网状Ti/TiO2电极光电催化氧化若丹明B

用阳极氧化法制备出一种网状Ti/TiO2电极,扫描电镜和拉曼光谱对电极表面TiO2膜的形貌和晶体结构的检测结果表明:膜的结构和性能受阳极氧化过程中氧化速率的影响,在控制实验条件下,锐钛型TiO2是其主要结晶形态.若丹明B的光电催化降解和光催化降解的实验结果表明:外加偏压可以有效地提高有机物的光催化降解效率.TOC的测定结果显示,在光电催化氧化过程中,若丹明B几乎完全矿化.若丹明B在光电催化降解过程中,生色基团的破坏与脱乙基作用同时发生.     

光电协同催化氧化苯甲酸的试验研究

在自制的光电协同催化氧化反应器中,对苯甲酸溶液进行了光电协同催化氧化处理研究,考察了阳极偏电压、反应氛围和制备光阳极所用基材对苯甲酸降解效率的影响,并比较了光电协同催化氧化与光解、光催化氧化和电解处理对苯甲酸去除率的差异.试验结果表明,经过1h的处理,光电协同催化氧化对苯甲酸的去除率可达85%以上,远远高于光解、光催化氧化和电解处理对苯甲酸的去除率(依次为48%、30%和约0%),具有明显的光电协同作用;工作电极与对电极采用内外同心圆柱形的布置方式;在通入高纯氮的条件下,TiO₂/Ti板光阳极对苯甲酸的去除率在1h时可达98%,优于TiO₂/Al板光阳极在仆时对苯甲酸85%的去除率;在通入纯氧的条件下,TiO₂/Ti板光阳极和TiO₂/Al板光阳极经过1h对苯甲酸的去除率均接近100%.     

TiO2/Ti光电极电助光催化降解甲草胺的研究

采用阳极氧化法制备了TiO₂/Ti光电极,并通过电助光催化的方法研究了恒电流法和恒电压法对甲草胺的降解效率.实验证实了在光催化和电催化之间存在协同效应,反应溶液中加入Na₂SO₄电解质后,SO₄^2-可以被价带空穴氧化成强氧化性的S₂O₈^2-,继而可以氧化处理物质,提高甲草胺的降解效率.实验结果表明：甲草胺在羟基自由基的作用下通过羟基化作用和脱烷作用,发生断键、开环等一系列的氧化还原反应,最终生成CO₂和H₂O等无机小分子物质.     

纳米TiO2催化臭氧化对松花江水中氨氮的影响

研究了以负载于陶粒、硅胶、沸石表面的纳米TiO₂作为催化剂时,催化臭氧化松花江水过程中氨氮浓度的变化.结果表明,在单独臭氧化过程中,氨氮浓度先升高后下降,反应30 min后的氨氮浓度与初始浓度相近.在以TiO₂/陶粒、TiO₂/硅胶为催化剂的催化臭氧化过程中,氨氮浓度也是先升高后下降,但反应过程中氨氮的平均浓度要高于单独臭氧化过程.以TiO₂/沸石为催化剂时,催化臭氧化过程中氨氮浓度先下降,然后略有升高,继而又下降,30 min时对氨氮的去除率接近80%.单独臭氧化和催化臭氧化过程中,增大臭氧投量,氨氮浓度最大值出现的时间提前,并且反应过程中氨氮浓度平均值降低.增大催化剂TiO₂/陶粒、TiO₂/硅胶的投量,催化臭氧化过程中氨氮浓度平均值升高.增大TiO₂/沸石投量,有利于氨氮的去除,但投量增大到50g以上时,对氨氮的去除效果影响很小.温度从10℃升高到30℃,对TiO₂/陶粒、TiO₂/硅胶催化臭氧化过程中氨氮浓度的变化影响不大.而以TiO₂/沸石为催化剂时,温度升高有利于催化臭氧化过程中氨氮的去除.     

氧化剂增强TiO2纤维光催化降解DMF研究

研究TiO₂纤维光催化降解DMF水溶液的结果表明:氧化剂增强了TiO₂纤维对DMF的降解能力,在其它反应条件相同情况下,O₃/TiO₂(F)对DMF降解率是air/TiO₂(F)和H₂O₂/TiO₂(F)的1.5倍左右,且降解速率提高2倍左右,COD分析表明DMF几乎完全矿化.同时实验过程中确定了DMF光催化降解中间产物仲胺的存在.以二甲胺为仲胺代表物进行光催化降解研究表明,中间产物仲胺的迅速降解是O₃增强TiO₂纤维降解效应的主要因素.     

臭氧/纳米TiO2催化氧化去除水中微量硝基苯的研究

在悬浮颗粒搅拌混合反应器中,研究了臭氧/纳米TiO₂催化氧化去除水中微量硝基苯的性能,结果表明,纳米TiO₂催化臭氧化去除硝基苯较单独臭氧氧化有明显的提高,反应20min硝基苯的去除率提高了44%.实验中分别考察了纳米TiO₂热处理温度、催化剂投量、臭氧投量、硝基苯初始浓度、pH值对臭氧/纳米TiO₂催化氧化去除硝基苯的影响.发现550℃烧结得到的纳米TiO₂表现出最好的催化臭氧化活性,在较低的臭氧投量与催化剂用量条件下,硝基苯的去除率可达到56.57%;增大臭氧或者硝基苯的初始浓度,硝基苯的去除率随之提高;但是改变催化剂投量,硝基苯的去除效果几乎不受影响;中性或碱性pH环境利于纳米TiO₂催化臭氧化反应的进行.通过研究叔丁醇对纳米TiO₂催化臭氧化反应的影响,证明反应遵循羟基自由基(·OH)反应机理.     

g-C3N4/TiO2纳米管阵列光阳极的制备及其光电催化降解邻氯硝基苯

采用阳极氧化-涂覆煅烧法成功制备了g-C₃N₄/TiO₂纳米管阵列（g-C₃N₄/TNAs）光阳极,并通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪、紫外可见漫反射光谱仪、光致发光光谱仪和电化学工作站等表征分析了g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极的形貌、晶形结构、光学特性和光电化学性能.表征结果证实,g-C₃N₄的引入通过缩小禁带宽度扩宽了TNAs的可见光响应范围,提高了光电流密度和光生电子寿命,促进了光生电子和空穴的分离.g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极在光电催化体系内对邻氯硝基苯（o-CNB）的降解效率高于其在光催化和电催化体系中对o-CNB的降解效率,且具有良好的稳定性和可重复性.活性物质捕获实验、电子自旋共振测试和能带结构分析表明,g-C₃N₄/TNAs光阳极中TNAs和g-C₃N₄之间存在Z型异质结相互作用机制.在光电催化体系内降解o-CNB的主要活性物质是^?O₂^-、^?OH和光生空穴,而光生电子是次要的活性物质.     

电化学方法降解酸性红B研究

研究了成对电氧化技术降解酸性红B染料废水过程.通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)对阴阳极室降解过程中的产物进行了检测,结合UV-Vis变化曲线及TOC、COD_Cr变化过程,发现阳极室脱色比较快,生成多种中间物质;阴极室中间产物很少且降解更完全.电解140min时阴极室中TOC和COD_Cr去除率分别达到71.70%和56.40%,而阳极室中去除率分别为25.15%和27.57%.实验结果表明,阴阳极室中生成氧化物质的氧化能力不同而使酸性红B在阴阳极室按不同的机理降解.     

可见光响应手性TiO2复合光催化剂及其降解有机污染物

通过空穴和自由基捕获剂的加入,首先研究了可见光激发下手性TiO₂复合光催化剂降解罗丹明B和四环素的机理. 结果表明,可见光激发TiO₂光催化剂降解罗丹明B和四环素的机理是相同的,其形成的光生空穴是降解有机物的关键影响因素.利用D型手性表面活性剂在低温时可以构建右旋非对称手性堆积结构的D-TiO₂. 这种非对称结构在介孔TiO₂内部引入氧空穴和Ti-N键,使D-TiO₂也具有显著的可见光响应和可见光降解活性. La³⁺ 或者Fe³⁺的掺杂几乎不影响催化剂的形貌及其TiO₂的结晶过程, 但可以在催化剂中形成光生空穴和电子的捕获中心,显著提升可见光激发下TiO₂催化剂中光生空穴和电子的分离率,从而增强催化剂对四环素的光降解活性.     

TiO2/SiO2催化剂光催化降解罗丹明B的表观动力学

采用多孔硅胶为载体的TiO₂/SiO₂光催化剂,建立了三相内循环流化床光催化氧化体系,并以罗丹明B染料为典型污染物,研究其降解规律.通过对罗丹明B降解过程的表观动力学研究,发现在该体系中罗丹明B的降解并不符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood反应动力学模型.实验表明,其降解反应动力学符合双曲型模式,即降解率的倒数1/X和时间的倒数1/t成线性关系.反应速率常数与反应物初始浓度无关,与光源强度和相对体积能量吸收速率成正比.将不同实验条件下的罗丹明B的降解率实测值与模型计算值相比较,二者能很好吻合,平均相对偏差仅为3.25%.     

Preparation of TiO2/Ti mesh photoelectrode and properties

An innovative photoelectrode,TiO2/Ti mesh electrode,was prepared by anodisation.In anodisation,0.5 mol/L H2SO4 was used as electrolytic solution,the current had been constantly 1A from the beginning of the oxidation until reaching a designed voltage.Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of electrode was better when the designed voltage was 160 V.The morphology and the crystalline texture of the TiO2 film on mesh electrode were examined by scanning electronic microseopy and Raman spectruscopy respectively.The examination results indicated that the structure and properties of the film depended on anodisation rate,and the anatase was the dominant component under the eontrolled experimental conditions.Degradation of Rhodamine B in photocatalytic (PC)and photoelectrocatalytic(PEC) reaction was investigated.     

Preparation of TiO_2/Ti mesh photoelectrode and properties

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Kinetics of photoelectrocatalytic degradation of humic acid using B2O3·TiO2/Ti photoelectrode

An innovative photoelectrode, B₂O₃·TiO₂/Ti electrode, was prepared by galvanostaticanodisation. The morphology and crystalline texture of the B₂O₃·TiO₂ film on electrode were examined by acomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction respectively. The examination results indicated that the anatase was the dominant component. The kinetics of photoelectrocatalytic(PEC) degradation of humic acid(HA) was investigated; the results demonstrated that effects from strongness to weakness on the photoelectrocatalytic degraded rate of humic acid: power of UV-lamp, area of TiO₂ film, bias, original concentration of humic acid solution. The optimum conditions were power of UV-lamp 125 W, area of TiO2 film 42.0 cm² , bias 1.4 V, original concentration of humic acid solution 5 mg/L in this PEC reaction system.     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of high COD dipterex pesticide by using TiO2/Ni photo electrode

A TiO₂ thin film electrode deposited on porous nickel net (TiO₂/Ni) was prepared by the sol-gel method, and the surface morphology, crystal structure features and the grain size were characterized by Field emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoelectrocatalytic system was set up using a UV high-pressure mercury lamp as the light source, TiO₂ coated on foamed nickel as photo anode, Pt sheet as counter electrode and the pesticide dipterex in synthetic wastewater. Various factors that influence the photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of dipterex pesticide have been studied, such as degradation time, the type of electrolyte, current density, original pH value and different degradation methods. The prepared catalysts were employed to photoelectrocatalytically degrade the pesticide dipterex under UV irradiation, comparing the results with photocatalytic degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The results indicated that under the optimal conditions of 0.02 mol/L NaCl as the supporting electrolyte, current density = 2.5 mA/cm², pH 6.0 and dipterex pesticide 40 mg/L, and reaction time 2 hr, dipterex chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate and organophosphorous conversion of up to 82.6% and 83.5% were achieved, respectively. The method of photoelectrocatalytic degradation is more efficient than photocatalysis and electrochemical oxidation. The possible roles of the electrolytes on the reactions and probable mechanisms were also discussed.     

Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of ammonia by in situ photoelectrogenerated active chlorine on TiO2 nanotube electrodes

TiO_2 nanotube(Ti NT) electrodes anodized in fluorinated organic solutions were successfully prepared on Ti sheets. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) were performed to characterize the TiNT electrodes. The linear voltammetry results under irradiation showed that the TiNT electrode annealed at 450°C presented the highest photoelectrochemical activity. By combining photocatalytic with electrochemical process, a significantly synergetic effect on ammonia degradation was observed with Na_2SO_4 as supporting electrolyte at pH 10.7. Furthermore, the photoelectrocatalytic efficiency on the ammonia degradation was greatly enhanced in presence of chloride ions without the limitation of pH. The degradation rate was improved by 14.8 times reaching 4.98 × 10~(-2) min~(-1) at pH 10.7 and a faster degradation rate of 6.34 × 10~(-2) min~(-1)was obtained at pH 3.01. The in situ photoelectrocatalytic generated active chlorine was proposed to be responsible for the improved efficiency. On the other hand, an enhanced degradation of ammonia using TiNT electrode fabricated in fluorinated organic solution was also confirmed compared to TiNT electrode anodized in fluorinated water solution and TiO_2 film electrode fabricated by sol–gel method. Finally, the effect of chloride concentration was also discussed.     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of Rose Bengal

An innovative photoelectrode, TiO2/T1 mesh electrode, was prepared by galvanostaticanodisation. The morphology and the crystalline texture of the TiO2 film on mesh electrode were examined by scanning electronic microscopy and Raman spectroscopy respectively. The examination results indicated that the structure and properties of the film depended on anodisation rate, and the anatase was the dominant component under the controlled experimental conditions. Degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) in photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reaction was investigated, the results demonstrated that electric biasing could improve the efficiency of photecatalytic reaction. The measurement results of TOC in photoelectrocatalytic degradation showed that the mineralisation of RB was complete relatively. The comparison between the degradation efficiency of RB in PEC process and that in aqueous TiO2 dispersion was conducted. The results showed that the apparent first-order rate constant of RB degradation in PEC process was larger than that in aqueous dispersion with 0.1%--0.3% TiO2 powder, but was smaller than that in aaueaus disverslon with 1.0% TiO2.     

g-C3N4修饰的TiO2纳米阵列光电催化氧化去除氰化物

通过水热法制备了TiO_2纳米棒(TiO_2NRs)电极,然后通过液相生长法将石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)负载到TiO_2NRs电极上制备出TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极.电极的XRD和SEM表征结果表明,g-C_3N_4成功负载到了TiO_2NRs上.将TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极作为光阳极用于光电催化体系中,并于反应体系中不断曝入O_2,结果发现,与钛片相比,碳气凝胶(CA)电极作为阴极时,反应150 min后CN~-的去除率由13.4%提高到53.1%.与PC过程和EC过程相比,PEC过程对CN~-的去除效果最好.不同光阳极的对比表明,g-C_3N_4与TiO_2的复合可以大大提高阴极H_2O_2产量从而促进CN~-的去除.实验表明,外加偏压的增大可以提高体系中H_2O_2的产量从而增强CN~-的去除效果,CN~-的去除率随CN~-初始浓度的增大而减小.体系的稳定性实验表明,制备的TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4电极具有较好的稳定性.最后提出了通过碳气凝胶阴极利用光生电子原位产H_2O_2,强化了TiO_2NRs/g-C_3N_4复合电极作为光阳极对水中CN~-的去除效果的反应机理.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed Ti O_2 colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite(Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of Ti O_2-CTAB-Mt composites(TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous Ti O_2 film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on Ti O_2/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed TiO₂ colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite (Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of TiO₂-CTAB-Mt composites (TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous TiO₂ film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on TiO₂/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

SiO2纳米粉掺杂对薄膜光催化剂结构和活性的影响

针对固定膜光催化剂吸附能力差的缺陷,在催化剂的涂覆溶胶中掺杂具有较大比表面积的SiO₂纳米粉制备了一种新的TiO₂薄膜.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(TEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)等手段对催化剂进行表征发现,催化剂的晶相以锐钛矿为主,并含有少量的金红石,平均晶粒尺寸为27nm左右.其中掺杂的SiO₂以十几到几十纳米的无定型团簇形式分散于薄膜中,除了能增大薄膜的表面积外,对TiO₂的晶体结构和表面基团等性质几乎没有影响.光催化降解试验表明,SiO₂掺杂后薄膜的活性大大改善,并受掺杂SiO₂的原始粒径和掺杂量影响很大.此外,该催化剂还具有很好的稳定性,在连续30多天的使用中,对活性艳红X-3B的去除率一直维持在80%左右,活性未见降低.