城市雨水径流水质特性及分析

通过对宝鸡市市区雨水径流的水质进行测定,对其污染特性进行分析,探讨城市雨水径流对城市水环境的影响,并提出相应的污染控制措施,为研究及治理雨水径流对城市水体的污染提供基础资料和技术支持。     

基于SWMM模型的上海市松江国际生态商务区海绵城市建设效果评价

海绵城市建设旨在恢复城市自然调蓄能力,提升生态环境和城市韧性。以上海市松江国际生态商务区为研究区域建立SWMM模型,评估海绵城市建设对区域降雨径流控制和污染负荷控制效果,结果表明:较之传统开发模式,海绵城市建设能够显著滞蓄雨水、降低区域径流总量、削减入河污染负荷,有效减轻区域排涝压力和水环境压力。对于3,5,20,50 a重现期的2 h降雨,海绵城市径流总量分别削减40.8%、39.5%、37.0%、35.8%;对于5 a重现期的2 h降雨,TSS、COD、TN、TP的削减率分别为36.3%、39.4%、32.9%、47.6%。     

城市河道修建中人工水环境污染防治对策研究

在"景观娱乐用水水质标准"规定的基础上,分析人工水环境的类别和污染来源,其污染来源主要包括降雨形成的地表径流、城市合流制管道溢流污染、大气沉降以及微生物作用产生的污染物等,均会对水体造成二次污染。加强污染源防控力度,对初期雨水进行控制以防止城市河道污染,使用生物修复技术改善水质,健全城市河道的管理体制,加强宣传教育工作和执法力度,实现对城市河道修建中人工水环境污染的有效防治,达到美化城市居住环境的最终目标。     

人工湿地在雨水处理与湖泊水质改善中的应用研究

湖泊是城市生态系统重要组成部分,对城市的生态化建设具有特殊的意义。但近年来我国城市湖泊污染严重,水质堪忧。面对城市人工湖泊的水质恶化,水资源短缺等问题,我们对雨水、微污染湖泊进行了研究,结果表明雨水是一种可以利用的资源。文中介绍了雨水利用的重要性、城市雨水污染现状及城市雨水的处理与利用方法和人工湿地净化雨水补充湖水、改善湖水水质的系统设计及湿地植物选择与景观配置。     

雨水花园设计要点及其在上海市的应用探讨

雨水花园可以有效地控制径流污染、削减径流流量和峰值流量,是低影响开发技术体系中的重要措施。结合不同应用条件,从设施面积、组成构造2个方面分析了雨水花园设计中的关键参数;根据上海市地下水位高、初期径流污染负荷高、土壤粘粒含量高的特点,探讨了雨水花园在上海市的应用,为国内雨水花园的设计提供参考。     

城市水环境安全性与城市可持续发展

城市水环境安全性对城市的可持续发展具有重要意义。目前由于我国城市水环境持续恶化，城市居民的健康受到严重损害，生命和财产安全受到威胁，限制了城市经济和社会发展。本文分析了我国城市水环境现状以及面临的三个主要问题，即水污染严重、地下水超采引发地面塌陷和沉降等环境地质问题、城市防洪安全性差等，提出了相应对策，如加强水污染控制。促进城市污水收集和处理系统建设，采用3S技术(GIS、GPS、RS)进行水质监测，重点做好水源地的水质保护和解决富营养化问题；对地下水实行限量开采和人工回灌；采取节水措施，进行雨水和中水利用；加强城市防洪；开展水环境承载力研究；改革水环境管理体制等。     

上海市水环境管理分析与对策探讨

水环境管理是上海市环境保护工作的重中之重。从目前上海市水资源分布情况和水环境质量现状来看，水环境状况不容乐观。从法律法规体系．法律制度、管理机构和管理机制4个方面分析了上海市水环境管理的现状：从法制建设、管理制度落实，管理机构职能和管理机制合理性等方面阐述了上海市水环境管理存在的问题。提出了以上几个方面的改进对策。     

珠江广州河段水体污染的遥感监测应用研究

由于城市工业废水和居民生活污水大量的排放，珠江水质受到严重污染，尤其有机污染更加严重。各项水质指标均严重超标。本文将运用遥感技术对珠江广州河段水环境质量中的水质污染进行监测应用研究。并建立了水质污染预测遥感模型。研究结果表明，利用遥感资料能有效地监测珠江水质污染状况，在监测水环境质量中遥感技术是一种快速，全面，有效的技术手段和方法。     

上海市水质综合评价方法研究

针对上海市地表水污染特征,提出了一种新的水质综合评价方法--综合水质指数法。方法可对水体进行定性评价和达标判定,并可评价各指标的污染负荷率,筛选主要污染因子。方法选择溶解氧(水温)、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、总磷等5项指标作为评价参数,评价结果能较为合理的反映以氮、磷为主要污染物的城市水环境质量及污染特征。     

上海市屋面雨水回用处理技术研究

在分析上海市屋面雨水水质的基础上,研究了沉淀和过滤技术对屋面雨水的回用处理效果。结果表明,经过沉淀、过滤处理后,屋面雨水满足城市生活杂用水和景观用水的水质标准。     

Assessment of stormwater runoff management practices and governance under climate change and urbanization: An analysis of Bangkok,Hanoi and Tokyo

As human history is changing on many fronts, it is appropriate for us to understand the different perspectives of major global challenges, of which, water is a major priority. The water resources in urban areas are either approaching or exceeding the limits of sustainable use at alarming rates. Groundwater table depletion and increasing flood events can be easily realized in rapidly developing urban areas. It is necessary to improve existing water management systems for high-quality water and reduced hydro-meteorological disasters, while preserving our natural/pristine environment in a sustainable manner. This can be achieved through optimal collection, infiltration and storage of stormwater. Stormwater runoff is rainfall that flows over the ground surface; large volumes of water are swiftly transported to local water bodies and can cause flooding, coastal erosion, and can carry many different pollutants that are found on paved surfaces. Sustainable stormwater management is desired, and the optimal capture measure is explored in the paper. This study provides commentary to assist policy makers and researchers in the field of stormwater management planning to understand the significance and role of remote sensing and GIS in designing optimal capture measures under the threat of future extreme events and climate change. Community attitudes, which are influenced by a range of factors, including knowledge of urban water problem, are also considered. In this paper, we present an assessment of stormwater runoff management practices to achieve urban water security. For this purpose, we explored different characteristics of stormwater runoff management policies and strategies adopted by Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. This study analyses the abilities of Japanese, Vietnamese and Thai stormwater runoff management policies and measures to manage water scarcity and achieve water resiliency. This paper presents an overview of stormwater runoff management to guide future optimal stormwater runoff measures and management policies within the governance structure. Additionally, the effects of different onsite facilities, including those for water harvesting, reuse, ponds and infiltration, are explored to establish adaptation strategies that restore water cycle and reduce climate change-induced flood and water scarcity on a catchment scale.     

Urban stormwater disinfection, quality variability during storage and influence on the freshwater algae: Implications for reuse safety

Stormwater reuse is one of the most important ways to mitigate water resource shortage. However, urban stormwater contains many bacteria species, which threaten the reuse safety. Therefore, stormwater disinfection is highly needed. Although disinfection has been widely conducted in the drinking water and reclaimed water, it is rarely carried out for stormwater. This study collected the roof stormwater and undertook chlorination disinfection. Two typical bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) were selected in this study to investigate the disinfection efficiency. It is found that bacteria species present in the stormwater had an important influence on disinfection efficiency while the original stormwater quality did not show an obvious affect. However, when the disinfected stormwater was stored, the stormwater quality was highly variable during its storage process and the variability was affected by bacteria species. The S.aureus containing stormwater showed a high variability of quality and S.aureus significantly regrew. However, the E.coli containing stormwater quality had a relatively low variability and E.coli did not significantly regrew. Additionally, it is noted that after storage, the dissolved form of stormwater was more positive to the freshwater algae's growth while the particulate form (including bacteria and other particulate matters) was less. This implies that a further treatment such as filtration is needed before the stored stormwater is recharged into receiving waters in order to remove particulate forms. These research outcomes can provide useful insight to effective stormwater disinfection and ensure reuse safety.     

Characterisation of dissolved organic matter in stormwater using high-performance size exclusion chromatography

Understanding the complexity of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in stormwater has drawn a lot of interest,since DOM from stormwater causes not only environmental impacts,but also worsens downstream aquatic quality associated with water supply and treatability.This study introduced and employed high-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC)coupled with an ultraviolet–visible(UV–vis)diode array detector to assess changes in stormwater-associated DOM characteristics.Stormwater DOM was also analysed in relation to storm event characteristics,water quality and spectroscopic analysis.Statistical tools were used to determine the correlations within DOM and water quality measurements.Results showed that dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and UV absorbance at 254 nm(UV_(254))as conventional DOM parameters were found to be correlated well to the changes in stormwater quality during each of the three storm events studied.Both detector wavelengths(210and 254 nm)and their ratio(A_(210)/A_(254))were found to provide additional information on the physiochemical properties of stormwater-associated DOM.This study indicated that A_(210)/A_(254) is an important parameter which could be used to estimate the DOM proportions of functional groups and conjugated carbon species.This study provided also an understanding of stormwater quality constituents through assessing variability and sensitivity for various parameters,and the additional information of rainfall characteristics on runoff quality data for a better understanding of parameter correlations and influences.     

城市降雨径流污染控制与管理模式

介绍了城市雨水径流最佳管理模式国内外研究现状,以北京城区的研究为基础,探讨适合我国城市降雨径流污染控制与管理模式框架,突出强调技术措施和非技术措施相结合、总量控制和源头控制的技术路线和体系,展望了我国径流污染控制的方向。     

Regulating oil and gas facility stormwater discharge: An assessment of surface impoundments,spills, and permit compliance

Contaminated stormwater runoff from oil and gas (O&G) operations can pose a significant threat to surface waters. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent of this threat and identify more specific permitting requirements to protect surface waters. To better understand the extent of the threat, this paper identified and characterized the use of waste surface impoundments at O&G facilities as well as the threat level from O&G spills in California. To assess the efficacy of the current federal and California state-permitting regime, the paper evaluated stormwater permit compliance in two California counties. It also reviewed selected spill cases and associated Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plans and Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans to identify the adequacy of current industry practices.The analysis showed that contaminated stormwater from O&G facilities can be better regulated. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency does not require O&G facilities to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit even though many O&G industry practices have the potential to contaminate stormwater runoff from the site. When O&G facilities discharge a Reportable Quantity of a hazardous chemical or violate a water quality standard, they are required to enroll in the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program. Spills, although not a direct indication of stormwater runoff, can highlight polluted runoff discharges that should have been regulated. Medium and large spills that reached waterways were such a risk for which operators did not file for a permit. In California new filing requirements for the oil and gas industry require all facilities that discharge stormwater that has come into contact with any overburden, raw material, or intermediate products located on the site, to file for an Industrial Stormwater General Permit. As this study showed, there has been an increase in enrollment since the enactment of the new requirements. Having all facilities enroll in the general permit program, as done in California, would require minimum monitoring and maintenance that could help prevent spills. A further step to ensure better protocol is to require specific pollution control practices in addition to the current general permit requirements. Such permitting regimes not only can be implemented on the US federal level but also internationally.     

雨水就地处置方式的环境风险评价

雨水的就地处置正在成为一种新的处理雨水的方法，但是由于雨水径流水质的不稳定性，回灌可能会对环境产生不利的影响。因此在实施雨水回灌前需进行环境风险评价。通过对上海市雨水径流中常见污染物质含量分析（包括重金属，微生物，阴阳离子以及常规水质指标4个方面），对各种监测和实验数据进行详细分析，得出在严格控制回灌区域，保证回灌雨水水质的前提下，雨水回灌不会对环境带来不利影响的结论。     

雨水径流热污染的危害及控制策略分析

在城市化地区,雨水径流往往携带大量不透水下垫面富集的热量汇入受纳水体,从而对其造成热污染。目前,针对雨水径流热污染危害的研究及其控制标准和技术手段等方面均存在缺失。阐述了雨水径流热污染产生的原因及其对水生生物和水体环境的影响,对评价热污染负荷的常用参数、控制径流热污染的政策标准和技术手段等进行了分析,提出了雨水设施、项目或片区径流热污染负荷削减控制的量化计算方法,对目前我国常用雨水源头减排设施对径流热污染的控制效能进行了适用性分析,并结合我国实情给出了雨水径流热污染防治的对策和建议。     

透水砖铺装对雨水径流热污染控制效果实验

随着海绵城市的快速发展,透水砖铺装在实际工程中得到了广泛应用,但其对雨水径流热污染控制效果尚缺乏系统研究。采用人工模拟降雨方法,以不透水沥青路面为参考,研究了透水砖铺装系统对雨水径流温度的削减效果,具体包括透水砖铺装表面外排雨水径流温度、渗透出水温度以及各结构层的温度变化。实验结果表明:当重现期为5年一遇,透水砖铺装面层初始温度为35,42,47 ℃时,与不透水沥青相比,透水砖铺装面层外排径流温度可削减1.4~1.8 ℃,且面层初始温度越高,外排雨水径流温度越高,渗透出水温度也越高;透水砖铺装各结构层可削减渗透部分雨水径流的温度,渗透出水温度相对于径流温度降低3.5~5.2 ℃;降雨强度对透水砖面层外排雨水径流温度有显著影响,而对渗透出水温度影响较小。因此,透水砖铺装可有效削减雨水径流对城市水体的热污染。     

中新天津生态城青坨子雨水泵站泵池及雨水管网臭味源分析

雨水泵站外排水体的恶臭对收纳水体水质具有重大影响。以中新天津生态城青坨子雨水泵站为研究区,通过对其泵池水样、雨水管网水样和底泥以及区域地下水的采样监测,分析了导致其外排水体黑臭的主要原因及潜在污染源。结果发现:雨水泵站泵池、雨水管网以及地下水中主要检出污染指标或污染物为电导率、溶解性总固体、总硬度、总碱度、化学需氧量、氯化物、SO₄2-、HCO₃-、钠、钾、钙和镁,其中雨水管网水样水质要略优于雨水泵站泵池水样和区域地下水水样。雨水管网底泥中主要检出污染物为氨氮和硫。雨水泵站泵池和雨水管网水体中的碳、氮和硫等在低氧环境中被还原生成CH₄、NH₃及H₂S,是导致泵池以及雨水管网水体恶臭的主要原因,而泵池及雨水管网水体和底泥中的硫化物在扰动条件下形成硫化铁、硫化锰是导致泵池以及雨水管网水体发黑的主要原因。另外,初期雨水及降雨径流污染是中新天津生态城青坨子雨水泵站污染物的主要来源。结合以上结论,中新天津生态城青坨子雨水泵站及雨水管网臭味处置拟采用曝气为主,防渗、清淤等技术相结合的方案。     

雨洪管理措施的水环境效应差异——基于Meta的中国案例分析

雨洪管理措施的应用可有效控制雨水径流量及其污染物,系统分析雨洪管理措施对径流及其污染物的影响有助于理解雨洪管理的水环境效应。本文基于Meta方法整理国内已发表的文献案例,通过提取雨洪管理措施的类型、应用尺度、降雨特征及径流量和污染物削减率等信息,综述了雨洪管理措施应用后径流量和污染物的变化。结果表明：（1）不同雨洪管理措施所产生的水环境效应存在差异,样本中屋顶绿化的径流削减能力最强,透水铺装的径流污染物削减效果最佳;（2）雨洪管理措施对水环境的影响具有尺度效应,大尺度区域内雨洪管理措施对径流量削减作用较弱,而小尺度区域内径流污染物削减作用较弱;（3）雨洪管理措施对径流量及其污染物的削减能力随降雨量增加呈下降趋势。结合案例数据,系统分析了雨洪管理措施在径流量及其污染物控制效果上的差异及成因,可为径流调控与污染治理等实践提供理论参考。