Numerical experiments for the impacts of temperature and precipitation variation on the growth and development of winter wheat

The growth process of winter wheat was simulated by CERES-wheat model assuming the daily temperature increase -1, 0,1, 2℃ and daily precipitation increase -20, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, and 20 percent, respectively. The case study site is Zhenjiang City of Jiangsu Province in the east China. Simulation results show that the impacts of temperature variation on winter wheat is stronger than that of precipitation. Climate warming would speed development rate and shorten phonological period. In general, the adverse effect of climate change on grain yield is greater than that of its beneficial effect, especially when the climate becoming cooler and dryer. The increase of temperature and decrease of precipitation would reduce the plant extractablc soil water content.     

Emergy evaluation of the environment and economy of Hong Kong

ＥｍｅｒｇｙｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｅｃｏｎｏｍｙｏｆＨｏｎｇＫｏｎｇＬａｎＳｈｅｎｇｆａｎｇＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ，ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏ...     

Have the results of the TOTAL-trials changed the attitude and practice of maternal-fetal medicine specialists?

Objective

To explore the views and practices of maternal-fetal medicine specialists on offering fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) for left- and right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (LCDH, RCDH) in the post Tracheal Occlusion To Accelerate Lung growth (TOTAL)-trial era.

Method

Cross-sectional knowledge, attitude and practice survey was conducted among 105 attendees of the 19th World Congress of Fetal Medicine.

Results

On average, respondents were knowledgeable about CDH, involved in research, and provided antenatal treatment options. Four out of five (82%) agreed that neonatal survival in LCDH can be reliably predicted in the prenatal period. Few respondents considered the exact risks and benefits of FETO for severe LCDH as being unclear (16%), yet half were uncertain about this for moderate LCDH (57%) and severe RCDH (45%). Most respondents offer FETO for severe LCDH (97%) and RCDH (79%), but only 59% offer it for moderate LCDH. However, half of respondents (58%) stated that not offering FETO for moderate LCDH would be a psychological burden for parents.

Conclusion

Respondents consider the risk-benefit ratio of FETO for severe LCDH clear and consistently offer FETO, but not for moderate LDCH and severe RCDH. However, not offering the option of FETO to parents was considered a psychological burden.     

Ecological and environmental water demand of the lakes in the Haihe-Luanhe Basin of North China

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅＨａｉｈｅ ＬｕａｎｈｅＢａｓｉｎｉｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｆａｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｗａｔｅｒｃｒｉｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａ.Ｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｕｅｓａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃｄｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅａｒｅｖｅｒｙｓｅｒｉｏｕｓａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅ .Ｗａｔｅｒｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ ,ｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｖｅｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｅｄｉｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｅｇｒａｄａｔｉｏｎａｎ…     

Geoecological analysis of the Korea alpine and subalpine plants and lands

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＤｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｇｌｏｂａｌｗａｒｍｉｎｇｔｒｅｎｄ，ｗｈｉｃｈｔｏｏｋｐｌａｃｅｉｎｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ，ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｕｎｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｓｕｅｓ...     

Effect of relative humidity and the presence of aerosol particles on the α-pinene ozonolysis

The α-pinene ozonolysis under the different environmental conditions were observed in a smog chamber. The second-order rate constant(k) was determined to be(7.25 ± 0.06) ×10~(–17)cm~3/(molecule·sec) under 20% of relative humidity(RH) and room temperature. RH showed a marked influence on the α-pinene ozonolysis. The value of k increased with RH increase, which was 1.6 times faster at RH = 80% than that at RH = 20%. Additionally, the value of k apparently changed in the presence of the aerosol particles. The diesel soot increased the k value. The fly ash prohibited the reaction, however, H_2SO_4-treated fly ash promoted the reaction. The information of products gained using FT-IR and SPAMS showed that pinonic acid, 10-hydroxy-pinonic acid and pinic acid could be generated during the α-pinene ozonolysis. Water molecules could take part in the formation of the products, and play a vital role in the degradation of α-pinene. The atmospheric residence time calculation showed that the ozonolysis in the atmosphere is an important way of the α-pinene consumption as compared to that reacted with OH during daytime. The results suggested that the degradation of α-pinene via the ozonization in the atmosphere may be affected greatly by RH, as well as the presence of aerosol particles. The ozonolysis reaction may be an important way of the α-pinene consumption during daytime.     

Control effects of pε and pH on the generation and stability of chlorine dioxide

IntroductionDuetotheformationofsomepotentiallyhazardousby productsfromchlorinedisinfectionindrinkingwater,chlorinedioxide(ClO2 ) ,asanalternativedisinfectantandaneffectiveoxidant,formedfewerhalogenatedDBPsthanchlorine(Richardson ,1 994;2 0 0 0 ;Bryant,1 992 ) .InvestigationsofthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 havealreadypromoteditsapplication .However,previousstudiespaynoattentiontothefactorofelectronactivity (pε)thatactuallyaffectsthegenerationandstabilityofClO2 Theignoranceofpεappearan…     

Briefing of activities relating to the studies on the environmental behavior and eco-toxicology of toxic organics

General status of the studies on the environmental behavior and eco-toxicology oftoxic organics was briefly reviewed，with the point of view that these kinds of studies are the requirements of sustainable development．Some current activities in this field were introduced，such as the revisions of OECD guidelines and the aceomplishments of programme on the advanced eva．1uations of chemicals finished recently by the Department of Environment Protection of Sweden．The general trend of emphasis of modelling，prediction from Structure-Activity Relationship was mentioned．In cope with the present serious pollutions by chemicals here in China，further united action ofdifferent disciplinary studies was recommended．     

Genotoxicity of substituted nitrobenzenes and the quantitative structure-activity relationship

Ｇｅｎｏｔｏｘｉｃｉｔｙｏｆｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄｎｉｔｒｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐ￥ＨｕａｎｇＱｉｎｇｇｕｏ；ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇｂｉｎ；ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ；...     

Effects of methyl-CD and humic acid on hydrolytic degradation of the herbicide

IntroductionDiclofopmethylhasbeenintroducedbyFarbwerkeHoechstAGforthecontrolofabroadspectrumofwildoatsandotherannualgrassweedsinavarietyofcrops.Theherbicidehaslowsolubility,strongadsorptionandlowvaporpressure,indicatingthatitwouldbeimmobileunderfieldconditions(Smith,1986).Laboratoryandfieldstudieshaveshownitunderwentarapidhydrolysistodiclofopinplantandsoil,thecorrespondingpropionicacidthatislessherbicidalthantheparentcompounddiclofopmethyl(Smith,1977;1986;Martens,1978).Cyclodextrinsarecycli…     

天津近岸海域表层沉积物中PAHs污染特征及风险

为掌握渤海湾天津段多条河流入海区和海滨旅游度假区的近岸海域表层(0~5 cm)沉积物中PAHs(多环芳烃)的污染状况,对该区域表层沉积物中16种US EPA(美国国家环境保护局)优先控制PAHs的分布特征及其来源进行了调查和分析,并评估了其潜在生态风险和概率致癌风险. 结果表明:渤海湾天津近岸海域表层沉积物中w(PAHs)(16种PAHs质量分数之和,以干质量计)为23.9~672.8 ng/g,平均值为228.1 ng/g. 表层沉积物中PAHs的污染程度与历史调查结果相比有所加剧,并且呈复合型污染,在天津港港区外海域主要为石油制品污染,在研究区域南部则主要源于燃煤和生物质的不完全燃烧. 风险评估结果表明,海河入海口附近和研究区域北部存在潜在生态风险;研究区域内概率致癌风险处于较低水平,∑₇TEQ_BaP(7种强致癌PAHs的苯并芘毒性当量浓度之和)占∑₁₆TEQ_BaP〔16种PAHs的苯并芘毒性当量浓度之和〕的96.8%,其中二苯并蒽的致癌风险最大,其次为苯并芘.      

湖南某地饮用水中多环芳烃的健康风险评价

以湖南某地区的饮用水源——某河流流经之处所涉3个乡镇的居民饮用水为研究对象,对水体中16种优控PAHs的质量浓度及其分布特征进行调查,并结合当地人群实际暴露参数进行健康风险评价. 结果表明:饮用水中ρ(∑PAHs)平均值为253.13 ng/L,分布范围为70.22～673.80 ng/L;其中,ρ(萘)和ρ(菲)最高,分别占ρ(∑PAHs)的39%和32%;毒性相对较大的苯并芘的检出率为67.5%,ρ(苯并芘)最高值为8.95 ng/L,满足GB 5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求;研究区PAHs的致癌风险、一般人群的致癌风险均在可接受范围内,但是塘溪乡居民和其他部分特殊人群(如男性、城市地区和60～79岁人群)的致癌风险均大于10-6,值得关注;研究区PAHs暴露的非致癌风险均小于10-6,在可接受范围内.      

滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染水平与饮水健康风险评估

2015年2月采集石家庄地区滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水地下水水样,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定了US EPA优先控制的多环芳烃（PAHs）和酞酸酯（PAEs）,并对PAEs的饮水健康风险进行了评估.结果显示,7个采样点均检出PAHs和PAEs,∑PAHs范围为34.4~598.5ng/L,且2~3环PAHs的质量分数介于50%~83%;∑PAEs范围为27.6~25236.7ng/L,其中有3个点位∑PAEs达到20μg/L水平,且7个点位均以DBP、DEHP为主.与国内其他研究区相比,本研究区∑PAHs浓度与国内非岩溶地下水的污染水平接近,而∑PAEs浓度较高.饮水健康风险评估结果显示,仅G2点位的PAHs终生致癌风险指数小于US EPA推荐的可接受的水平（10^-6）,其致癌风险可以忽略外,其他点位均具有潜在致癌风险;而对于PAEs饮水终生致癌风险而言,G1、G6、G73个点位的PAEs终生致癌风险也均高于10^-6,因此,研究区深层孔隙水中的PAHs和PAEs污染均应当引起重视.     

滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃的污染特征

为调查滹沱河冲洪积扇地下水中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染状况,采用气相色谱-质谱法对该区16种US EPA优先控制的PAHs进行了分析,并对PAHs的污染水平,空间分布,来源与饮水健康风险进行了调查与评估.结果表明,51个点位中仅有2个点位未检出PAHs, PAHs的浓度范围为未检出~334.3ng/L,平均值为58.0ng/L,低于国内报道的其他地区的污染水平.研究区岗黄水库之间河谷裂隙孔隙水单元（G1）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇顶部孔隙水单元（G2）,滹沱河冲洪积扇扇中部孔隙水单元（G3）3个水文地质单元PAHs平均浓度分别为215.2ng/L, 9.8ng/L,9.2ng/L, 其中G1以3~4环PAHs为主,而G2, G3以2~3环PAHs为主.分子比值法污染源解析表明,G1单元地下水PAHs污染源主要为煤与生物质燃烧,而G2, G3单元污染源主要为石油制品.采用US EPA推荐的方法对研究区地下水饮水健康风险进行评价,发现研究区G1单元PAHs饮水终生致癌风险平均值为2.1×10^-5,超过可接受水平,应当引起关注.     

太湖表层沉积物中PAHs的空间分布及风险评价

采用GC-MS方法测定了太湖湖区20个典型采样点表层沉积物中的多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,共检出13种PAHs,其浓度〔w(PAHs)〕范围为4223~2 0011 μgkg. 其中,属于我国优先控制的污染物有5种,属于US EPA（美国国家环境保护局）优先控制的污染物有11种,w(PAHs)为2775~1 7568 μgkg,最高浓度出现在太湖梅梁湾区域,PAHs在湖区总体的空间分布趋势呈梅梁湾＞南部区＞东部区＞湖心区. 风险评价结果表明,针对检测出的11种US EPA优先控制的PAHs,除了某些采样点的芴（Flu）浓度处于中度潜在风险水平外,其余10种PAHs尚未对水环境造成明显危害风险影响. 利用特征化合物指数法对PAHs进行源分析发现,其主要来源是燃料燃烧.      

西安市地表灰尘中PAHs健康风险特征

为揭示人群暴露地表灰尘中PAHs的健康风险,在西安市采集58个地表灰尘样品,分析其中16种优控PAHs质量分数,并根据美国能源部风险评估信息系统中的暴露方法对其健康风险进行评价.结果表明:西安市地表灰尘中w(∑₁₆PAHs)(16种PAHs总量)范围为5.04～47.74 mg/kg,平均值为13.85 mg/kg.人群暴露地表灰尘中PAHs的主要途径是经口摄入,并且不同途径下儿童的暴露剂量均高于成人.地表灰尘中PAHs对人群没有明显的非致癌健康危害,但对儿童的非致癌危害高于成人,其中Nap、Phe、Fla、Pyr和BghiP对人群的非致癌风险明显高于Acy、Ace、Flu和Ant.7种致癌PAHs的致癌风险大小顺序为BaP>DBA>BbF>InP>BaA>BkF>Chy,致癌风险总和为2.51×10-5,其中BaA、BbF、BaP、InP和DBA致癌风险在1.07×10-6～9.56×10-6之间.研究显示,西安市地表灰尘中16种PAHs对人群的健康危害相对较低.      

农用肥料中有机污染物的初步检测

利用GC/MS技术对21种农用肥料中8类43种USEPA优控有机污染物进行了系统分析.结果表明,大部分肥料检出3类5种以上有机污染物,主要是邻苯二甲酸酯、硝基苯、氯代烯和多环芳烃;有26种有机污染物至少在1种肥料中被检出,其中有5种污染物,尤其是邻苯二甲酸酯在大部分甚至全部肥料中被检出,最高达9764.57μg/kg ;强致癌性化合物苯并(a)芘在2种肥料中被检出.包膜肥料、多功能复合肥料中有机污染物的含量明显较高,表明在肥料生产中应注意原料的有机污染问题.     

浑河沈抚段多环芳烃的污染特征及风险评价

为了研究沈抚新城城镇化建设进程中,浑河流域沈抚段河水和沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染变化规律,于2015~2017年对17个点位进行样品采集,对16种US EPA优先控制PAHs进行分析,并对其污染特征、来源及风险进行调查和评估.结果表明,河水和沉积物中∑₁₆PAHs含量范围分别为15.64~2100.58ng/L,95.19~8444.21ng/g,均值分别呈现平水期 > 枯水期 > 丰水期、平水期≈丰水期>枯水期的季节特点.利用同分异构体比值法和主成分分析法对PAHs的污染来源进行解析,得出河水和沉积物中PAHs的主要来源都是燃烧源和交通源,但河水中PAHs的来源较沉积物中更为复杂,增加了石油源的输入和大气沉降的影响.风险熵值法和终生癌症风险增量模型表明河水和沉积物均存在中高等生态风险,河水整体处于较低的癌症风险水平.     

Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险评价

为探明浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物的多环芳烃（PAHs）污染状况,测定了浙闽沿岸泥质区南部的32个表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃的含量,探讨了浙闽沿岸泥质区多环芳烃的分布、来源及生态风险。结果表明,浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物PAHs总浓度介于（12.95~156.05）×10-9,相对于其他区域属于较低水平。特征分子比值法和SPSS分析结果均表明本研究区域中PAHs主要来源于煤炭、石油的燃烧,并有部分石油源。生态风险评价结果表明浙闽沿岸泥质区南部表层沉积物PAHs存在一定程度的生态风险,应当多加留意并采取相关措施进行防护。