Off-flavor compounds from decaying cyanobacterial blooms of Lake Taihu

The effect of cyanobacterial bloom decay on water quality and the complete degradation of cyanobacterial blooms in a short period were examined by an enclosure experiment in Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu,China.Water quality parameters as well as taste and odor compounds during the breakdown of cyanobacterial blooms were measured.Results showed that the decay of cyanobacterial blooms caused anoxic water conditions,decreased pH,and increased nutrient loading to the lake water.The highest concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS),and β-cyclocitral were observed in the anoxic water,at 62331.8,12413.3,and 1374.9 ng/L,respectively.2-Methylisoborneol was dominant during the live growth phase of cyanobacterial blooms,whereas DMS and DMTS were dominant during the decomposition phase.Dissolved oxygen,pH,and chlorophyll a were negatively correlated with DMS,DMTS,and β-cyclocitral,whereas total phosphorus,total nitrogen,and ammonium (NH4+-N) were positively correlated with DMS,DMTS,β-cyclocitral,and β-ionone.The experimental results suggested that preventing the anaerobic decomposition of cyanobacterial blooms is an important strategy against the recurrence of a malodor crisis in Lake Taihu.     

Ecological niche and in-situ control of MIB producers in source water

Odor problems in source water caused by 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been a common issue in China recently, posing a high risk to drinking water safety. The earthy-musty odorant MIB has an extremely low odor threshold (4–16 ng/L) and is hard to remove via conventional processes in drinking water plants (DWP), and therefore could easily provoke complaints from consumers. This compound is produced by a group of filamentous cyanobacteria, mainly belonging to Oscillatoriales. Different from the well-studied surface-blooming Microcystis, filamentous cyanobacteria have specific niche characteristics that allow them to stay at a subsurface or deep layer in the water column. The underwater bloom of these MIB producers is therefore passively determined by the underwater light availability, which is governed by the cell density of surface scum. This suggests that drinking water reservoirs with relatively low nutrient contents are not able to support surface blooms, but are a fairly good fit to the specialized ecological niche of filamentous cyanobacteria; this could explain the widespread odor problems in source water. At present, MIB is mainly treated in DWP using advanced treatment processes and/or activated carbon, but these post-treatment methods have high cost, and not able to deal with water containing high MIB concentrations. Thus, in situ control of MIB producers in source water is an effective complement and is desirable. Lowering the underwater light availability is a possible measure to control MIB producers according to their niche characteristics, which can be obtained by either changing the water level or other measures.     

Embedded reservoir and constructed wetland for drinking water source protection: Effects on nutrient removal and phytoplankton succession

An embedded reservoir that provides an efficient nutrient removal system protects drinking water.However,embedded reservoirs are rarely used in eutrophic shallow lakes because of their undetermined nutrient retention efficiency and unknown effects by the phytoplankton community.In this study,we aim to investigate the nutrient retention and algae succession in an embedded reservoir and adjacent wetland from April 2017 to September 2018 in the eastern part of Lake Taihu,China.More than 40% of total phosphorus(TP) and 45% of particulate phosphorous entering the reservoir were retained semiannually,and the highest TP removal efficiency was achieved in the reservoir during autumn with an average value of 53.3% ± 9.9%.The overall nitrogen retention efficiency(21.7% ± 37.8%) was lower than that of TP(41.8% ± 27.8%).Similar trends were obtained in the wetland area.An important pathway for phosphorus removal is through particulate matter retention.Our study revealed that nutrient retention mechanisms in the reservoir were primarily via macrophyte absorption,particulate substance sedimentation,and prolonged water residence time.Consequently,the phytoplankton biomass(Chl-a) in the reservoir decreased(from 48.0 to 25.2 μg/L) and water transparency improved,due to the decreased P level and transformation of the phytoplankton group into simple structures with good ecological status.Therefore,the combination of embedded reservoir and constructed wetland ecosystem can be used successfully to protect surface water.The results will be advantageous to groups seeking to preserve drinking water sources.     

Distribution, sources and potential toxicological significance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in Guanting Reservoir sediments, China

The Guanting Reservoir lost its function as the second biggest drinking water source for Beijing due to the pollutions from the upstream flow of Yongding River in 1997. From 1998, lots of studies were carryied out to renew the function of Guanting Reservoir as domestic drinking water source before 2008 Olympic Games. This is the first time that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in the surface sediment of Guanting Reservoir have been analyzed. A distinctive spatial distribution of PAHs was observed. Sediments from four sites along Inlet of Yongding River to reservoir bam had PAHs concentrations of 1377--2855 μg/g dw in descending order. The composition of PAHs is investigated and used to assess patrogenic,combustion and naturally derived of the sediments samples of Guanting Reservoir. Special PAHs ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene(P/A) and fluoranthene/pyrene(Fl/Pyr) were calculated to assess the relative importance of different origins. The data confirmed a relatively high level of petrogenic contamination in four sites. These high PAHs levels were associated with the input of untreated and partially treated industrial sewage. In addition, the concentrations of PAHs compounds of samples indicated that sediments of reservoir were most likely to pose potential biological impairment.     

A model to determine the lake nutrient standards for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion, China

Lake eutrophication (LE) has become an increasingly severe environmental problem recently. However, there has been no nutrient standard established for LE control in many developing countries such as China. This study proposes a structural equation model to assist in the establishment of a lake nutrient standard for drinking water sources in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Ecoregion (Yungui Ecoregion), China. The modeling results indicate that the most predictive indicator for designated use-attainment is total phosphorus (TP) (total effect =-0.43), and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) is recommended as the second important indicator (total effect =-0.41). The model is further used for estimating the probability of use-attainment associated with lake water as a drinking water source and various levels of candidate criteria (based on the reference conditions and the current environmental quality standards for surface water). It is found that these candidate criteria cannot satisfy the designated 100% use-attainment. To achieve the short-term target (85% attainment of the designated use), TP and Chl-a values ought to be less than 0.02 mg/L and 1.4 μg/L, respectively. When used as a long-term target (90% or greater attainment of the designated use), the TP and Chl-a values are suggested to be less than 0.018 mg/L and 1 μg/L, respectively.     

Biological stability in drinking water: a regression analysis of influencing factors

Some parameters, such as assimilable organic carbon(AOC), chloramine residual, water temperature, and water residence time, were measured in drinking water from distribution systems in a northern city of China. The measurement results illustrate that when chloramine residual is more than 0.3 mg/L or AOC content is below 50μg/L, the biological stability of drinking water can be controlled.Both chloramine residual and AOC have a good relationship with Heterotrophic Plate Counts( HPC)(Iog value), the correlation coefficient was-0.64 and 0.33, respectively. By regression analysis of the survey data, a statistical equation is presented and it is concluded that disinfectant residual exerts the strongest influence on bacterial growth and AOC is a suitable index to assess the biological stability in the drinking water.     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.     

Mini-review on river eutrophication and bottom improvement techniques, with special emphasis on the Nakdong River

Water quality in rivers is vital to humans and to maintenance of biotic and ecological integrity.During the Four Major Rivers restoration of South Korea, remarkable attempts have been made to decrease external nutrient loads and moveable weirs were designed to discharge silt that may deposit in pools. However, recently eutrophication of the Nakdong River, which was limited to the lower reaches, is seen to be spreading upstream. The reduction of external nutrient loads to rivers is a long-term goal that is unlikely to lead to reductions in algal blooms for many years because of the time required to implement effective land management strategies. It would therefore be desirable to implement complementary strategies. Regulating the amount of water released is effective at preventing algae blooms in weir pools; so, the relationship between discharge, stratification and bloom formation should be understood in this regard. However, pollutants are likely to accumulate in the riverbed upstream from release points. Thus, to control phosphorus levels, total phosphorus density should be lowered by applying in-river techniques as well. As many ecosystem properties are controlled by multiple processes, simultaneous river bottom improvement techniques, such as combined dissolved oxygen supply and nutrient inactivation, are likely to be effective. The purpose of this review is to present a series of technological approaches that can be used to improve the river bottom area and hence sediment nutrient release, and to illustrate the application of these techniques to the Nakdong River.     

Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria and microcystin degradation using a boron-doped diamond anode——A potential tool for cyanobacterial bloom control

Cyanobacterial blooms are global phenomena that can occur in calm and nutrient-rich(eutrophic) fresh and marine waters. Human exposure to cyanobacteria and their biologically active products is possible during water sports and various water activities, or by ingestion of contaminated water. Although the vast majority of harmful cyanobacterial products are confined to the interior of the cells, these are eventually released into the surrounding water following natural or artificially induced cell death. Electrochemical oxidation has been used here to damage cyanobacteria to halt their proliferation, and for microcystin degradation under in-vitro conditions. Partially spent Jaworski growth medium with no addition of supporting electrolytes was used. Electrochemical treatment resulted in the cyanobacterial loss of cell-buoyancy regulation, cell proliferation arrest, and eventual cell death. Microcystin degradation was studied separately in two basic modes of treatment: batch-wise flow, and constant flow, for electrolytic-cell exposure. Batch-wise exposure simulates treatment under environmental conditions, while constant flow is more appropriate for the study of boron-doped diamond electrode efficacy under laboratory conditions. The effectiveness of microcystin degradation was established using high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector analysis, while the biological activities of the products were estimated using a colorimetric protein phosphatase-1 inhibition assay. The results indicate potential for the application of electro-oxidation methods for the control of bloom events by taking advantage of specific intrinsic ecological characteristics of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. The applicability of the use of boron-doped diamond electrodes in remediation of water exposed to cyanobacteria bloom events is discussed.     

Influence of phosphorus availability on the community structure and physiology of cultured biofilms

Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water.     

Periodically hydrologic alterations decouple the relationships between physicochemical variables and chlorophyll-a in a dam-induced urban lake

Periodically hydrologic alterations driven by seasonal change and water storage capacity management strongly modify physicochemical properties and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and their interactions in dam-induced lakes. However, the extent and magnitude of these changes still remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of periodically hydrologic alterations on physicochemical variables and Chl-a in the dam-induced urban Hanfeng Lake, upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir. Shifts in Chl-a and 13 physicochemical variables were recorded monthly in the lake from January 2013 to December 2014. Chl-a was neither seasonal nor inter-annual differences while a few physical variables such as flow velocity (V) exhibited significantly seasonal variabilities, and chemical variables like total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved silica (DSi) were markedly inter-annual differences. Higher TN:TP (40:1) and lower NO₃-N:DSi (0.8:1) relative to balanced stoichiometric ratios suggested changes in composition of phytoplankton communities and potentially increased proportion of diatom in Hanfeng Lake. Chl-a was predicable by combination of dissolved oxygen (DO), TN and DSi in dry season, and by V alone in wet season. During the whole study period, Chl-a was solely negatively correlated with TN:TP, indicating decline in N concentration and increase in P could therefore increase Chl-a. Our results highlight pronounced decoupling of linkages between Chl-a and physicochemical variables affected by periodically hydrologic alterations in dam-induced aquatic systems.     

富春江库区高温热浪变化特征及对藻类水华潜在影响研究

随着全球气候变暖,夏季高温热浪出现频次、强度和持续时间明显增加. 为探明气候变暖引起的夏季高温热浪对藻类水华及淡水生态系统的影响, 基于长期气象观测、高频浮标水温监测、藻华过程浮游植物生物量连续监测以及卫星遥感反演,分析了富春江库区夏季高温热浪长期变化特征以及2016年高温热浪对富春江水库藻类水华的影响过程. 结果表明:①1972—2020年近50年富春江水库呈现明显的区域增温,平均气温增速为0.35 ℃/(10 a),2016年达最高值(18.13 ℃);与此同时,高温热浪频次和天数也显著增加,且起始时间显著提前,结束时间显著推迟,2016年经历了近50年来较严重的高温热浪事件. ②野外实测和卫星遥感反演表明,2016年7—8月富春江水库暴发严重的藻类水华,库区叶绿素a浓度在8月19日达最高值〔(65.3±21.3) μg/L〕. ③因果分析显示,高温热浪引起的气温和水温增加、降水和风速减少以及热力分层强化等直接或者间接诱发和促进了浮游植物生物量累积及蓝藻水华形成. 研究显示,夏季高温热浪加剧了富春江水库藻类水华暴发,未来全球变暖背景下高温热浪频次和强度将继续增加,需开展高频同步监测和受控试验,深入揭示高温热浪对藻类水华形成的驱动机制.      

三峡库区大宁河藻细胞昼夜垂直迁移研究

旨在准确为三峡库区藻华预警提供基础数据,本研究于2011年7月底在三峡库区大宁河流域进行藻细胞昼夜垂直迁移试验.结果表明,大宁河在此期间,藻细胞主要以绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻和甲藻为主;藻细胞在水体中的分布不均匀,72.5%～76.2%的藻细胞集中在0.5～4.0 m水体之间,0～0.5 m处藻细胞较少,占垂直水体藻密度的7.5%～16.3%,白天藻细胞Morisita指数(MI)为1.41～1.97,夜晚MI指数为1.17～1.55,叶绿素a白天MI指数为1.31～1.59,而夜晚MI指数为1.17～1.39.藻细胞在水体中存在明显的昼夜垂直迁移现象,该现象主要发生在0.5～4.0 m水体之间.水体中的藻密度受营养盐的影响较小,与可溶解性总磷显著相关(r=0.89),藻密度主要受温度、pH值和导电率影响,藻密度与温度、pH值和导电率呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.96、0.97和-0.99.     

水温分层对三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华的影响

三峡水库蓄水以来,其支流库湾年复一年暴发严重的春季水华.为找出支流库湾春季水华的关键影响因子,2010年春季对三峡水库库首最大的支流香溪河库湾进行了原位定点连续监测,主要监测指标包括水温、水体透明度、水下光照及营养盐浓度等环境因子.结果表明,春季水温分层发育导致水体混合层深度突然减小是春季水华暴发的直接诱因,真光层与水体混合层之比(Zeu/Zmix)与叶绿素a(Chl-a)的皮尔逊相关系数达0.934(P<0.01).表明Critical Depth模型可用于解释三峡水库典型支流库湾水华生消机制.本研究将为三峡水库支流库湾水华预报及防治提供重要参考.     

三峡水库支流大宁河冬、春季水华调查研究

以三峡水库主要支流--大宁河冬、春季2次不同类型水华的调查数据为依据,分析并比较了不同水华期间水质的变化、营养盐的构成及水华的特征.结果表明,大宁河冬季水华以唐家湾为中心,叶绿素a(Chl-a)含量较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=260];随着藻类的生长总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数出现富集而含量升高,溶解氧(DO)和pH却出现低值;水华高峰期水体藻类较少,共发现2门4种,水华优势种为铜绿微囊藻和水华微囊藻,藻密度高达3.15×10~7个/L,相关加权综合营养状态指数为80,属于重度富营养化水体.而春季水华属于自回水段以下整体性暴发,Chl-a含量也较高[(Chl-a)_(max)/(Chl-a)_(min)=140];TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数均是随着水华的发生逐渐升高;水华高峰期藻类种群丰富,共发现5门44种,各断面水华优势种和藻密度均不同,相关加权综合营养状态指数显示东坪坝和白水河为轻度富营养化水体.相关性分析表明,冬季水华期间Chl-a与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、水温呈显著正相关,与DO、透明度(SD)呈显著负相关;春季水华Chl-a与TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、pH呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.冬季水华pH与SD呈显著正相关,与TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数呈显著负相关;而春季水华pH与Chl-a、TP、高锰酸盐指数、DO、气温呈显著正相关,与SD呈显著负相关.     

2009~2018年贵阳市阿哈水库水质时空变化特征分析

为更好了解贵阳市饮用水源地阿哈水库的水质动态变化规律,对近10年来（2009～2018）库区及主要支流的水质、水文气象数据进行系统分析研究。结果表明：受水文气象及藻类生长的周期性影响,阿哈水库库区及支流水体的营养盐、透明度（SD）、叶绿素a （Chl.a）均呈季节性变化。阿哈水库水质以III类为主,库中水质（超标率为19.82%）优于库东（超标率为45.05%）。综合营养状态指数（TLI）分析表明,阿哈水库水体处于中营养至轻度富营养状态,近年来水质有所改善。入库支流水质优劣顺序为：游鱼河>白岩河>蔡冲河>金钟河,主要表现为总磷（TP）和氨氮（NH₃-N）超标。Pearson相关性分析表明,库区Chl.a和NH₃-N、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、气温、降雨量、日照时数等呈显著正相关,和SD、水位、气压呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,藻类生长主要受控于水文气象因子。当前,加大金钟河等入库支流外源污染整治力度,是提升库区水质的关键。未来应加强水文、气象因子作用于藻类水华的过程机制研究,提升藻华应急处理能力。     

Assessment of trophic change and its probable impact on tropical estuarine environment (the Kodungallur-Azhikode estuary, India)

The cumulative effects of global change, including climate change, increased population density and domestic waste disposal, effluent discharges from industrial processes, agriculture and aquaculture will likely continue and increases the process of eutrophication in estuarine environments. Eutrophication is one of the leading causes of degraded water quality, water column hypoxia/anoxia, harmful algal bloom (HAB) and loss of habitat and species diversity in the estuarine environment. The present study attempts to characterize the trophic condition of coastal estuary using a simple tool; trophic index (TRIX) based on a linear combination of the log of four state variables with supplementary index Efficiency Coefficient (Eff. Coeff.) as a discriminating tool. Numerically, the index TRIX is scaled from 0 to10, covering a wide range of trophic conditions from oligotrophic to eutrophic. Study area Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary (KAE) was comparatively shallow in nature with average depth of 3.6?±?0.2?m. Dissolve oxygen regime in the water column was ranged from 4.7?±?1.3?mgL^?1 in Station I to 5.9?±?1.4?mgL^?1 in Station IV. The average nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) of KAE water was 470?mg?m^?3; values ranged from Av. 364.4?mg?m^?3 at Station II to Av. 626.6?mg?m^?3at Station VII. The mean ammonium-nitrogen (NH ₄ ⁺ -N) varied from 54.1?mg?m^?3 at Station VII to 101?mg?m^?3 at Station III. The average Chl-a for the seven stations of KAE was 6.42?±?3.91?mg?m^?3. Comparisons over different spatial and temporal scales in the KAE and study observed that, estuary experiencing high productivity by the influence of high degree of eutrophication; an annual average of 6.91 TRIX was noticed in the KAE and seasonal highest was observed during pre monsoon period (7.15) and lowest during post monsoon period (6.51). In the spatial scale station V showed high value 7.37 and comparatively low values in the station VI (6.93) and station VII (6.96) and which indicates eutrophication was predominant in land cover area with comparatively high water residence time. Eff. Coeff. values in the KAE ranges from ?2.74 during monsoon period to the lowest of ?1.98 in pre monsoon period. Present study revealed that trophic state of the estuary under severe stress and the restriction of autochthonous and allochthonous nutrient loading should be keystone in mitigate from eutrophication process.     

洋河水库富营养化防治对策

秦皇岛市主要水源地－洋河水库，目前的营养状况已达到富养水平，分析了洋河水库富营养化的营养物质的来源，并针对河河水库富营养化的善和特点，提出了操作较强的生物，农艺和行政管理等综合防治措施。