微塑料对河口沉积物抗生素抗性基因的影响

微塑料和抗生素抗性基因都是环境中的新兴污染物,也是近年来的研究热点.为探究微塑料对河口沉积物抗生素抗性基因的影响,在沉积物中添加3种不同的微塑料进行培养实验,主要采用高通量定量PCR方法研究河口沉积物抗性基因种类、丰度、多样性及其变化情况.结果表明,微塑料显著改变了沉积物中抗生素抗性基因结构组成,两种难降解微塑料PVC和PE使得沉积物抗生素抗性基因组成结构显著改变,而可溶性微塑料PVA使得沉积物抗生素抗性基因种类数显著减少;添加PVC、PE和PVA微塑料的沉积物抗生素抗性基因的绝对丰度显著增加,分别为4. 1×10~9、8. 1×10~9和2. 0×10~9copies·g~(-1),添加PE微塑料的沉积物抗生素抗性基因丰度增加了近一个数量级,微塑料显著增加了沉积物抗生素抗性基因的绝对丰度; OLS回归分析显示,抗生素抗性基因丰度与转座子、整合子基因显著正相关,表明可移动遗传元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因的迁移、传播和扩散.     

微塑料对河水抗生素抗性基因的影响

微塑料和抗生素抗性基因都是环境中的新型污染物,两者的复合污染引发了一定的生态环境风险,成为近年的研究热点.本文采集了城市郊区河水,添加不易降解微塑料(聚氯乙烯,PVC)和水溶性微塑料(聚乙烯醇,PVA)进行曝气培养实验,采用高通量定量PCR技术,研究微塑料对河水抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,空白对照河水、添加PVC的河水和添加PVA的河水抗性基因种类数分别为71、 87和95种,微塑料的存在显著增加了河水抗生素抗性基因种类,进而可能增加河流生态风险;曝气培养的河水中抗性基因的种类数和丰度有所减少,但是相对于空白对照组(2.8×10~9 copies·L~(-1)),添加具有水溶性的微塑料仍能显著增加河水抗性基因丰度(8.1×10~9 copies·L~(-1)),并且抗生素抗性基因丰度与可移动遗传元件呈显著正相关关系,说明可移动遗传元件可能通过基因横向转移机制影响抗生素抗性基因的赋存与演变.     

微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响

水环境中的微塑料和微生物抗生素抗性基因复合污染已经发展成为全球性的重大环境问题,给人类健康和生态环境带来新的挑战.海水中的微塑料残留日益增加,但是不同种类微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的干扰和影响还不是很清楚.选择了聚乙烯（PE）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和具有一定水溶性的聚乙烯醇（PVA）这3种乙烯基微塑料,采集海水并添加微塑料进行了曝气培养实验（49 d）,利用高通量定量PCR技术,研究微塑料对海水抗生素抗性基因的影响.结果表明,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的种类分别为20、35、42和64种,微塑料使得海水中的抗生素抗性基因种类显著增多;在丰度水平上,空白对照海水、添加PE海水、添加PVC海水和添加PVA海水抗生素抗性基因的丰度分别为4.01×10⁶、2.75×10⁷、4.54×10⁷和1.05×10⁸ copies·L^-1,微塑料显著增加了海水中抗生素抗性基因的丰度.因此,相较于空白对照海水,微塑料显著增加了海水抗生素抗性基因多样性和丰度水平;OLS回归分析显示,抗生素抗性基因与16S rRNA基因和可移动遗传元件有着显著正相关关系,说明微生物的丰度和基因水平转移机制能够影响海水抗生素抗性基因的分布、存续和演变.     

九龙江口微塑料与抗生素抗性基因污染的分布特征

河口区域普遍存在微塑料（MPs）和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）污染,同时微塑料还可能富集ARGs,从而扩大ARGs的传播范围.本研究以福建省九龙江口为调查区域,首次分析了九龙江口不同采样点水样以及沉积物中的MPs分布特征,同时测定各样品中8种常见的ARGs丰度,并对二者之间的丰度进行相关性分析.结果表明：①九龙江河口水环境中微塑数浓度范围为2~66 n ·L^-1,沉积物中含量范围（以dw计）为8~85 n ·kg^-1,85%以上的微塑料粒径在1 mm以下,微塑料材质主要为聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）和聚苯乙烯（PS）;②九龙江河口优势的ARGs为四环素类抗性基因tetC和tetG以及磺胺类抗性基因sul2,水中ARGs丰度随盐度增加呈递减趋势;③九龙江水体中MPs浓度、ARGs相对丰度和一类整合子基因intI1丰度呈两两正相关性,说明微塑料可能促进了水体中ARGs的传播和水平基因转移（HGT）.     

微塑料对城市污水中胞内和胞外抗性基因的富集特征研究

作为近年来国内外关注的焦点问题,微塑料不仅本身具有生物毒性,还能携带多种污染物构成复合污染.然而目前对于微塑料携带抗性基因的污染特征尚鲜有研究.考察了聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯及再生聚乙烯4种微塑料对城市污水中胞内与胞外抗性基因的富集特征与影响因素.结果表明:4种微塑料对胞外抗性基因的富集倍数在3.12×102~4.07×103之间,显著高于胞内（4.44×101~2.14×103）,且对于同种污水类型,最高能达胞内的13.1倍.微塑料对二沉池出水中抗性基因的富集倍数（2.14×103~4.07×103）显著高于污水厂进水（3.12×102~7.61×102）和活性污泥（4.44×101~5.84×102）.微塑料类型对抗性基因的富集有显著影响,其中聚丙烯的富集能力最强,最高达3.03×1014 copies/g（胞内抗性基因）和6.27×1013 copies/g（胞外抗性基因）;聚苯乙烯对胞外基因的富集倍数高于聚乙烯,而对于胞内基因的富集倍数低于后者;再生聚乙烯与聚乙烯的富集能力无显著差异.微塑料对抗性基因的富集量与微塑料的粒径、浓度均成反比,富集过程遵循准二级动力学模型.研究显示,微塑料能大量富集污水中的抗性基因,特别是胞外抗性基因,从而显著提高抗性基因的迁移能力,增大后续公共健康风险.      

土壤微塑料污染现状、来源、环境命运及生态效应

微塑料作为一类新兴污染物广泛存在于全球环境中.目前,针对水生生态系统尤其是海洋环境的微塑料污染已得到广泛且深入的研究,但针对土壤微塑料污染近年才逐渐引起人们的关注.本文重点对土壤微塑料的污染现状、来源、环境命运及生态效应等方面的研究进展进行了综述.微塑料在不同土地利用类型的土壤中广泛存在,对土壤生态系统的健康及功能造成严重威胁.土壤中微塑料的主要来源路径包括塑料薄膜残留物分解、污泥堆肥及污水灌溉、有机肥施用和大气沉降等;进入土壤环境的微塑料会在外因作用下继续发生降解或迁移.此外,本文重点介绍了微塑料污染对土壤系统的生态效应,包括对土壤理化性质、土壤动物、土壤微生物以及植物的影响.为加强土壤微塑料污染研究、促进土地资源的可持续利用,本文提出了未来的研究方向.     

抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)——一种新型环境污染物

抗生素的环境污染与生态毒性近年来引起了日益广泛的关注.水产养殖和畜牧业抗生素长期滥用的直接后果,很可能诱导动物体内抗生素抗性基因,经排泄后将对养殖区域及其周边环境造成潜在基因污染.抗性基因还极有可能在环境中传播、扩散.对公共健康和食品、饮用水安全构成威胁.为此,提出了将抗生素抗性基因作为一类新型环境污染物,对该类污染物在环境中的来源、潜在的传播途径以及国内外相关研究进展进行综述,指出了当前形势下我国开展环境中抗生素抗性基因污染研究的必要性,建议尽快从国家层面上系统进行抗生素抗性基因的环境污染机理与控制对策研究.     

中国海洋微塑料污染现状与防治建议

微塑料作为一类新型的塑料污染物,广泛存在于全球海洋环境中,已经成为国际社会普遍关注的热点环境问题,管理不善的废物是海洋污染的重要来源.本文简要分析了全球塑料垃圾和微塑料污染形势以及微塑料的来源,探讨了巴塞尔公约所涉及塑料废物附件修订的最新进展,同时总结分析了我国沿海、河口以及内陆水域微塑料的粒径大小、含量、分布和来源.提出未来应建立健全我国塑料和微塑料管理体系,加强对重点行业向海洋中排放塑料和微塑料的研究和监管,建立微塑料对海洋生态系统影响的风险评价体系、加强宣传和教育、积极参与国际环境公约履约谈判以推动全球治理     

梅花鹿养殖场抗生素抗性基因分布特征

梅花鹿养殖是近年来我国南方地区出现的新兴养殖业.为探究梅花鹿养殖对养殖环境抗生素抗性基因的影响,采用高通量荧光定量PCR研究了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场区对照土壤、梅花鹿新鲜粪便、梅花鹿粪便堆肥产物和施用堆肥菜地土壤中的分布、丰度和多样性.结果表明,抗性基因的绝对丰度梅花鹿粪便堆肥产物梅花鹿新鲜粪便施用堆肥菜地土壤养殖场区对照土壤,抗生素抗性基因在4种环境样品中具有不同分布格局;梅花鹿养殖场环境中抗性基因丰度与可移动基因元件丰度显著相关(P0.05),表明可移动基因元件可能加快了抗性基因的水平转移过程,促进了抗性基因的迁移、传播和富集,加剧了养殖环境抗生素抗性基因污染.     

微塑料的环境影响行为及其在我国的分布状况

微塑料是一种存在于不同环境介质中的新兴污染物,因其分布范围广、潜在环境危害大,近年来逐渐引起人们的广泛关注.主要分析了微塑料的环境影响行为及机制,以及微塑料在我国污水处理厂、土壤、地表水和海洋等环境介质中的分布特征及影响因素.结果表明,微塑料可通过物理、化学、载体等多重作用危害生态环境健康,甚至微塑料会随着食物链由低营养级向高营养级传递,对人类食品安全造成潜在威胁.我国污水处理系统、土壤及不同水体环境（河流、湖泊、海洋及饮用水等）均受到不同程度的微塑料污染,并且其污染水平总体高于国外,这可能与我国较大的人口密度相关.进一步分析发现,我国环境中微塑料的分布呈现一定的地域差异性,其分布特征不仅与人类活动、地区经济、工业结构与发展水平等因素密切相关,同时污水处理厂的处理处置工艺、环境容量也会影响环境中微塑料的污染水平.针对我国微塑料污染研究现状,建议后续从微塑料的生物毒性效应、时空分布特征及其在环境介质中的迁移转化规律等方面进一步深入研究,以便更加全面地了解我国微塑料污染现状及其潜在的环境生态风险,并为微塑料的污染防控提供指导.      

Herbicide promotes the conjugative transfer of multi-resistance genes by facilitating cellular contact and plasmid transfer

The global dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), especially via plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer, is becoming a pervasive health threat. While our previous study found that herbicides can accelerate the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of ARGs in soil bacteria, the underlying mechanisms by which herbicides promote the HGT of ARGs across and within bacterial genera are still unclear. Here, the underlying mechanism associated with herbicide-promoted HGT was analyzed by detecting intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, extracellular polymeric substance composition, cell membrane integrity and proton motive force combined with genome-wide RNA sequencing. Exposure to herbicides induced a series of the above bacterial responses to promote HGT except for the ROS response, including compact cell-to-cell contact by enhancing pilus-encoded gene expression and decreasing cell surface charge, increasing cell membrane permeability, and enhancing the proton motive force, providing additional power for DNA uptake. This study provides a mechanistic understanding of the risk of bacterial resistance spread promoted by herbicides, which elucidates a new perspective on nonantibiotic agrochemical acceleration of the HGT of ARGs.     

Metagenomic insights into the profile of antibiotic resistomes in sediments of aquaculture wastewater treatment system

To meet the rapidly growing global demand for aquaculture products, large amounts of antibiotics were used in aquaculture, which might accelerate the evolution of antibioticresistant bacteria(ARB) and the propagation of antibiotic genes(ARGs). In our research, we revealed the ARGs profiles, their co-occurrence with mobile genetic elements(MGEs), and potential hosts in sediments of a crab pond wastewater purification system based on metagenomic analysis. The residual antibiotic seems to increase ...     

Co-occurrence of genes for antibiotic resistance and arsenic biotransformation in paddy soils

Paddy soils are potential hotspots of combined contamination with arsenic (As) and antibiotics, which may induce co-selection of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and As biotransformation genes (ABGs), resulting in dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and modification in As biogeochemical cycling. So far, little information is available for these co-selection processes and specific patterns between ABGs and ARGs in paddy soils. Here, the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR and network analysis were employed to investigate the dynamic response of ABGs and ARGs to As stress and manure application. The results showed that As stress increased the abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), resulting in dissemination risk of antimicrobial resistance. Manure amendment increased the abundance of ABGs, enhanced As mobilization and methylation in paddy soil, posing risk to food safety. The frequency of the co-occurrence between ABGs and ARGs, the host bacteria carrying both ARGs and ABGs were increased by As or manure treatment, and remarkably boosted in soils amended with both As and manure. Multidrug resistance genes were found to have the preference to be co-selected with ABGs, which was one of the dominant co-occurring ARGs in all treatments, and manure amendment increased the frequency of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B resistance (MLSB) to co-occur with ABGs. Bacillus and Clostridium of Firmicutes are the dominant host bacteria carrying both ABGs and ARGs in paddy soils. This study would extend our understanding on the co-selection between genes for antibiotics and metals, also unveil the hidden environmental effects of combined pollution.     

紫色土丘陵区畜禽养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

鉴于紫色土高垦殖丘陵区土壤中抗生素抗性基因的潜在生态环境风险,本研究采用高通量荧光定量PCR技术,分析了抗生素抗性基因在不同类型畜禽养殖场(养猪场、养鸡场和养牛场)土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,3种养殖场土壤中共检出79种抗生素抗性基因和5种可移动基因元件,其中多重耐药类基因是养殖场土壤中丰度最高的耐药基因.不同养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因的丰度和多样性均表现为养鸡场和养猪场样品高于养牛场土壤,且3种养殖场土壤样品中的抗性基因表现出不同的类别分布特征.养殖场土壤中较高的可移动基因元件丰度,及其与抗生素抗性基因丰度显著的相关性(P0. 05)说明,可移动基因元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场土壤中的迁移和扩散.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.