用多项生物标志物评价家用洗涤剂对小鼠的早期影响

 将小鼠暴露于不同浓度的家用洗涤剂后,对肝ATP酶、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)、总氧自由基清除能力(TOSC)和脑乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)进行测定.结果显示,4周龄的小鼠暴露于家用洗涤剂时,在4～12d时间里即可使AChE、GST、TOSC等生物标志物受到影响,但ATP酶活力改变不明显,这些生物标志物的改变证明了家用洗涤剂对小鼠的早期影响.     

用水毒理学方法评价家用洗涤剂的潜在危害

用5种不同产地的常用类型的家用洗涤剂,用水毒理学方法研究它们对水生动物的毒性影响并由此判断对水生态系统的潜在危害.结果表明,在远低于日常使用量的浓度下,5种家用洗涤剂均对稀有 鲫(Grobiocypris rarus)鱼苗和大型溞(Daphnia magna,HB)有急性毒性,离体条件下对鲫鱼(Carassius auratusF)鳃ATP酶有较强的抑制作用;在无急性毒性浓度下暴露时对大型溞繁殖有明显影响;当暴露于家用洗涤剂对鱼24h半数致死浓度的5%时鲫鱼鳃ATP酶受到明显抑制;家用洗涤剂溶液存放一段时间后对稀有鲫鱼苗的急性毒性和对鲫鱼鳃ATP酶的抑制作用无明显降低.因此,含有大量家用洗涤剂的生活污水排放到自然水体中后将对水生动物产生持续的有害影响.     

全氟辛烷磺酸对赤子爱胜蚓的抗氧化酶、代谢酶和DNA损伤的影响

非致死浓度下全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对土壤生物的毒性作用研究在国内外鲜见报道.因此,本文采用人工土壤培养法,通过亚急性试验,研究了PFOS对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)生长抑制、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及DNA损伤的影响.结果表明,PFOS暴露急性期和亚急性期,非致死浓度PFOS显著抑制蚯蚓生长(p=0.000),生长抑制率随着暴露浓度、暴露时间的增大而逐渐增大,42 d时250 mg·kg^-1处理组的生长抑制率最大(55.86%).PFOS暴露急性期和亚急性期,非致死浓度PFOS对GST和CAT活性没有显著性影响(GST:p=0.067;CAT:p=0.123),采用GST和CAT酶活性评价非致死浓度PFOS对蚯蚓的生态毒性时,需要参考其他指标进行综合分析.PFOS暴露急性期,非致死浓度PFOS可致体腔细胞DNA损伤;PFOS暴露亚急性期,体腔细胞DNA损伤随着暴露时间的增加而逐渐得到恢复.     

饲料添加剂叔丁基对羟基茴香醚和抗生素诺氟沙星对剑尾鱼的毒性效应

研究了叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(butylated hydroxyanisole,BHA)和诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFLX)对剑尾鱼的急性毒性及其肝脏谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及7-乙氧基异吩恶唑酮-脱乙基酶(EROD)活性的影响.结果表明,BHA和NFLX对剑尾鱼毒性大小分别属于高毒和低毒.BHA的暴露浓度为0.20mg.L-1和0.04mg.L-1时,GST和CAT活性诱导分别达到最大值;NFLX的暴露浓度为5mg.L-1时,GST和CAT均受到最大程度的诱导.随着BHA和NFLX暴露浓度的增加,GST和CAT呈现出先诱导后抑制的典型"钟型曲线"变化规律,而MDA含量和EROD活性则逐渐增加.其中,MDA和EROD响应较为敏感,适合作为BHA和NFLX暴露的生物标记物.雌雄个体酶响应的敏感程度存在一定的差异,雄性个体比雌性个体敏感.     

镉对黑斑蛙精巢细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)是动物体内主要的解毒酶,在外源毒物的转化和代谢过程中具有重要作用.本文在实验条件下, 将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1的Cd溶液中30 d, 采用荧光分光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定精巢组织乙氧基异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)、红霉素N-脱甲基酶 (ERND)、氨基比林-N-脱甲基醇酶(APND)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,探讨Cd在精巢的可能代谢过程和毒性机理.结果表明, 与对照组比较, EROD和GST酶活性在0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组被显著抑制; ERND酶活性在0.01~1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组均被显著抑制;而APND酶活性在各处理组响应变化不明显.结果显示, 精巢EROD、ERND和GST对Cd胁迫的敏感性高于APND, 黑斑蛙精巢中EROD、ERND和GST酶活性的响应可用来评价环境中低水平Cd的污染效应.     

三丁基锡对蓝子鱼的激素和酶指标及组织显微结构的影响

采用静态暴露方式研究三丁基锡氯化物(TBTCl)对黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)的毒性效应.当蓝子鱼暴露于40～4000 ng·L-1 TBTCl中10d或20d后,雌鱼和雄鱼的肝体指数显著升高,鳃、肝脏、脾脏、心脏、皮肤等组织的显微结构发生明显的病理变化;上述病变随毒物暴露剂量或暴露时间的增加而加剧.与对照组相比,暴露10d后,40 ng·L-1组的血浆睾酮水平和400 ng·L-1组的血浆皮质醇水平显著升高,4000ng·L-1组的血浆皮质醇水平显著降低、肝脏谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性极显著升高;暴露20d后,各处理组的血浆睾酮和皮质醇水平无显著变化,但40、400 ng·L-1组的肝脏GST活性显著升高.结果提示,肝体指数、肝脏代谢酶活性、血浆皮质醇水平,以及有关组织的病理变化可以作为评估三丁基锡等环境污染物毒性效应的生物指标.     

低浓度锌及其EDTA配合物长期暴露对鲫鱼肝脏锌富集及抗氧化系统的影响

选择幼龄鲫鱼为材料 ,研究锌(Zn²⁺)及其配合物(Zn-EDTA)低浓度长期暴露(40d)对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肝脏锌富集和抗氧化防御系统的影响 .结果表明 ,鲫鱼肝脏中锌的积累量随锌暴露浓度的升高而增加,且Zn²⁺处理明显高于Zn EDTA处理 .2种形态锌对鲫鱼肝脏超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GPx)均表现出抑制作用 ,其中Zn²⁺暴露浓度与酶活性之间存在良好的剂量效应关系;Zn²⁺在低浓度时对谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)有诱导作用 ,高浓度时为抑制作用 .Zn EDTA对GST活性始终产生抑制作用 .CAT与GPx对锌暴露比GST和SOD更为敏感 ,适合作为水环境锌污染的早期监测指标 .     

水体二价铜离子致蟾蜍蝌蚪DNA损伤和氧化损伤

为研究水体二价铜离子(Cu2 )暴露对蝌蚪造成的损伤,以常见的中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪为研究对象,采用标准水生生物毒性实验法,将蝌蚪暴露于0.029、0.037、0.049、0.075 mg·L-1的铜溶液中7d,检测蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤及机体过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷肮甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随铜暴露浓度的增加,蝌蚪血细胞DNA损伤、MDA和GSH含量与对照组比均有明显升高,且呈浓度-效应关系.蝌蚪SOD、CAT、GSH-Px酶活性也有显著改变;MDA、GSH、DNA损伤均呈线性关系(R2分别为0.9968、0.8997).上述结果表明,水体二价铜离子可导致蝌蚪的氧化损伤和DNA损伤.     

联苯胺对锦鲤肝脏酶活性的影响

以锦鲤(Cyprinus carprio)为试验生物,经不同浓度(6.0,3.0,2.0,1.2,0.6mg/L)联苯胺暴露14d,研究其对肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px),过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)以及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响.结果表明,锦鲤经联苯胺暴露,肝脏GSH-Px活性几乎持续受抑制;暴露第4d出现CAT的诱导,但随着暴露的延续,在第7,14d出现酶活性抑制;对SOD的影响多表现为诱导作用,但在高浓度(6.0,3.0mg/L)暴露第14d则出现酶活性抑制;对GST和GPT的影响一般表现为在低浓度暴露下的酶诱导,高浓度暴露下酶活性受抑制.GSH-Px对联苯胺暴露最为敏感,有可能成为评价水环境联苯胺污染的生物标志物.     

基于综合生物标志物响应指数评价0~#柴油和平湖原油胁迫下的缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)毒性效应

选择0#柴油和平湖原油乳化液对缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)进行氧化胁迫实验,选取典型的抗氧化酶-超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷光甘肽硫转移酶(GST)及过氧化物酶(POD)用于衡量油类污染物对生物体造成的氧化压力大小.此外,结合综合生物标志物响应(Integrated Biomarker Responses,IBR)指标,对2种石油污染物对缢蛏的毒性响应进行定量化评价.结果表明,不同浓度的0#柴油和平湖原油对缢蛏消化腺中的4种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应,各试验组在暴露前期均表现出诱导或抑制,但对4种酶的影响存在时间顺序性,SOD、CAT和GST的酶活性表现为升高-降低的过程,POD表现为降低-升高的过程,活性达到峰值的时间SOD和CAT要早于GST和POD.结合计算出的IBR数值来看,高浓度0#柴油能够引起最为显著的生物效应变化,显示该石油污染物高毒性的特征,0#柴油生物毒性大于平湖原油生物毒性.     

苯并(a)芘致毒的鱼的分子生态毒理学指标研究

通过测定典型的多环芳烃类物质苯并（a）芘（BaP）致毒后鱼体内几种重要分子生态毒理学指标的变化,来反映苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体的影响．结果表明,肝脏ATPase活性降低,GST活性升高,DNA加合物相对标记水平（RAL）也增大,而EROD活性没有明显改变．这说明苯并（a）芘致毒对鱼体正常生命活动产生了重大影响,并具有潜在的致癌性．     

鲫鱼肝脏中CYP1A1的诱导作为沉积物中二的毒理学指标的研究

在实验室内用鲫鱼分别暴露于含有PCDD/Fs和PCBs严重污染的沉积物和未受污染的沉积物中,测定鱼肝脏中细胞色素P4501A1（CYP1A1）依赖的7－乙氧基－3－异吩唑酮－脱乙基酶（EROD）的活性。结果表明,鲫鱼暴露于受二类化合物污染沉积物中1周后,肝脏中EROD的活性是对照组的83倍,而未被污染的沉积物暴露试验中EROD的活性和对照组没有明显差别。在此沉积物－水实验系统中二类污染物的TCDD等当量浓度（TEQ/L）与肝脏EROD的活性有较好的相关性。较长时间暴露,得到肝脏EROD的活性随时间的变化关系。还获得了试验温度对EROD活性诱导的影响。此实验表明,用实验室鲫鱼暴露于沉积物－水系统中,鱼肝脏EROD活性诱导可作为沉积物毒性评价指标,用于受二类化合物污染的沉积物样品的筛选,并有希望成为此类污染物的半定量检测方法。     

鱼肉结合态MCLR的亚慢性毒性研究

为了揭示含有微囊藻毒素水产品的食用安全性,以雄性BALB/C小鼠为模式生物,通过为期13周的灌胃染毒实验,研究了鱼肉结合态MCLR对小鼠的亚慢性毒性作用,并与水溶态MCLR的毒性进行了对比.结果表明,68.75 μg/kg (以单位体重计)剂量水溶态MCLR可引起小鼠肝脏显著系数增加（P＜0.05）,ALT、AST活性增强（P＜0.01）,引起肝细胞出现有空泡状病变;而肾脏酶学指标BUN、Cr及肾脏组织病理学观察均未发现明显异常;与之相比,同剂量鱼肉结合态MCLR对小鼠各项指标的影响并不明显,仅在实验第1周出现小鼠肝脏肿大（P＜0.05）、ALT活性增强(P＜0.01).由此推断,鱼肉结合态MCLR的毒性低于水溶态MCLR.     

Toxicity evaluation of ZnO and TiO2 nanomaterials in hydroponic red bean (Vigna angularis) plant: Physiology, biochemistry and kinetic transport

The toxicity and kinetic uptake potential of zinc oxide(Zn O) and titanium dioxide(TiO_2)nanomaterials into the red bean(Vigna angularis) plant were investigated. The results obtained revealed that Zn O, due to its high dissolution and strong binding capacity, readily accumulated in the root tissues and significantly inhibited the physiological activity of the plant. However, TiO_2 had a positive effect on plant physiology, resulting in promoted growth. The results of biochemical experiments implied that Zn O, through the generation of oxidative stress, significantly reduced the chlorophyll content, carotenoids and activity of stress-controlling enzymes. On the contrary, no negative biochemical impact was observed in plants treated with TiO_2. For the kinetic uptake and transport study, we designed two exposure systems in which Zn O and TiO_2 were exposed to red bean seedlings individually or in a mixture approach. The results showed that in single metal oxide treatments, the uptake and transport increased with increasing exposure period from one week to three weeks.However, in the metal oxide co-exposure treatment, due to complexation and competition among the particles, the uptake and transport were remarkably decreased. This suggested that the kinetic transport pattern of the metal oxide mixtures varied compared to those of its individual constituents.     

Ecotoxicological effects of waterborne PFOS exposure on swimming performance and energy expenditure in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus)

The potential risks of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are of increasing ecological concern. Swimming performance is linked to the fitness and health of fish. However, the impacts of PFOS on swimming performance remain largely unknown. We investigated the ecotoxicological effects of acute exposure to PFOS on the swimming performance and energy expenditure of juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). The fish were exposed to a range of PFOS concentrations (0, 0.5, 2, 8 and 32 mg/L) for 48 hr. The spontaneous swimming activity, fast-start swimming performance, critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and active metabolic rate (AMR) of the goldfish were examined after exposure to PFOS. PFOS exposure resulted in remarkable effects on spontaneous activity. Motion distance was reduced, and the proportion of motionless time increased with increasing concentrations of PFOS. However, no significant alterations in the fast-start performance-related kinematic parameters, such as latency time, maximum linear velocity, maximum linear acceleration or escape distance during the first 120 msec after stimulus, were observed after PFOS exposure. Unexpectedly, although PFOS exposure had marked influences on the swimming oxygen consumption rates and AMR of goldfish, the U crit of the goldfish was not significantly affected by PFOS. This may result in a noteworthy increase in the energetic cost of transport. The overall results indicate that, in contrast to spontaneous activity, underlying swimming capabilities are maintained in goldfish after short-term exposure to PFOS, but energy expenditure during the process of swimming is dramatically aggravated.     

Preliminary studies on the stability of arsenolipids: Implications for sample handling and analysis

Human health risk assessments concerning arsenic are now estimating exposure through food in addition to exposure through drinking water. Intrinsic to this assessment is sample handling and preparation that maintains the arsenic species in the form that they occur in foods. We investigated the stability of three arsenolipids(two arsenic fatty acids, As FA-362 and As FA-388, and one arsenic hydrocarbon As HC-332), common constituents of fish and algae, relevant to sample storage and transport, and to their preparation for quantitative measurements. The fate of the arsenolipids was followed by high performance liquid chromatography/electrospray triple quadruple mass spectrometry(HPLC/ESIMS) analyses.Storage of the compounds dry as pure compounds or mixed in fish oil at up to 60?C did not result in significant changes to the compounds, although losses were observed by apparent adsorption onto the plastic walls of the polypropylene tubes. No losses occurred when the experiment was repeated with glass tubes. When the compounds were stored in ethanol for up to 15 days under acidic, neutral, or alkaline conditions(each at room temperature), no significant decomposition was observed, although esterification of the fatty acids occurred at low p H. The compounds were also stable during a sample preparation step involving passage through a small silica column. The results indicate that these typical arsenolipids are stable when stored in glass at temperatures up to 60?C for at least 2 days, and that,consequently, samples of food or extracts thereof can be transported dry at ambient temperatures, i.e. without the need for cool conditions.     

NH4-N对牙鲆幼鱼肝中超氧化物歧化酶活性及脂质过氧化物含量的影响

本实验研究了短期内不同NH4-N浓度(1～4 mg/L)暴露对牙鲆幼鱼肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在本实验剂量及实验时间范围内,牙鲆肝组织中SOD活性随暴露浓度的增加及时间的延长而升高,表现为明显的诱导效应;NH4-N对牙鲆肝组织中MDA含量变化没有明显的影响.     

斑马鱼群体行为变化用于水质在线预警的研究

采用计算机摄像跟踪技术,以正常水体中斑马鱼鱼群的行为变化为基础,模拟污染物突发暴露下斑马鱼鱼群游动行为(速度和高度)、通讯行为(平均距离和分散度)和区域分布(不同区域停留时间)的变化规律.结果表明:在氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯联合突发暴露下,斑马鱼表现出慌乱不安的过度活跃,游动速度在暴露前30 min内持续增大,变化区间由暴露前30～60 mm·s-1增至60～85 mm·s-1,而后又迅速下降至20mm·s-1左右.高度的变化稍微滞后于速度的突变,在暴露12 min后才明显增高.持续的污染物暴露和其对鱼的毒性作用也破坏了鱼群原有的通讯和分布规律,平均距离和分散度分别增大43.5%和120.0%,且鱼群在浓度相对较低、接近水面的出水口附近的停留时间明显增加.与传统的以个体鱼和单一行为反应为监测对象的方式相比,基于斑马鱼群体行为变化用于水质在线预警系统能够获得更加全面、有效的信息,是预警水质突变的可靠手段.     

Cytogenetic studies of amniotic fluid taken before the 15th week of pregnancy for earlier prenatal diagnosis: A report of 114 consecutive cases

One hundred and fourteen samples of amniotic fluid taken before 15 weeks of gestation were cultured for cytogenetic studies. The results of culturing these early amniotic fluid (EAF) samples were compared with the results of culturing 114 standard amniotic fluid (SAP) samples taken after 15 weeks of gestation matched for maternal age and received in the laboratory within the same week. Cell culture was successful in all 114 of the EAF samples and in 111 SAP samples. There was no significant difference in the days to harvesting and days to reporting in the two groups. Three samples of SAP failed to grow and two EAF samples produced tetraploid karyotypes, so that in these five cases amniocentesis had to be repeated. These problems were attributed to toxicity of a fungicide used in the culture medium. Pseudomosaicism was noted in two EAF samples and one SAP sample; and maternal cell contamination was noted in one EAF and one SAP sample. Thus, culturing and karyotyping cells harvested from EAF and SAP are similar, indicating that EAF samples from 12–14-week pregnancies could be used for prenatal diagnosis.