大鹏湾春季海水理化因素与拟尖刺菱形藻种群密度的灰色系统模型研究

对1990年3月30日－6月25日在大鹏湾盐田海域的海水采样结果，用灰色理论的系统分析方法研究并计算大鹏湾地区海水中的拟尖刺菱形藻与浮游动物数量等15个海水理化因子变化的灰关联度，关联排序结果表明：浮游动物、Fe、浊度、Me、DO、V、Se、酸碱度、盐度和温度对拟尖刺菱形藻的种群增殖态有着较大的影响。进而建立灰色系统模型{GM（1，h )}对拟尖刺菱形藻种群增殖的动态辨识分析。     

温度和光照对两株赤潮硅藻生长的影响

利用多因子实验设计,研究了主要环境因子温度、光照对尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia pungens)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatuma)生长的影响。经ANOVA统计分析(Tukey test),结果表明,在实验范围(温度15,20,25,30℃和光照强度1500,4000,7000lx)内,温度对尖刺拟菱形藻的生长有显著影响(0.01相似文献   

营养盐比例对硅藻水华优势种小环藻生长和生理的影响

近年来,一些淡水水体如河流、水库等暴发了以小环藻为优势种的硅藻水华,对水生态系统健康产生了不利影响.为探究不同营养盐水平下营养盐结构对小环藻生长的影响作用,研究了不同N/P（N与P质量浓度之比,下同）、Si/P、Si/N下小环藻培养物的藻细胞密度、叶绿素a浓度以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化.结果表明:在试验所设定的营养盐浓度范围内,随着N/P、Si/N的升高,小环藻的藻细胞密度和叶绿素a浓度显著增加,在N/P为30、Si/N为5.0的环境中有较好的生长潜力.小环藻在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L的水体中,生长潜能与Si/P呈正相关,最适Si/P为100;在磷浓度为0.30 mg/L条件下,最适Si/P为50.综合对比分析,水体Si/P对小环藻生长的影响最为显著.在保持水体营养盐比例不变的条件下,营养盐浓度的变化对小环藻生长亦有明显的影响.当水体氮浓度高于6.0 mg/L、磷浓度高于0.10 mg/L时,硅是小环藻的主要限制元素,其最适浓度为15 mg/L.此外,在初始磷浓度为0.03 mg/L,氮浓度低于0.6 mg/L、硅浓度低于1.5 mg/L时,小环藻生长较为缓慢,光合活性低,因此,若实际水体营养盐浓度低于此水平,将能有效控制硅藻水华的暴发.研究显示,小环藻生长最适N/P为30、Si/N为5.0;最适Si/P与初始磷浓度有关,在磷浓度低于0.10 mg/L时,最适Si/P为100;磷浓度为0.30 mg/L时,最适Si/P为50.总体而言,小环藻生长受Si/P的影响最为明显.      

水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)在不同环境条件下对氮磷的吸收能力

 研究了不同环境条件下，水网藻对N、P的吸收能力,结果表明，水网藻在富营养化水体至污水一级、二级处理出水中的N、h农度条件下，对N、P均有较强的去除能力，6天内的最大去除率分别为67．3％和gi％．在含4．2－50．4mg／LN、0．18oh2．232mg／LP条件下，单位湿重的水网藻对N、P的去除能力随N、P浓度的增加而增加温度对水网藻N、P去除能力的影响与生长一致，生长越旺盛，去除能力越强水网藻对门扶乏的自然水体中的N、P去除能力也较强，去除率分别为70％和50％以上；而添加P，对TN、TP的去除率也增加因此，使用水网藻作为富营养化治理植物具有一定的可行性     

2008年夏季飞云江口浮游植物分布特征及与环境因子的相关性

根据2008年夏季飞云江口海域生态与环境调查数据,分析了飞云江口浮游植物分布特征以及与环境因子的关系.结果表明:2008年夏季共鉴定浮游植物69种,其中硅藻类28属62种,甲藻类3属7种.主要的优势种为中肋骨条藻(Skele-tonema costatum)、尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia pungens)、柔弱伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)、环纹娄氏藻(Lauderia annulata)、菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)等.通过CCA梯度分析,影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子为盐度、营养盐、悬浮物、DO、pH,浮游植物不同种群受到的不同的环境因子的影响,甲藻受盐度的影响较大.而硅藻中的角毛藻受到铵盐和亚硝酸盐的影响较大,而中肋骨条藻、尖刺拟菱形藻、菱形海线藻等主要优势硅藻受到环境因子的限制较少.     

近年来渤海湾营养盐变化趋势研究

通过对2004~2007年海水样品的采集、检测及分析获得渤海湾N、P、Si营养盐的数据资料。讨论了渤海湾N/P比、Si/P比、Si/N比的变化趋势、年际变化影响因素,以及N/P比与植物生长限制因子的关系。分析结果表明:4 a来,渤海湾水质富营养化严重。营养盐类发生了不同程度的变化,无机氮含量一直处于较高水平,磷酸盐含量则呈明显的下降趋势。近年来营养盐污染有加重趋势,N/P比大致呈逐年增加趋势,P成为近年来渤海湾浮游植物生长的限制因子。     

N、P、Fe、Mn对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响

利用正交试验研究了N、P、Fe、Mn四种物质对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响，比较无机营养盐及微量金属元素对亚历山大藻LC3增殖影响的大小顺序，结果显示无机N对藻的生长有促进作用，882—2646μmol／L浓度时LC3生长较好，2646μmol／L下生长速率略快。无机P对亚历山大藻LC3生长的影响差异显著，一定浓度的P对LC3的生长有促进作用。Fe及Mn对藻生长均有促进作用，分别在3．5μg／L的Fe浓度下及18—36gg／L的Mn浓度下藻可获得较快的生长速率。四种元素对亚历山大藻LC3生长均有促进作用，各元素对生长影响的大小顺序依次为：P〉Mn〉N〉Fe。     

长江口赤潮多发区潜在有毒藻类和赤潮毒素的初步调查

通过长江口赤潮多发区2003年-2005年的有毒藻类和贝类原产地赤潮毒素的监测,初步结果表明该海域存在多种潜在有毒藻类,主要包括产麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、塔玛亚历山大藻(A．tamarens),产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)的渐尖鳍藻(Dinophysis acuminata,)、具尾鳍藻(D．caudata)、倒卵形鳍藻(D．fortii);产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo-Nitzschia pungens)、多列拟菱形藻(P．multiseries)、柔弱拟菱形藻(P.delicatissima )和多纹拟菱形藻(P．multistriata);产神经性贝毒(NSP)的短凯伦藻(Karenia brevis),其他有毒有害藻类包括红色裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sanguineum)、Heterocapsa circularisquama、米氏凯伦藻(K．mikimotoi)、Chatenela marina,Heterisigma akashiwo等其他有毒藻类。有毒藻类种类5、6月份较多,产腹泻性贝毒(DSP)和产记忆缺失性贝毒(ASP)的潜在有毒藻类常年均在该海域出现,这些有毒有害藻类多数密度并不高,Heterocapsa cirularisquama曾在2003年和2005年两次形成赤潮,并导致部分养殖贻贝死亡,米氏凯伦藻于2005年5-6月在长江口海域形成大规模赤潮,并导致养殖鱼类死亡。与有毒藻类监测同步开展了赤潮毒素检测,长江口贝类赤潮毒素检出时段主要集中在5-8月份,麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒的检出率分别为5％和15％左右,敏感种类为养殖的紫贻贝。     

硅酸盐影响浮游藻类群落结构的围隔试验研究

在新开湖设置浮式围隔,通过调控围隔水体硅酸盐含量,研究了硅对富营养化水体浮游藻类群落生长及演替的影响.结果表明,随着硅酸盐浓度的增加,硅藻的生物量提高,其种类所占比例明显增加,由10.2%上升到22.1%;蓝藻和绿藻的种类比例则下降,由76.8%下降到61.5%.加硅处理中,硅藻虽然没有完全取代蓝、绿藻的绝对优势地位,但是出现了尺骨针杆藻(Synedra ulna)、细齿菱形藻(Nitzschia denticula)、针状拟菱形藻(Nitzschia acicularis)、缢缩异极藻头状变种(Gomphonema constrictum var. capitata)、橄榄形异极藻 (Gomphonema olivaceum)等在对照处理中并未检出的藻种.中硅(原子比N∶Si∶P=16∶8∶1)和高硅(N∶Si∶P=16∶16∶1)处理中,Shannon多样性指数分别为2.17±0.40和2.12±0.21,而对照组为1.89±0.55.试验末期,对照围隔的水体表面出现铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)水华,而硅酸盐含量高的围隔中,同期没有水华出现.硅酸盐的增加能够促进硅藻及其它藻类生长,改变少数几种蓝、绿藻占据优势的状态,提升水生生态系统的多样性水平,并对淡水蓝藻水华的产生起到一定削弱作用.     

菱形藻在污水中的生长及其净化能力

研究了菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)在不同浓度污水中的生长及其对不同形态氮磷的去除情况。结果表明:(1)菱形藻在不同浓度污水中均可以生长,但比生长速率存在显著差异,其中在50%、80%污水环境与基础培养(f/2)环境中生长较快,比生长速率为5.9～8.5,不存在差异;(2)不同浓度污水培养菱形藻后N、P养分均有一定的去除,总磷(TP)和NO3-N利用率均在60%以上,NO2-N、总氮(TN)、NH4-N的利用率分别在40%、70%、90%以上,表明菱形藻有较强的净化水源的能力;(3)污水培养后菱形藻的营养成分含量均高于纯海水培养的,其中80%污水环境下藻细胞叶绿素、胞外多糖(EPS)、胞内多糖(IPS)、蛋白质和总脂肪含量最高,分别占干重的3.5%、2%、4%、1.5%和14.5%。     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.