近50年贵州省雷暴气候特征分析

利用贵州79个观测站1962—20¨年雷暴观测资料,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、小波分析和Mann—kendall检验,研究了贵州雷暴的气候变化特征。结果表明：全省雷暴活动西南向东北沿线逐渐减弱,东南向西北部减弱;根据EOF分析,雷暴异常空间分布主要有以下三类：全区一致型、纬向型、经向型,即同增同减、北多（少）南少（多）、东增（减）西减（增）,以全区一致型表现最为明显,其方差贡献为66．16％;此外,年际变化存在8～10年长周期、2～3年短周期振荡变化,且自1986年发生突变,总体呈现减弱的趋势,尤其以90年代以来最为显著,并推测未来几年全省雷暴活动将持续维持在偏少期。     

人工神经网络与逐步回归法对大雾预报对比

利用1993-2011年逐日地面资料对福建省18个地面站的雾日数进行了统计分析,且利用了2007-2012年1、2、11和12月的高空及T213数值预报资料选取预报因子,进行了相关分析,并分别建立了逐步回归能见度模型、BP神经网络能见度模型和判别大雾3种模型。结论如下:(1)从回代检验结果中看出BP网络模型稳定性次于逐步回归模型,但是BP网络模型的预测精度和成功率均高于逐步回归模型;(2)在试预报时候BP网络模型的预报效果较逐步回归模型更优秀,3个模型中判别大雾的模型准确率最高。建议在日常预报中使用BP网络大雾判别预报模型。     

上海地区近136年气温和降水量变化的多尺度分析

论文主要利用墨西哥帽小波变换和经验模态分解(EMD)等方法对1873-2008年上海地区年平均气温和年降水量序列进行分析。以期认识上海气候在不同尺度下的振荡结构和周期特征。结果表明:上海近136 a来增温趋势明显,特别是在20世纪80年代以后增速超过以往。而40年代的暖期和60年代的冷期构成上海20世纪气温变化的主要特征。城市化的发展对城郊气温变化差异的影响十分显著。上海的年降水量主要是以短时间尺度的振荡为主,其中以40 a左右的波动为主要周期。小波变换的结果表明在长时间尺度上降水将增加,而短时间尺度上则相反。     

基于逐步回归分析方法的PM_(10)浓度预报模型

根据沈阳市2003～2005年的PM10浓度资料以及同期的气象要素资料,采用逐步回归方法建立了分季节的空气污染物PM10与气象因子的关系模型,并且利用2006年PM10资料和气象资料对模型进行了验证。结果表明:PM10预报浓度准确率和等级准确率最好的是夏秋两季,最差的是春季。春季当PM10日均浓度出现很高值时,预报结果与实测值有较大的误差,但趋势是一致的。秋季趋势的一致性不好,但波动比较小。冬季和夏季预报值与实测值的变化趋势基本上一致。     

1961—2014年黄土高原气温和降水变化趋势

利用黄土高原地区52个气象站1961—2014年月气温和月降水资料,采用线性趋势法、累积距平法、Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对近54年来黄土高原气候变化和突变现象进行了分析。结果表明:1961—2014年黄土高原年平均气温呈上升趋势,线性趋势为0.31℃?10a~(-1)(P0.01),在1991年前后发生了由低温到高温的突变。四季均温均呈增加趋势,其中冬季增速最大,达0.44℃?10a~(-1)。气温年代际变化呈现明显的变暖趋势,1991年以后变暖加速,其中冬季均温增速最大。年均气温增速较大的地区位于黄土高原北部地区,黄土高原南部地区气温增速较小,变暖速率的空间分布随纬度升高而变大。1961—2014年黄土高原年降水量变化不明显,整体呈波动式下降,线性趋势为-7.51 mm?10a~(-1)(P0.05);其中1961—1970年属于降水偏多的年代,而1991—2000年属于降水偏少的年代。季节降水量呈现不同变化趋势和强度,其中秋季、夏季和春季降水量呈减少趋势,秋季降水减少速率最大,为-3.56 mm?10a~(-1);而冬季呈弱增加趋势,为0.43 mm?10a~(-1)。年降水量减少速率最大的地区位于黄土高原东南部,而黄土高原西北部降水变化不明显。Morlet小波分析结果表明,黄土高原年平均气温存在4 a和7~9 a变化周期,黄土高原年降水量存在5~7 a和12~14 a变化周期。通过以上分析,近54年黄土高原气候总体呈现暖干化趋势。     

海北雷暴活动分析

利用海北6个气象站1978～2007年30a气象观测资料和2000～2007年雷灾资料,从气象要素变化分析了海北地区雷暴日数时空变化的原因,并从地理和土壤环境背景角度分析了雷暴多发和雷灾多发的原因.结果表明,海北地区雷暴次数总的趋势是减少的,各地雷暴日数不同,门源为多雷区,托勒为少雷区;雷暴出现最多方位为西北方和西南方;雷暴活动的强弱与近地层大气的不稳定有关,地气温差的高低和相对湿度的大小与海北雷暴活动关系密切;气候变化是导致海北雷暴减少的主要因素之一;雷暴日数和雷击灾害的发生与当地所处的地理位置、盛行风向、土壤背景有关.     

上海海域水质模糊综合评价

基于1986～2006年上海海域水质调查资料,应用模糊数学模型对上海海域水体水质的现状及1986～2006年各年度海水水质进行了综合评价,并在此基础上分析了21 a间的海水水质变化趋势.结果表明:20世纪80年代,上海海域海水水质相对较好,但进入20世纪90年代后,随着工业化进程的加速和氮肥用量的快速增长,上海海域水质迅速恶化,均为Ⅳ级水质;2000年之后,上海海域海水水质继续恶化,但恶化速度相对缓慢,主要污染物质也由重金属污染过渡到营养盐污染.本文更客观、全面地分析了上海海域水环境质量状况,为政府制定环保措施提供依据.     

1960-2006年闽江流域径流演变特征

基于闽江流域1960-2006年逐月径流、降水以及气温等资料,应用Mann-Kendall趋势分析、经验模态分解等方法,探讨流域径流演变规律及其对气象要素变化的响应特征。结果表明:①闽江流域年径流呈上升趋势,其上升主要来自非汛期径流的贡献;秋季和冬季径流始终以上升趋势为主;夏季径流20世纪90年代以来呈上升趋势,而春季径流则呈现下降趋势。②流域降水和气温均存在上升趋势,尤以气温上升为显著;径流的上升趋势比降水显著。③径流和降水变化均存在多尺度特征,降水变化周期大于径流;80年代以来,径流和降水的年代际变化振荡幅度有所减弱,而年际变化的波动幅度在加强。分析表明,闽江流域径流上升趋势较降水显著的原因,一方面是由于流域蒸发的减少和降水强度的增大;另一方面是流域下垫面特征改变等因素的影响。     

基于EMD的我国粮食产量波动及其成因多尺度分析

论文利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法对1949年以来我国粮食产量波动及其成因进行了多时间尺度的分析。研究结果表明:我国粮食产量存在3年和9年左右的准周期波动,并以9年左右的波动为主。从粮食产量波动的趋势量分布来看,1949年以来我国粮食产量不断增长,但是20世纪90年代后粮食增长停滞;在对粮食作物播种面积单产和粮食播种面积两个影响因子进行EMD分解时发现,粮食作物播种面积单产是粮食产量3年左右波动的控制因子,而粮食播种面积却是粮食产量9年左右波动的主要控制因子。对两个尺度的周期性波动分析发现,我国粮食产量波动幅度近年来不断增加,这将给我国已经相当紧张的粮食供需关系带来巨大的隐患。由于3年和9年左右的两个准周期波动在2005～2006年期间都将处于波谷,论文预测2005或2006年的粮食将严重短缺,并且短期内我国粮食产量仍会下降,但是较长期内粮食产量将回升。     

不同判别方法下四川霾日的气候变化特征

根据近34年(1981—2014年)156个四川地面站的地面观测资料,对比分析了在3种霾日判别方法下霾日的空间分布、季节变化、年代际变化特征以及气候趋势系数的分布特征.利用Morlet小波分析法比较了霾日的周期变化特点.结果表明:1原始观测霾日集中于四川盆地的北部;方法一霾日集中于盆地中南部和东部;方法二霾日集中于盆地地区,无代表高值区;方法三分布类似于方法一.2在季节变化上:不同判别方法下霾日的季节变化类似,秋冬霾日多于春夏.3霾日年代际变化明显.原始观测霾日2013年始出现突增;方法二霾日从2001年始有明显增长;方法一与方法三的年代际变化特征相似.4气候趋势系数上:原始观测变化特征不明显;方法一的系数呈现出南北反向变化;方法二与方法一的分布相似;方法三中系数的正负值区较为集中.5小波变化上:原始观测中霾日无明显周期变化,判别方法一、二、三均有各自的周期变化特点.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.