Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

Response of soil fauna to simulated nitrogen deposition： A nursery experiment in subtropical China

We studied the responses of soil fauna to a simulated nitrogen deposition in nursery experimental plots in Subtropical China. Dissolved NH4NO3 was applied to the soil by spraying twice per month for 16 months, starting January 2003 with treatments of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 gN/(m2·a). Soil fauna was sampled after 6, 9, 13 and 16 months of treatment in three soil depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-15 cm). Soil available N increased in correspondence with the increasing N treatment, whereas soil pH decreased. Bacterial and fungal densities were elevated by the N treatment. Soil fauna increased in the lower nitrogen treatments but decreased in the higher N treatments, which might indicate that there was a threshold around 10 gN/(m2·a) for the stimulating effects of N addition. The N effects were dependent on the soil depth and sampling time. The data also suggested that the effects of the different N treatments were related to the level of N saturation, especially the concentration of NO3- in the soil.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

Photo-induced transformations of Hg(Ⅱ) species in the presence of Nitzschia hantzschiana,ferric ion,and humic acid

Effects of algae Nitzschia hantzschiana, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, humic acid, and pH on the photochemical reduction of Hg(Ⅱ) using the irradiation of metal halide lamps (λ 365 nm, 250 W) were investigated. The photoreduction rate of Hg(Ⅱ) was found to increase with increasing concentrations of algae, Fe(Ⅲ) ions, and humic acid. Alteration of pH value affected the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution with or without algae. The photoreduction rate of Hg(II) decreased with increasing initial Hg(Ⅱ) concentration in aqueous solution in the presence of algae. The photochemical kinetics of initial Hg(Ⅱ) and algae concentrations on the photoreduction of Hg(Ⅱ) were studied at pH 7.0. The study on the total Hg mass balance in terms of photochemical process revealed that more than 42% of Hg(Ⅱ) from the algal suspension was reduced to volatile metallic Hg under the conditions investigated.     

Modeling effects of temperature and precipitation on carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions in Abies fabric forest of subalpine

Abies fabric forest in the eastern slope of Gongga mountain is one type of subalpine dark coniferous forests of southwestern China. It is located on the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and is sensitive to climatic changes. A process-oriented biogeochemical model, Forest-DNDC, was applied to simulate the e ects of climatic factors, temperature and precipitation changes on carbon characteristics, and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in A. fabric forest. Validation indicated that the Forest-DNDC could be used to predict carbon characteristics and GHGs emissions with reasonable accuracy. The model simulated carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, soil CO2, N2O, and NO emissions with the changes of temperature and precipitation conditions. The results showed that with variation in the baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the gross primary production (GPP) and soil organic carbon (SOC) increased, and the net primary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) decreased because of higher respiration rate. With increasing baseline precipitation the GPP and NPP increased slightly, and the NEP and SOC showed decreasing trend. Soil CO2 emissions increased with the increase of temperature, and CO2 emissions changed little with increased baseline precipitation. With increased temperature and decreased baseline temperature, the total annual soil N2O emissions increased.With the variation of baseline temperature from –2℃ to +2℃, the total annual soil NO emissions increased. The total annual N2O and NO emissions showed increasing trends with the increase of precipitation. The biogeochemical simulation of the typical forest indicated that temperature changes strongly a ected carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil GHGs emissions. The precipitation was not a principal factor a ecting carbon fluxes, soil carbon dynamics, and soil CO2 emissions, but changes in precipitation could exert strong e ect on soil N2O and NO emissions.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

Bioaccumulation of hexachlorobenzene in Eisenia foetida at di erent aging stages

The impacts of contact time on the extractability, the availability of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in di erent soils (paddy soil, red soil, and fluvo-aquic soil) and bioaccumulation in earthworm Eisenia foetida were investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. Results indicated that the aging rate of HCB displaying a biphasic character in di erent soils: a rapid aging in the first 60 d followed by a slow aging in the next 120 d incubation time. Moreover, most of extractable HCB (about 90%) decline occurred in the first 60 d after HCB was spiked into the soils. The aging rate of HCB in the paddy soil was higher than that in the fluvo-aquic soil or the red soil. The amount of HCB accumulated in the earthworms and its accumulative ability, expressed as a bioaccumulation factor (BAF), declined as the aging time increased from 1 to 180 d. Although the extractable HCB decreased with increasing residence time in soil, much of HCB could still be accumulated by earthworms (457.6–984.3 ng/g) through bioaccumulation, which poses a potential risk to soil ecological safety.     

Enhanced photodegradation of phenolic compounds by adding TiO2 to soil in a rotary reactor

Photodegradation ofpentachlorophenol （PCP） and p-nitrophenol （PNP） in soil was carried out in a designed rotary reactor, which can provide the soil particles with continually uniform irradiation, and on a series of thin soil layers. TiO2, as a kind of environmental friendly photocatalyst, was introduced to the soil to enhance the processes. Compared with that on the soil layers, photodegradation of PCP at initial concentration of 60 mg/kg was improved dramatically in the rotary reactor no matter whether TiO2 was added, with an increase of 3.0 times in the apparent first-order rate constants. The addition of 1 wt% TiO2 furthered the improvement by 1.4 times. Without addition of TiO2, PNP （initial concentration of 60 mg/kg） photodegradation rate in the rotary reactor was similar to that on the soil layers. When 1 wt% additional TiO2 was added, PNP photodegradation was enhanced obviously, and the enhancement in the rotary reactor was 2 times of that on the soil layers, which may be attributed to the higher frequency of the contact between PNP on soil particles and the photocatalyst. The effect of soil pH and initial concentrations of the target compounds on the photodegradation in the rotary reactor was investigated. The order of the degradation rate at different soil pH was relative to the aggregation of soil particles during mixing in the rotary reactor. Photodegradation of PCP and PNP at different initial concentrations showed that addition of TiO2 to enhance the photodegradation was more suitable for contaminated soil with higher concentration of PCP, while was effective for contaminated soil at each PNP concentration tested in our study.     

Effect of chromium on accumulation and antioxidants in Cucumis utillissimus L.: Response under enhanced bioavailability condition

This study compares the accumulation of Cr(VI) and biochemical changes (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, protein, malondialdehyde (MDA) and cysteine contents) and roles of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) in tolerance to metal induced stress in Cucumis utillissimus L. grown in Cr contaminated soil (CS) with garden soil (GS). Furthermore, Cr bioavailability was enhanced by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) addition to the soil to forecast the plant’s accumulation pattern at elevated Cr environment. Accumulation of Cr in the leaves of the plant increased with increase in substrate metals concentration. It further increased with the addition of EDTA by 1437% and 487% in GS and CS, respectively at the highest treatment level. The lipid peroxidation increased proportionately with increase in Cr accumulation in the leaves. All the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX and APX) and the level of cysteine increased with dose dependant manner. SOD and cysteine were observed to be higher in the GS than in CS, but APX and GPX were found to be higher in CS than in GS. The increase in GPX and APX activities with the increase in Cr concentration could be assumed that these two enzymes have a major role in the defense mechanism towards stress induced by Cr in C. utillissimus.     

硫脲对酸性红壤 pH值与金属元素有效性的影响

通过实验室模拟,研究了不同浓度硫脲与尿素配施后,对酸性红壤的pH值及其金属元素有效性的影响.结果表明,土壤施加尿素后,其pH值有先升高后逐渐下降的趋势,而硫脲与尿素配施后,其pH值的下降趋势会受到抑制,尤其是当硫脲浓度达到5.0 mmol·kg-1时,土壤pH由最初的4.65上升到6.50以上,并在实验的中后期一直维持在6.0以上.硫脲和尿素配施后,Cu的有效态含量受硫脲浓度的影响较小,Zn、Al的有效态含量随着硫脲浓度的升高而降低,Mn的有效态含量在高浓度硫脲下,其含量保持在一个较高的水平,达到110 mg·kg-1以上.对于Cu、Zn和Al来说,在不同浓度硫脲和尿素配施后,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出明显的负相关.而对于Mn来说,在单施尿素的情况下,其有效态含量与土壤的pH值呈现出负相关,而在施入硫脲后,其有效态含量与土壤pH并没有呈现出明显的规律性.同时,研究结果还表明酸性红壤Al有效性随着土壤pH的升高而减小,当硫脲与尿素配合使用时,短期内土壤pH上升得更高,从而使得酸性红壤中Al的有效性减小.在硫脲和尿素配施后,土壤中Mn的有效态含量并不简单地取决于土壤的pH值,由于硫脲对Mn的络合作用和氧化还原作用,其含量受到土壤pH值和硫脲的共同影响.     

模拟氮沉降对高硫沉降地区森林土壤酸化的贡献

以重庆铁山坪马尾松林下典型的酸化土壤为研究对象,按照40 kg·(hm²·a)^-1的N剂量分别喷洒NH₄NO₃和NaNO₃以模拟氮沉降翻倍的情景,对其影响下的土壤溶液pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度进行了为期1 a的野外观测.结果表明,与未经处理的对照相比,喷洒NH₄NO₃的土壤溶液的pH值有所下降,而NaNO₃则导致pH值略有上升.同时,喷洒NH₄NO₃和NaNO₃均导致盐基阳离子（Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺）和Al³⁺浓度的明显上升,其中Al³⁺与盐基阳离子（Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺之和)的摩尔比值由对照的0.5左右升高到接近甚至超过1.0.盐基阳离子的加速淋溶和有毒Al³⁺的活化,表明氮沉降已加剧了土壤酸化.此外,氮输入的增加还引起了NO^-₃淋溶的大幅增加,土壤出现氮饱和现象.相对而言,NH⁺₄的酸化和富营养化效应均强于同当量的NO^-₃,表明中国氮沉降控制不应忽视NH₃的排放削减.     

模拟酸雨对红壤中硅铝铁释放的影响

通过模拟酸雨对湖南红壤的淋溶实验,分析了淋溶液pH值和硅铝铁离子动力学释放规律和特点.结果表明,在一定淋溶范围时,酸雨酸度是决定红壤矿物溶解及离子释放的主要因素,且硅、铝、铁对酸雨响应存在差异.在pH<5.6的各酸度酸雨淋溶下,硅均有大量释放,铁基本无释放.pH在3.0～5.6时铝的释放量很小,只有在酸雨pH值较低时才会有大量溶出.随酸雨淋溶的进行,酸雨pH在3.0～5.6的硅铝释放能力总体呈下降趋势.pH 2.5的酸雨可使红壤矿物的风化作用加强,硅铝释放量均明显增加,铝的增幅更大,但随淋溶量增加硅铝释放能力的增长速度趋缓.实验结果还表明,红壤受酸雨影响pH值降到一定程度后,淋出液中铝浓度与其pH值及DOC都呈线性负相关,酸沉降可破坏固相有机络合铝并使其溶出,但强酸性酸雨作用下红壤溶解而释放的铝主要来自铝硅酸盐的溶解.     

重庆南山马尾松衰亡与土壤铝活化的关系

研究了重庆南山马尾松衰亡与铝中毒的关系.发现南山土壤中活性铝含量相当高,而活性钙含量很低,轻灾区和重灾区的Al/Ca比都已超过伤害植物的阈值.试验结果表明,铝活化是土壤严重酸化的后果.溶液培养试验结果表明,铝对马尾松幼苗生长有明显毒害作用,且毒性最大的形态是Al~(3+),铝中毒是南山酸雨危害马尾松的主要原因.     

土壤风化速率的实验测定

利用模拟淋溶实验测定了中国几种土壤（砖红壤，赤红壤，红壤，黄棕壤和紫色土）的风化速率，并研究了土壤pH值和降水量对土壤风化速度的影响，结果表明，土壤的风化速度在pH≥4时随pH值的下降而显著增加，但是当pH值低于4时，风化速率却急剧下降，造成这种现象的原因可能是在低pH值时盐基阳离子和铝离子大量溶出，过高的产物浓度限制了风化反应的进行。土壤的风化速度与淋溶速率之间近似成线性关系。用淋溶液pH值和淋溶液量两个因素对实验结果进行了校正。     

黄腐酸用于磷石膏脱碱赤泥土壤化的可行性研究

黄腐酸呈酸性,含有丰富的营养成分,是一种植物调节剂且能促进植物生长。为研究黄腐酸用于磷石膏脱碱赤泥土壤化的可行性,通过磷石膏脱碱赤泥试验与磷石膏-黄腐酸联合脱碱赤泥试验,对脱碱液和脱碱渣进行理化性质测定,并进行盆栽试验分析验证其可行性。结果表明:1)磷石膏脱碱可使赤泥的pH值由初始的11.08降低到9.00左右,而使用磷石膏-黄腐酸联合脱碱,可使赤泥的pH值降至8.50左右;2)分析结果表明,黄腐酸的加入促进了赤泥大粒径团聚体的形成,增加了大粒径团聚体的含量,增强了团聚体的稳定性;3)脱碱渣及脱碱液的元素分析结果表明,黄腐酸的加入使得赤泥中残留的重金属离子和Na+含量增加;4)盆栽试验结果表明,较高的重金属离子和Na+浓度将黑麦草种子的萌芽时间推迟了4 d,发芽率降低了8%。将赤泥进行脱碱以及去除重金属离子,使磷石膏脱碱赤泥中相应离子含量更少,而黄腐酸的加入有利于磷石膏脱碱赤泥的土壤化。     

模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤酸化及K，Na，Ca，Mg溶出的影响

在油菜大田栽培的自然生态环境条件下,通过喷淋和土柱淋溶试验,研究不同pH模拟酸雨对油菜大田土壤K,Na,Ca和Mg等盐基离子溶出的影响.结果表明:酸雨喷淋和淋溶后油菜大田土壤和淋滤液的pH明显高于酸雨pH;酸雨pH＜3.5时,土壤pH主要受酸雨酸度控制,酸雨胁迫起主要作用;酸雨pH＞3.5时,土壤pH主要由土壤盐基量制约,缓冲起主要作用;随着喷淋次数和淋溶量的增加,通过缓冲作用可使油菜大田土壤生态环境有所恢复并趋向一致.K,Na,ca和Mg的溶出量随酸雨pH,淋溶量和淋溶时间的增加而减小,随油菜群体生长量的增大而增大;4种元素中,Ca溶出量最大且变化最明显,相比之下酸雨对油菜大田中K,Na,Mg的释放影响较微弱.     

抗坏血酸与柠檬酸对尾矿Pb污染土壤电动修复的强化效果

为研究抗坏血酸与柠檬酸作为增强试剂对高酸性缓冲能力的尾矿Pb污染土壤[w（Pb）为（5491.9±24）mg/kg]电动修复的强化效果,利用0.1 mol/L柠檬酸作为阴极电解液并控制阴极pH在2~3之间,系统分析土壤饱和液中c（抗坏血酸）（0~0.4 mol/L）、修复电压梯度（1~3 V/cm）对电动修复Pb污染土壤的影响,并对土壤中Pb的存在形态进行分析.结果表明:当电动修复过程中施加电压梯度为1 V/cm、c（抗坏血酸）（0~0.4 mol/L）作为饱和液时,随着c（抗坏血酸）的增加,土壤中Pb的迁移能力随之增加,Pb的去除率得到提高.当c（抗坏血酸）达到0.4 mol/L时,土壤中Pb的去除率为36.86%;保持c（抗坏血酸）为0.4 mol/L,当施加电压梯度由1 V/cm增至2 V/cm时,土壤中Pb的去除率得到增加（最高可达87.09%）,通过Pb的形态变化可知,w（弱酸提取态Pb）由初始的2.99%（1 V/cm）最大可降至0.34%（2 V/cm）,w（可还原态Pb）由初始的83.86%（1 V/cm）最大降至2.94%（2 V/cm）.研究显示,当c（抗坏血酸）为0.4 mol/L、柠檬酸（作为阴极电解液）控制阴极电解室pH在2~3之间、施加电压梯度为2 V/cm时,土壤中Pb的迁移能力显著提高并达到较好的修复效果.      

土壤酸化及天然土壤溶液中铝的形态

 采用真空式土壤溶液采样器收集了宜昌、巫山松树林中天然土壤溶液，采用高效液相色谱法Al－Lumogallion柱后荧光检测，分析测试了土壤溶液中可溶性铝的形态，研究了由于土壤酸化引起天然土壤溶液中不同形态铝的迁移转化结果表明，天然土壤溶液中含有不同形态的铝，主要是有机铝、 AISO₄⁺、AIF₂⁺、Al（OH）²⁺、Al³⁺等．宜昌、巫山地区土壤溶液中活性铝（Al³⁺、AlOH^2+F）的含量比较低．土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中总铝含量增加、铝形态的优势态发生变化，即土壤的酸化使得天然土壤溶液中活性铝－Al³⁺、AlOHF²⁺含量和比例增加．土壤酸化还降低了大然土壤溶液中的BC/Al比值，这些变化的结果都增加了对森林潜在的危害．     

模拟氮沉降对土壤酸化及土壤酸缓冲能力的影响

为探讨N沉降对酸雨区森林土壤酸化和土壤酸缓冲能力的影响,于2012年4—12月在重庆缙云山地区选取针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林2种典型林分进行模拟N沉降试验,设N0、N1、N2、N3 4个处理,施N量(模拟N沉降量)分别为0、60、120、240kg/(hm2·a),每月月初将NH4NO3溶液均匀喷洒在所选样方内,8个月后进行取样分析.结果表明:1不同p H下2种林分土壤的酸缓冲能力存在较大差异,p H越低土壤酸缓冲能力越高.22种林分的土壤酸缓冲能力随N沉降量的增加而降低.在相同的N沉降量下,常绿阔叶林土壤酸缓冲能力略高于针阔混交林.3N沉降会加快土壤酸化速率.与N0处理相比,N1、N2、N3处理常绿阔叶林土壤p H分别下降了0.03、0.06、0.16,而针阔混交林则分别下降了0.08、0.10、0.26.42种林分土壤中盐基离子含量均随N沉降量的增加而降低,交换性Al3+含量则相反.与N0处理相比,常绿阔叶林N1、N2、N3处理盐基离子含量分别下降了55.76%、66.00%、70.38%,交换性Al3+含量分别增加了16.03%、21.37%、31.81%;针阔混交林盐基离子含量分别下降了24.12%、43.38%、62.24%,交换性Al3+含量分别增加了19.19%、23.48%、34.85%.研究表明,氮沉降会降低森林土壤酸缓冲能力,加快酸化速率,并且常绿阔叶林土壤对N沉降的敏感性高于针阔混交林.