共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
西宁市生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放清单 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
本研究根据调查的西宁市生物质燃烧源活动水平数据,采用排放因子方法,建立了 2018年西宁市生物质燃烧源9种大气污染物的排放清单,并分析了清单的时空分布特征和不确定性.结果表明,西宁市2018年生物质燃烧源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放量分别为 11 718.34、604.41、167.80、209.72、1 617.97、2 054.04、2 135.04、281.07和 1 224.78 t.秸秆露天焚烧 CO、NOx、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC 和OC 的排放对生物质燃烧源的排放贡献率最高;其中,秸秆露天焚烧NOx、VOCs和CO的贡献率分别为72.35%、63.94%和53.18%.户用生物质炉NH3和SO2的排放对生物质燃烧源的贡献率最大,分别为41.49%和42.05%.生物质燃烧源大气污染物排放地区分布不均衡,主要集中于大通县和湟中区.生物质燃烧源9项污染物的排放量在1、2、3、10、11和12月较大,占比在5%~33%.蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,在95%置信区间下,不确定度最高的是森林和草原火灾的PM2.5排放,不确定度为-26.71%~29.78%. 相似文献
2.
海峡西岸经济区大气污染物排放清单的初步估算 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
以2009年为基准年,结合污染源普查数据、统计年鉴及工业活动、居民生活等多个方面对海峡西岸经济区包括SO2、NOx、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3在内的大气污染物的排放量进行了估算,建立了海西区大气污染物排放清单.结果发现,上述5类污染物基准年的排放量分别为40.67×104、55.84×104、50.57×104、152.26×104和26.18×104t.其中,SO2、NOx及PM2.5的排放主要来自电厂,占排放总量的比例分别为25.58%、34.89%和38.75%;VOCs和NH3的主要排放源分别来自植被排放和养殖业,其贡献量分别为49.12%和47.07%.采用GIS对排放清单进行网格化处理,得出SO2、NOx及PM2.5的高排放强度区域与固定源的空间分布较为一致.此外,结合国家和地方"十二五"发展规划,采用情景分析方法估算了2015年海西区大气污染物的排放清单.与基准年相比,SO2、NOx和NH3的排放量呈下降趋势,PM2.5和VOCs的排放量呈大幅度增加.基准年排放清单的不确定性分析显示,VOCs排放估算的不确定度最大,为225%. 相似文献
3.
天津市大气污染源排放清单的建立 总被引:40,自引:15,他引:25
通过调研天津市工、农业生产和居民生活的统计资料,研究分析文献报道的各种污染源排放因子,计算出天津市各行业、各区县NOx、SO2、NMVOC、CO、NH3、PM10、PM2.5等污染物的排放量,发展了天津市2003年排放源清单.结果显示,天津市2003年各类污染物质的排放量NOx为1.77×105t,SO2为2.59 ×105t,NMVOC为2.24×105t,CO为1.33×106t,NH3为7.40×104t,PM10为2.52×105t,PM2.5为1.10×105t.从排放源的行业分布来看,燃煤源、汽车移动源、秸秆燃烧源是天津市大气污染物的重要排放源,燃煤源对各污染物的贡献分别为NOx46%,SO284%,NMVOC 1%,CO 58%,PM1018%,PM2.5 24%.火电、水泥、钢铁、炼焦、原油加工等行业依然是重要的工业污染排放源,火电对SO2的贡献为13%,钢铁对SO2的贡献为24%,对CO的贡献为30%.2003年天津市区对NO,、S02、NMVOC、CO等污染物的贡献均高于其它区县,对PM10、PM2.5的贡献也很高;塘沽区对NOx、SO2、NMVOC、CO等污染物的贡献很大,蓟县、武清区、宝坻区对NH3、PM10、PM2.5的贡献很大. 相似文献
4.
海峡西岸地区人为源大气污染物排放特征研究 总被引:2,自引:3,他引:2
采用以"自下而上"为主的方法建立了2007年海峡西岸地区的人为源大气污染物排放清单.计算结果显示,海西地区人为源SO2、NOx、CO、PM10、PM2.5、VOCs和NH3排放总量分别为69.5×104、96.1×104、413.1×104、93.9×104、40.6×104、85.0×104和28.5×104t.电厂和工业燃烧设施分别占SO2排放的48%和39%,以及NOx排放的51%和25%.水泥、砖瓦等制造过程贡献了约51%的PM10排放和36%的PM2.5排放.秸秆燃烧、加油站和涂料等VOCs面源分别占到其排放总量的27%、15%和4%.NH3的主要排放源为畜禽养殖和氮肥施用等农业部门,占到总排放量的89%.海西地区的单位面积大气污染物排放量仅相当于长三角地区的25%左右,略高于全国平均水平.该地区人为源和天然源VOCs排放比重分别占56%和44%,人为源VOCs排放比重低于全国大部分地区.海西大气污染高排放地区主要集中在沿海一带,以泉州、潮汕、福州和温州等地区为主,建议"十二五"发展过程中,重点关注上述高排放地区,限制重点排放源的发展,开发低耗能、低污染的发展模式. 相似文献
5.
6.
长沙市人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
根据收集的长沙市人为源活动水平数据,建立了该地区2014年1 km×1 km人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2014年长沙市SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC、VOCs和NH_3排放总量分别为53.5×10~3、78.3×10~3、284.6×10~3、102.3×10~3、42.1×10~3、4.0×10~3、7.2×10~3、64.2×10~3、27.1×10~3t.化石燃料固定燃烧源为最大的SO_2排放贡献源,道路移动源是主要的NO_x贡献源,CO排放主要来自化石燃料固定燃烧源和道路移动源,长沙市VOCs的最大贡献源是溶剂使用源,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)最主要的排放源是扬尘源,BC最大的排放贡献源为化石燃料固定燃烧源,生物质燃烧源是最大的OC贡献源,NH_3排放主要来源于畜禽养殖和农业施肥.空间分布结果显示,长沙市NH_3的排放在宁乡县、望城区、长沙县、浏阳市分布较多,主要呈现片状分布.其他污染物排放高值区则主要分布在中心城区、工业区及道路分布区域. 相似文献
7.
为全面评估沈阳市大气污染物排放状况,文章收集和整理了相关活动水平信息和排放因子数据并采用排放因子法建立了2016年沈阳市人为源大气污染物排放清单。结果显示:2016年沈阳市人为源CO、NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs、PM2.5、PM10、BC和OC的排放总量分别为38.64×104、10.63×104、3.17×104、5.28×104、14.03×104、5.54×104、10.59×104、0.57×104和1.82×104 t。按照排放源分类,CO、NOx和BC主要来自移动源,SO2主要来自化石燃料固定燃烧源,NH3主要来自农业源,VOCs主要来自工艺过程源,PM2.5和PM10主要来自扬尘源,OC主要来自其他... 相似文献
8.
采用排放因子法计算了中国2007年间CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、EC、OC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5的排放总量,建立了生物质燃烧污染物排放清单,计算了各污染物总排放量的空间分布及不同生物质燃烧类型对各污染物总排放量的贡献率,重点完善了各省市生物质燃烧排放不同粒径颗粒物清单.结果显示,2007年我国大陆生物质燃烧排放CH4、SO2、NOx、NH3、OC、EC、NMVOC、CO、CO2、TSP、PM10、PM2.5排放总量分别分为3332.7, 335.3, 951.3, 7754.9, 783.7, 267.7, 6049.6, 76579.6, 743743.7, 7677.8, 6668.9, 4043.7kt.四川、安徽、广西、山东、河南、江苏等地区生物质燃烧各污染物排放量较高,北京、天津、海南、宁夏、青海和西藏等省区各污染物排放量较少.不同地区排放污染物的主要生物质类型存在较大的差异,单位面积排放强度和人均排放量区域间差异显著.人类活动是生物质燃烧排放污染物的主要影响因素,秸秆和薪柴燃烧是污染物排放量最大的2种生物质,其对各种污染物的贡献率为93.8%~98.7%. 相似文献
9.
根据收集的人为源活动水平数据和最新的排放因子,采用"自下而上"和"自上而下"相结合的排放因子法建立了广东省2012年人为源BC、OC排放清单.结果显示,2012年广东省人为源BC、OC排放量分别为53.5×103、78.8×103t.BC排放主要来自道路移动源和生物质燃烧源,贡献率分别为30.1%和29.4%,生物质燃烧源和餐饮源是主要的OC排放贡献源,贡献率分别为48.5%和16.9%.建立的BC、OC排放源清单仍然具有较大的不确定性,分别为-66%~154%和-63%~126%.其中,道路移动源和生物质燃烧源是主要的不确定贡献源,餐饮源和扬尘源次之,不确定性主要来自由质量分数间接得到的BC和OC排放因子.最后,采用清单结果横向比较法和基于环境监测浓度结果对比法2种方法对本研究的结果进行了校验,结果表明,本研究清单结果基本合理.建议统一不同排放源成分谱的建立方法,加强排放源颗粒物测试,并重视清单结果校验的研究以降低不确定性,从而改进BC、OC排放源清单. 相似文献
10.
辽宁省人为源大气污染物排放清单及特征研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为全面评估辽宁省关键大气污染物排放状况,系统收集和整理全省基础活动水平信息,采用排放因子法建立了该省2012年人为源大气污染物排放清单.结果显示,2012年辽宁省SO_2、NO_x、CO、PM10、PM_(2.5)、BC、OC及NH_3排放总量分别为1434.8×10~3、1632.3×10~3、6682.9×10~3、1529.9×10~3、1087.8×10~3、74.5×10~3、176.1×10~3t及880.4×10~3t.BC和OC最大贡献源为生物质燃烧源,排放集中分布在辽宁中、西部;NH_3主要来自畜禽养殖与化肥施用,排放高值区位于辽宁中部农业畜牧业发达地区;其他污染物主要来自固定燃烧源和工艺过程源,集中分布在辽宁中部城市群以及大连金州区、甘井子区和普兰店区.大连、沈阳是SO_2、NO_x、NH_3和颗粒物主要排放城市,鞍山和本溪由于钢铁行业发达,成为CO排放量最大的城市.基于卫星观测获得的NO_2垂直柱浓度对NO_x排放空间分布进行评估,两者相关性系数为0.57(p0.01).辽宁省级排放清单与国家尺度排放清单在一定程度存在差异,主要原因在于采用的活动水平和污染物控制效率的不同,基于详细本地化污染源信息建立的省级排放清单可以较好地反映实际情况.建议完善点源排放特征信息并加强本地化测试,进一步降低省级排放清单不确定性. 相似文献
11.
Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa
and mustard in hydroponic culture 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth. 相似文献
12.
The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ). 相似文献
13.
Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River (Guangdong section) of the Pearl River 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County < Yunan County <Yun'an County < Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River. 相似文献
14.
Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9. 相似文献
15.
LIU Ting-feng SUN Cheng TA N HONG Jun YANG Shao-gui CHEN Chuan-xiang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(10):1235-1238
The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers. 相似文献
16.
The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations. 相似文献
17.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author's conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners. 相似文献
18.
Andrew Warren 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(4):470-474
This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground (even when they are attached to dust-sized particles), and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas (like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe) generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth (so that wind erosion may even improve the soil). Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability. 相似文献
19.
CAI Peng HUANG Qiao-yun LU Yan-du CHEN Wen-li JIANG Dai-hu LIANG Wei 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(11):1326-1329
Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments. 相似文献
20.
HUANG Ze-chun AN Zhi-zhuang CHEN Tong-bin LEI Mei XIAO Xi-yuan LIAO Xiao-yong 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(6):714-718
In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata. 相似文献