有机磷形态研究

利用改进的沉积物有机磷提取方法和液相31P核磁共振(NMR)分析方法,研究了巢湖表层沉积物有机磷形态.结果表明:西部湖区表层沉积物总磷含量高于东部湖区,其平均含量分别为(1089.82±108.14) mg·kg-1和(497.80±51.59) mg·kg-1;东部湖区沉积物中有机磷百分含量(31.88％±2.41％)高于西部湖区(20.86％±1.65％);表层沉积物主要磷份组成包括膦酸盐(Phon-P)、正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P);磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,平均含量占总磷的22.12％±5.32％;磷酸单酯和DNA百分含量东部湖区大于西部湖区,磷酸单酯百分含量分别为25.99％±2.29％和16.30％±1.06％,DNA百分含量分别为5.61％±0.24％和3.85％±1.01％.31P核磁共振技术可以有效的应用于巢湖等富营养化湖泊沉积物磷形态分析;巢湖表层沉积物以无机磷为主,有机磷种类丰富,以磷酸单酯为主.     

环渤海滨海湿地土壤磷形态特征研究

利用SMT分级方法和液相31P核磁共振分析方法,研究了环渤海典型滨海湿地表层土壤磷形态.结果发现,湿地土壤中总磷在410.35~691.57 mg·kg-1之间,其中以HCl-P为主,占总磷的46.67%~82.95%;较易释放的Na OH-P含量较少,占4.98%~22.31%;同时,由于有机质含量丰富,有机磷含量也较高,在受水产养殖污染的湿地中,有机磷含量明显偏高.使用31P-NMR技术在湿地土壤中共检测到6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷脂(Lipid-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)及膦酸盐(Phon-P),其中以正磷酸盐为主,含量在181.69~350.64 mg·kg-1之间;磷酸单酯为有机磷的主要组分,占总量的5.25%~37.17%.渤海湾南部湿地土壤中有机磷含量明显高于北部湿地,以稳定性较高的磷酸单酯为主,同时,DNA磷较多地存在于南部湿地,北部湿地含量极少,说明南部湿地微生物活性较高.     

河流沉积物中有机磷提取剂(NaOH-EDTA)提取比例与机制研究

选择海河流域高磷污染河流滏阳新河沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术优化了沉积物中有机磷提取剂NaOH和EDTA的配比,探讨了提取剂对总磷(TP)、有机磷(P o)及金属离子的提取机制.结果表明,不同配比的NaOH和EDTA提取液提取同一沉积物,所提取的TP和P o的量差异较大,但P o的提取量均高于NaOH单独提取,主要原因为EDTA与Fe、Al等离子的结合促进了无机磷(P i)和P o的释放;TP在1.00 mol·L-1NaOH+75 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中获得最大提取量,为3.88 mg·g-1,P o在0.25 mol·L-1NaOH+50 mmol·L-1EDTA配比的提取液中提取量最大,为0.24mg·g-1;相同浓度NaOH提取液中金属离子Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg、Al提取量随EDTA浓度增大呈升高趋势,主要是通过螯合作用、金属离子与OH-形成化合物实现.其中,Fe、Mn、Ca提取浓度与提取液pH呈显著负相关(P<0.01),说明其与OH-形成沉淀化合物;Al离子由于既可以与OH-生成可溶性的偏铝酸盐又可以被EDTA螯合形成可溶性络合物,因此其浓度随提取液pH升高呈指数增长趋势(P<0.01);NaOH与EDTA混合提取剂核磁共振图谱优于NaOH提取液,在本研究中均可以检测到膦酸盐、正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷脂、DNA和焦磷酸盐.综合考虑:对北方河流富含Fe和Al的河流沉积物,0.25mol·L-1NaOH与50 mmol·L-1EDTA可以作为理想的沉积物有机磷提取剂.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的人工河流沉积物中生物质磷形态特征的研究

利用液相~(31)P核磁共振技术分析了我国北部海河流域典型人工河流滏阳新河沉积物磷形态.结果发现,滏阳新河沉积物中共检测出6类磷化合物:正磷酸盐(Ortho-P)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P)、磷酯(Lipids-P)、DNA磷(DNA-P)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P)、膦酸盐(Phon-P).滏阳新河沉积物中的生物质磷包括膦酸盐(Phon-P,0.11%~1.57%)、磷酸单酯(Mono-P,8.96%~29.58%)、磷酯(Lipids-P,0.28%~2.66%)、DNA磷(DNA-P,0.75%~2.03%)、焦磷酸盐(Pyro-P,0.22%~0.86%),其中,磷酸单酯是生物质磷的主要组成部分.沿艾辛庄闸坝水流方向,磷化合物含量差异明显:闸坝附近TP和生物质磷含量最高,分别为6804.1 mg·kg~(-1)和1709.58 mg·kg~(-1);沿河流流向,TP变化率分别为84.97%、-24.11%、32.84%和-0.11%,生物质磷变化率分别为93.15%、-58.83%、42.65%和18.99%.上覆水中TP和SRP的平均浓度分别为3.0 mg·L~(-1)和2.6 mg·L~(-1),分别超过我国地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)V类水标准(0.4 mg·L~(-1))7.5倍和6.5倍.基于液相~(31)P核磁共振技术,对人工河流水体磷的分布与传输有了全新的认知.因此,本研究可为深入认识磷在典型人工河流沉积物-水体系中的转化提供支持,有助于深入研究典型人工河流磷生物地球化学循环过程,同时为多闸坝人工河流的水流量调度与水生态构建提供数据支持.     

富营养湖泊沉积物中磷组分对硫酸盐的响应

采用室内模拟实验于厌氧条件下持续6周,研究不同外源硫酸盐浓度下南湖沉积物和上覆水之间的硫酸盐转化及还原情况,采用31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)研究沉积物磷组分所受影响.结果表明,硫酸盐输入促进了上覆水中pH值的升高,而氧化还原电位则呈相反的变化趋势.上覆水中SO24-浓度随时间推移而降低,但间隙水中SO24-浓度的增加幅度并不与上覆水中降低幅度一致,表明沉积物中SO24-发生了转化.沉积物的硫酸盐还原指数随SO24-输入浓度的增大而增加,沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的数量在第2周达到峰值,输入硫酸盐的S500和S1000处理中SRB数量远远高于未加硫酸盐的对照(CK).利用31P-NMR测定了南湖沉积物NaOH-EDTA萃取物中各种磷化合物的相对含量,南湖沉积物中的磷组分主要有正磷酸盐、磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐,且正磷酸盐含量占绝对优势(占总磷的84.10%～95.54%),沉积物中其它磷组分含量顺序为磷酸单酯>磷酸二酯>焦磷酸盐.从总趋势来看,硫酸盐促进了沉积物中正磷酸盐的释放,且在硫酸盐还原菌数量较高时使沉积物中磷酸单酯、磷酸二酯和焦磷酸盐含量增加.     

基于液相31P核磁共振技术的河流沉积物有机磷提取剂选择研究

以高磷污染河流沉积物为研究对象,利用液相31P核磁共振(31P-NMR)技术研究了沉积物中有机磷提取剂的选择和提取过程.结果表明:前提取以BD和EDTA效果最佳,TP和Po的提取量分别为(322.87±13.81)和(119.76±16.00)mg·kg-1、(24.91±15.25)和(20.90±2.58)mg·kg-1,2种提取剂均促进了NaOH的提取效率,前提取后NaOH提取液中TP和Po的提取量分别达到(2271.20±75.63)和(2477.40±112.71)mg·kg-1、(152.04±1.55)和(186.93±20.53)mg·kg-1;对顺磁性离子Fe和Mn而言,利用BD和EDTA+Na2S2O4作为前提取剂可以提取更多的Fe离子,提取液中的浓度分别为(5116.57±24.32)和(10677±215.61)mg·kg-1;EDTA和EDTA+Na2S2O4提取剂对Mn的去除效量较高,提取液中浓度分别为(243.02±2.80)和(266.61±1.61)mg·kg-1.液相31P-NMR图谱显示,上述提取剂处理后均可得到正磷酸盐、焦磷酸、磷酸单酯、磷脂和DNA 5种磷形态,其中EDTA可提高沉积物中正磷酸盐、焦磷酸盐、磷脂和DNA的含量.综合考虑:利用EDTA和NaOH两步提取可实现较高的Po提取量和较低的顺磁性离子干扰,并得到理想的核磁共振图谱,从而保证沉积物中有机磷液相31P-NMR分析的科学性和有效性.     

白洋淀沟壕系统水陆交错区生物质磷形态特征研究

利用液相³¹P核磁共振的分析方法,研究了白洋淀水陆交错区中生物质磷（Biogenic-P）的形态特征.结果表明：不同类型水陆交错区磷含量差异较大,水陆交错区中间土壤总磷（TP）含量最高,为1342.81~2444.90 mg·kg^-1;水陆交错区Biogenic-P含量为437.65~1309.20 mg·kg^-1,占TP含量的25.62%~60.26%;使用液相³¹P-NMR技术共检测到7类磷化合物,其中,Biogenic-P共计检测到6种,包括磷酸单酯（Mono-P）、DNA磷（DNA-P）、焦磷酸盐（Pyro-P）、磷脂（Lipids-P）、多聚磷酸盐（Poly-P）和膦酸盐（Phon-P）;水陆交错区Biogenic-P以Mono-P为主,含量为372.94~1086.96 mg·kg^-1,TP含量平均值是全国土壤磷含量平均值的3.41倍;水陆交错区界面土壤与中间土壤相较沉积物和边缘土壤Biogenic-P含量更高;从水陆交错区的中间土壤到沉积物,Biogenic-P含量变化趋势与总有机质（OM）含量变化趋势相反.基于液相³¹P核磁共振技术,本文对白洋淀沟壕系统水陆交错区中Biogenic-P形态特征与分布提出了新的认识,有助于深入理解水陆交错区磷的生物地球化学循环过程,为流域磷输入的控制提供理论支撑.     

~(31)P-NMR分析湖泊植物和藻类有机磷方法优化及形态研究

应用不同的提取剂和固液比提取湖泊水生植物和藻类中的藻类有机磷(P_0),并进一步采用液态核磁共振(~(31)P-NMR)技术分析其组成特征.结果表明:采用0.5mol/L NaOH+25mmol/LEDTA提取剂,并控制固液比为1:60可获得最优的P_0提取效果;~(31)P-NMR分析测试过程中,设置延迟时间(D1)为5s,扫描分析时间为15h(约扫描24000次)可获得较好的谱图.通过以上实验方法,分析水生植物和藻类中磷均由正磷酸盐、单酯磷、二酯磷及焦磷酸盐组成,其中P_0可分别占总磷(TP)的34-21%~53.36%和31.27%~72.96%.单酯磷是水生植物和藻类P_0的主要组分,其平均含量可占P_0的92%和83%;二酯磷含量均较少,占TP的0~6.65%;藻类体内焦磷酸盐含量可达水生植物的35倍.     

Organic matter and pH affect the analysis efficiency of P-NMR

Solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (³¹P-NMR) is a useful method to analyze organic phosphorus (Po), but a general procedure for the analysis method is lacking. The authors used solution ³¹P-NMR, which was found to be an effective method for analysis of Po in Haihe River sediment, to analyze the Po in the surface sediment in Eastern China at the regional scale, and found that the NaOH-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction rate was affected by environmental factors. At the regional scale, the extraction rate showed a positive relationship with loss on ignition, when the extraction rate was lower than 60%. The extraction rate had no relationship with the loss on ignition when the extraction rate was higher than 60%. The extraction rate showed a negative relationship with pH, which means that the extraction rate was higher in acidic sediment and lower in alkaline sediment. The ratio of TC/TN (the ratio of total carbon to total nitrogen) was considered to represent the origin of organic matter in the sediment. The extraction rate was high when the TC/TN ratio was lower than 20, meanwhile the extraction rate decreased as the TC/TN ratio increased. The results show that the origin of organic matter in sediment significantly affects the NaOH-EDTA extraction rate. This study will give theoretical support for building an effective and general solution ³¹P-NMR analysis method.