新型胺化介孔炭的制备及其对Pb(II)的吸附

采用微波辅助磷酸活化制备了高中孔率蔗渣基介孔炭,并通过硝酸氧化和乙二胺聚合在其孔道内修饰了含氮多胺基团,探索了溶液浓度、温度、吸附剂剂量等对改性介孔炭的Pb(II)吸附性能、行为和热力学特性的影响.结果表明,蔗渣基介孔炭较宽的孔道结构可通过乙二胺缩水聚合反应在其表面接枝酰胺、仲胺等含氮基团;胺化改性增强化了介孔炭对水溶液中Pb(II)的固定作用,改性后介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附量高达180mg/g,是改性前介孔炭的1.5倍;改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的去除率显著增加,对溶液浓度<60mg/L的Pb(II)去除率接近100%.等温吸附与热力学数据表明,胺化改性介孔炭对Pb(II)的吸附位能量存在差异化,吸附是自发的吸热反应过程,温度对铅(II)离子吸附有促进作用,化学作用在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用.     

花椰菜基生物炭对水中Pb (II)的吸附性能

以农业废弃物花椰菜的根和叶为原材料,采用限氧裂解法在500℃条件下制备花椰菜根基生物炭(BCR)和叶基生物炭(BCL),探究了吸附时间、温度、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度、pH及不同共存离子对2种生物炭吸附性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、红外光谱(FTIR)及比表面积测定(BET)等手段对生物炭的结构和性质进行了表征,初步探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,2种生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级动力学和颗粒内扩散模型,BCR和BCL对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附分别在3 h和6 h达到吸附平衡;2种生物炭对不同浓度下Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型;在25℃条件下,BCR和BCL对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别达到454.55和434.78 mg·g~(-1),BCR和BCL具有良好的吸附效果,可作为优良的生物质基吸附材料.     

不同温度下烧制的秸秆炭对可变电荷土壤吸附 Pb(Ⅱ)的影响

研究了添加花生秸秆炭和稻草炭对2种可变电荷土壤的pH和吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响,结果表明,添加生物质炭使土壤pH提高了1.04～3.00个单位,且土壤pH增加幅度随生物质炭制备温度的升高而增加.等温吸附实验的结果表明,添加生物质炭增加了Pb(Ⅱ)在可变电荷土壤表面的吸附量,当Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度为2 mmol.L-1时,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量提高了12.6%～57.6%.土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随体系pH升高而增加.Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程可以很好地拟合添加生物质炭后2种土壤对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附等温线,且Freundlich方程拟合效果更好,r值均在0.94以上.从Freundlich和Langmuir方程中表征吸附容量的k和Qm结果可以看出,花生秸秆炭促进Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的效果优于稻草炭,400℃下制备的生物质炭促进2种土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的效果优于300℃和500℃下制备的生物质炭.解吸实验结果表明,添加秸秆炭处理土壤表面吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸量高于对照处理,但解吸量远低于吸附量,说明生物质促进土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制涉及静电吸附和非静电吸附.     

茶叶基水合氧化铁吸附水体中Pb(Ⅱ)的性能

采用原位沉积技术将水合氧化铁(HFO)负载于废弃茶叶渣表面制备了复合材料茶叶基水合氧化铁(HFO-TW),研究了HFO-TW对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性,探讨了溶液pH值、时间、共存碱土离子、温度、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度等因素对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果的影响.结果表明酸性范围内,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随溶液pH升高而增大;Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附速度较快,100 min内便可达吸附平衡,且动力学曲线较好地符合伪一级和伪二级动力学模型,拟合系数可达98.8%;在竞争离子Ca(Ⅱ)/Mg(Ⅱ)的浓度高于Pb(Ⅱ)50倍时,HFO-TW对Pb(Ⅱ)仍具有较强的吸附能力,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量仅分别下降12.1 mg·g-1和8.1 mg·g-1;Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir等温模型,理论最大吸附容量为89.43 mg·g-1,远高于未经改性的茶叶渣和其他生物吸附剂.所有结果均证实HFO-TW在净化实际铅污染水体中有着较为广阔的应用潜力.     

海藻酸钙/生物炭复合材料的制备及其对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附性能和机制

利用海藻酸钙(CA)包覆生物炭(BC)制备了一种新型复合材料(CA/BC),用以吸附水溶液中的Pb(Ⅱ).系统研究了溶液的初始浓度、p H、时间对吸附的影响.BC和CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)等温热力学数据符合Langmuir模型,在p H=5的条件下对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为93.20 mg·g~(-1)和155.04 mg·g~(-1).BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附是速率控制步骤.CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)动力学数据符合准一级动力学模型,扩散是速率控制步骤.结果表明CA/BC吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机制主要包括形成配合物,以及Ca(Ⅱ)与Pb(Ⅱ)发生离子交换.     

新型介孔吸附剂的制备及吸附性能

采用挥发诱导自组装(EISA)技术,以乙醇为溶剂,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为结构导向剂,合成了孔径为5.4nm的巯基功能化介孔材料,并用FTIR、EA、N2吸附-脱附和XRD分析技术对介孔材料进行了表征.同时,以Cr3+、Pb2+为目标污染物,考察了介孔吸附剂对污染物的吸附性能.结果表明,介孔吸附剂的吸附性能受pH值(初始与终态值)、振荡时间、温度和重金属离子初始浓度的影响显著.在T=303K、pH=5、振荡时间为1h,振荡频率为150r·min-1,污染物初始浓度低于0.4mmol·L-1时,吸附剂对Cr3+、Pb2+的去除率分别在85%和90%以上.介孔吸附剂对Cu2+、Pb2+的等温吸附行为与Langmuir模型相吻合(R2>0.992).     

富里酸在聚苯乙烯微塑料上的吸附行为

主要探究富里酸(FA)在聚苯乙烯(PS)和HBCD-PS复合物(HBCD-PS)微塑料上的吸附特性与作用机制.结果表明, PS对FA几乎没有吸附效果, 然而HBCD的存在显著地促进了FA在HBCD-PS上的吸附行为.W-M颗粒内扩散和Boyd扩散模型证实了HBCD-PS对FA的吸附过程主要受颗粒内扩散控制.HBCD-PS对FA的吸附过程更加符合准二级动力学和Freundlich模型.溶液pH值和NaCl含量显著地影响HBCD-PS对FA的吸附量. HBCD-PS主要通过疏水和静电相互作用与FA结合.此外, 重金属离子(Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)和Cd(Ⅱ))的存在促进了FA在HBCD-PS上的吸附, 这与它们之间的络合能力呈正相关.     

高锰酸钾改性桉木生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以桉木为原料,使用高锰酸钾对桉木生物炭（BC）进行改性,制备改性生物炭（KBC）.对其进行表征,并进行了水溶液中Pb （Ⅱ）的静态吸附实验,探究了溶液pH、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、温度和初始浓度对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附效果影响.结果表明,最佳吸附反应pH为5,吸附在6 h达到饱和,当温度为25℃,Pb （Ⅱ）的初始浓度为100mg ·L^-1,吸附剂投加量为0.06 g时,KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的最大吸附量为83.059mg ·g^-1,去除率为99.67%.KBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附遵循二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型,其是发生在均匀表面的单层吸附.采用BET、SEM-EDS、XRD、FT-IR和XPS对吸附剂进行表征分析,发现吸附机制主要是KBC含氧和KBC含锰基团通过络合作用和沉淀作用来吸附Pb （Ⅱ）,以及在吸附过程中生物炭表面会形成—O—Pb—O—双齿配合物.因此,高锰酸钾改性BC可以作为一种很好的Pb （Ⅱ）吸附剂.     

改性西瓜皮生物炭的制备及其对Pb (Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以西瓜皮为原料,使用硫化铵[（NH₄）₂S]对其改性制备生物炭（MBC）,用于对Pb （Ⅱ）进行吸附.探究了溶液pH、吸附时间、吸附剂添加量、Pb （Ⅱ）初始质量浓度和离子强度等因素对Pb （Ⅱ）吸附效果的影响.结果表明,饱和吸附时间为5 h,吸附反应的最佳pH为6,当Pb （Ⅱ）初始质量浓度1000 mg·L^-1,吸附剂添加量为2.0 g·L^-1时,MBC对Pb （Ⅱ）的最大吸附量可达97.63 mg·g^-1,明显高于未改性西瓜皮生物炭（BC）对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附量.改性西瓜皮生物炭对Pb （Ⅱ）的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和拟二级动力学模型,证明吸附以单分子层化学吸附为主.使用氢氧化钠溶液对吸附Pb （Ⅱ）之后的MBC进行解吸来研究MBC的可重复使用性,在第六次循环中吸附量仍达64.74 mg·g^-1.采用傅立叶转换红外光谱（FT-IR）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、氮吸附（BET）、扫描电镜-能谱分析（SEM-EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和Zeta电位对吸附剂进行表征分析,发现吸附机制主要是MBC含氧和MBC含硫基团通过络合作用和沉淀作用来吸附Pb （Ⅱ）.因此,硫化铵改性西瓜皮生物炭可以作为一种高效的Pb （Ⅱ）吸附剂.     

氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭除磷性能

通过共沉淀法将氢氧化镧固定在高介孔率的稻壳生物炭上,重点研究了生物炭孔结构、溶液pH和共存物质对氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭吸附磷酸盐的影响.结果表明,镧负载量与生物炭介孔率呈正相关,生物炭介孔率越高,对磷酸盐的吸附速率越快,镧浸出量越低.吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,且受颗粒内扩散控制.Langmuir模型能够较好地描述氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭对磷酸盐的吸附过程,理论最大吸附量分别为41.22、43.26和45.62 mg·g^-1,镧利用率较高,P/La量比均大于1.5.此外,氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭能在pH 3~9的范围内有效吸附磷酸盐.共存物质影响实验表明,氢氧化镧改性介孔稻壳生物炭对磷酸盐表现出良好的选择吸附性,共存Ca²⁺会强化其对磷酸盐的吸附,而共存Mg²⁺则会抑制吸附过程.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.