中国民用航空机场大气污染物及碳排放清单

基于2017~2020年中国民用航空局飞机起降数据、机队配置数据和国际民航组织（ICAO）飞机发动机排放因子数据库等数据,自下而上编制了2017~2020年中国民用航空机场高分辨率飞机起飞着陆（LTO）循环大气污染物及碳排放清单,在此基础上探究中国民用航空机场大气污染物和碳排放时空分布特征.分析2000~2020年3次疫情（2003年非典、2012年中东呼吸症、2020年新冠疫情）对机场大气污染物及碳排放影响.结果表明,2020年中国民航机场LTO循环NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂、PM和CO₂排放量分别为10.90,8.22,0.96,0.28,0.06,1360.27万t;HC、CO、SO₂、CO₂在滑行阶段排放量最大,分别占总排放量的92.80%、91.56%、41.81%、41.81%.NO_x、PM在爬升阶段排放量最大,分别占总排放量的47.93%、37.39%;2017~2019年我国民航机场飞机LTO循环大气污染物及碳排放总量呈现逐年增长的趋势,受新冠疫情影响2020年排放总量下降22.39%;排放集中在经济较为发达的华东地区.在2000~2020年3次疫情中,新冠疫情对我国民航机场飞机LTO循环排放量影响最显著.     

北京大兴国际机场排放及其环境影响与预测

本研究结合北京大兴国际机场(PKX)运营后一年间的实际航班飞行数据，参考国际民航组织(ICAO)最新发布的飞机发动机排放数据库(EEDB)，建立了大兴机场飞机起飞着陆循环(LTO)大气污染物排放清单，将排放清单分为试运营、新冠疫情和常态化3个阶段，利用ADMSAirport模型模拟评估了不同阶段机场排放大气污染物对周边地区的空气质量影响.最后，创新性地提出一种基于航班活动水平和气象要素的预测方法，预测了中长期规划下，机场对未来的大气环境影响.结果表明，研究期间内北京大兴国际机场LTO循环CO、NO_x、HC、SO₂和PM的排放量分别为389.55、574.37、31.21、45.22和4.85 t，其中NO_x和CO是主要排放污染物，分别占总排放污染物的54.9%和37.3%.CO和HC排放主要分布于滑行阶段，分别占该污染物总排放量的93.4%和94.1%，而NOx排放主要集中在起飞和爬升阶段，约占其排放总量的63.7%.在该机场起降所有机型中，B738排放污染物总量最高，A332/333单位LTO循环排放的PM最高.空气质...     

长三角地区民航飞机起飞着陆(LTO)循环大气污染物排放清单

通过调查收集长三角区域民航飞机构成、起落架次及发动机排放因子数据,以2017年为基准年,建立了长三角区域民航飞机起飞着陆(Land take-off, LTO)循环大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2017年长三角区域民航飞机LTO循环NO_x、HC、CO、SO_2和PM年排放总量分别为16429.6、734.4、8234.3、1159.6和125.7 t.爬升阶段的NO_x、SO_2和PM排放贡献相对较高,分别达到47.2%、29.6%和36.2%,滑行阶段的HC和CO排放占比突出,分别达到95.4%和95.4%.从空间分布来看,长三角地区民航飞机LTO循环排放主要集中在上海浦东国际机场、上海虹桥机场、杭州萧山机场和南京禄口机场.从月分布来看,3—8月民航飞机LTO循环排放最为集中.从小时分布来看,上午7:00—9:00存在排放高峰,航班起落架次和边界层高度是决定LTO循环排放量的主要因素.为提升民航飞机大气污染物排放清单估算的准确度,建议在后续研究中加强对在用民航飞机大气污染物排放因子实测和实际活动水平的调查,以降低排放清单的不确定性.     

京津冀机场群飞机LTO大气污染物排放清单

基于国际民航组织(ICAO)标准排放模型,调查搜集京津冀机场群9个机场实际航班情况,充分考虑了大气混合层高度的影响,采用EPA方法修正运行时间,精确估算了2018～2019航季年(364 d)京津冀机场群飞机起飞着陆循环(LTO)大气污染物排放清单.结果表明, 2018～2019航季年京津冀机场群飞机LTO循环NO_x、 CO、 SO_2、 HC和PM排放总量分别为10 720.5、 3 972.2、 407.8、 508.0和53.7 t.其中,冬春航季排放量分别为4 290.2、 1 646.7、 168.3、 220.1和22.4 t;夏秋航季排放量分别为6 430.3、 2 325.5、 239.5、 287.9和31.3 t.从空间分布来看,北京首都机场是该机场群大气污染物排放量最多的机场.从时间分布来看,07:00～08:00处于排放量最高峰, 12:00～20:00处于中等偏高排放水平, 21:00之后排放量相对较低.飞机在LTO循环中NO_x和CO排放量较多,PM排放量最少.各污染物不同工作模式下的排放情况差异明显.在该机场群起降所有机型中,B777单位LTO循环排放污染物最多,B737最少,B787单位LTO循环排放HC最低.     

基于实际飞行数据的首都机场飞机发动机日排放清单估算方法研究

根据航班实际飞行数据估算机场飞机主发动机排放量,可以提升机场排放清单编制的准确度.基于北京首都机场某日运行数据和国内1326架次航班的机载飞行数据(QAR数据),研究了基于飞行数据的机场飞机主发动机排放清单制定方法.采用一阶近似3.0(FOA3.0)方法补充国际民航组织发动机排放数据库颗粒物基准排放指数,结合QAR数据,应用波音燃油流量法2(BFFM2)估算了实际飞行条件下污染物排放指数,编制了首都机场该日飞机主发动机排放清单,分析了首都机场航班排放特征.在此基础上,探讨了结合实际数据本地化的着陆和起飞循环,以期为机场飞机主发动机排放量的快速准确核算提供新的思路.结果发现,该日航班主发动机HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)排放量分别为933.9、10967.8、14703.5和85.5 kg,较标准LTO循环估算结果的偏差分别为15.6%、13.2%、-29.1%和-18.9%.NO_x排放主要集中在起飞和爬升阶段,占其排放总量的68.0%;HC和CO排放主要集中在滑行和慢车阶段,分别占其排放总量的90.0%和88.0%;PM_(2.5)在各飞行阶段的排放较为平均.对于单位LTO循环,航班滑行过程中平均排队等候(地速为零)时间为7.7 min,产生的HC、CO、NO_x和PM_(2.5)分别占总滑行阶段对应污染物排放量的26.3%、27.5%、25.7%和27.5%,这一部分排放量有望通过场面运行优化进一步控制.     

首都国际机场飞机排放清单的建立

将基于标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环各阶段工作时间的飞机排放量计算方法加以改进,利用AMDAR资料计算飞机的有效排放高度,进而准确计算出基于逐架飞机的大气污染物排放总量.结果表明,首都国际机场2013年飞机NO_x、CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5排放总量分别为7042.1t、3189.9t、295.3t、429.4t和150.4t.与传统的基于LTO循环的方法相比,修正后的首都机场飞机NO_x、CO、HC和SO₂排放增加了23.5%、2.3%、2.1%和18.1%.飞机排放的CO、HC、SO₂和PM_2.5月变化较小,NO_x排放受飞机有效排放高度影响月波动较大.1～2月飞机污染物排放量处于全年最低水平,8月各污染物排放达到峰值.此外,飞机在爬升和滑行/慢车两种模式下污染物排放比例最大,分别占排放总量的37.7%与36.8%.     

天津机场飞机污染排放及其特征研究

通过对天津机场民航飞机飞行数据及机队构成的调研,结合国际民航组织(ICAO)标准中发动机排放数据库估算了2016年天津机场起飞着陆阶段(LTO)中各污染物的排放量,并利用航空路监测点环境质量数据定性分析了天津机场飞机尾气扩散对周围环境的影响。研究结果表明:飞机在LTO过程中,CO、HC、NO_x、PM_(2.5)排放量分别为1 160.1,133.1,1 515.6,38.1 t;其中,飞机在滑行的模式下对HC和CO的贡献最大,分别可达到93.77%和93.60%;在爬升模式下,对NO_x的贡献量最大,为48.17%。航天路监测点CO污染受到机场影响明显。     

机场飞机起降循环污染物扩散分布研究

国际民航组织规定飞机的标准起降循环(LTO)为滑行、起飞、爬升和进近(不包括巡航阶段)4个阶段,而对机场污染产生影响的主要在起飞和降落阶段。为了计算的可行性,首先简化飞机在机场起飞降落的活动路线,分阶段计算出4个阶段对总的污染排放浓度的贡献;然后计算得出整个民航机场飞机起降循环过程的污染物扩散模型。基于此模型,用MATLAB软件对飞机在机场起飞降落过程中排放的NOx扩散分布进行仿真。     

航空器场面滑行污染物排放计算研究

分析了航空器发动机排放污染物种类,介绍了标准起飞着陆循环(LTO)与航空器全发滑行方式下油耗与排放计算模型,建立了单发滑行、牵引滑行、APU电力驱动滑行3种滑行方式的油耗与排放计算模型.采用油耗与排放修正模型,对航空器场面滑行阶段因外界温度、气压、湿度等因素造成的油耗系数与排放系数改变进行修正.以上海虹桥机场为例,计算了不同滑行方式下各机型污染物气体排放量.计算结果表明:采用单发滑行与APU电力驱动滑行可降低航空器场面滑行阶段HC、CO和NOx的排放量,牵引滑行对NO_x的排放影响不大,但可明显降低HC、CO的排放量.     

首都国际机场航空器排放清单的计算分析

基于微脉冲激光雷达提取的混合层高度与首都机场的实际运行数据,采用美国EPA方法,更准确的估算了2016年首都国际机场航空器排放清单.结果表明：在航空器起飞着陆（LTO）循环排放的各种污染物中,NO_x和CO排放量最多,分别占排放总量的53.3%和38.5%.滑行阶段和爬升阶段的排放总量较多,占排放总量的49.7%和25.7%.滑行阶段是航空器排放CO、SO_x、HC和PM的主要阶段.在滑行阶段的主要排放物是CO和NO_x,分别占滑行阶段排放总量的71.7%和17.2%.混合层高度变化对航空器排放的NO_x与CO影响最大,对SO_x、HC与PM影响较小.在所有的起降航班机型中,A320对排放影响最小,B77W影响最大.航空器场面滑行时间是影响污染物排放量的一个非常重要的因素.优化航空器滑行效率,减少滑行时间,对减少机场排放量会有非常积极的作用.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.