纳米TiO2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响

为了探讨纳米材料对植物的生理效应,以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)作为受试生物,研究了纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响.本研究将拟南芥分别暴露于浓度为0、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·L-1的纳米TiO_2中,通过ICP-MS测定纳米TiO_2在根和叶中的生物积累量,并采用TEM技术观察纳米TiO_2转运至叶片后对叶绿体结构的影响.在处理0、7和14 d后,测定拟南芥生物量、根系活力、叶片相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、活性氧自由基(ROS)等生长生理指标的变化.结果显示:拟南芥能吸收纳米TiO_2并向地上部转运,但转运系数较低;TEM切片观察到纳米TiO_2能进入拟南芥体内并造成叶绿体内囊体中质体小球数目增多、体积变大.与对照组相比,幼苗地上部生物量、叶片相对电导率、叶肉原生质体活力呈下降的趋势,地下部生物量及根系活力呈上升趋势;纳米TiO_2还可引起叶片及根部活性氧(ROS)含量的变化,进而导致MDA、SOD、GSH等抗氧化体系酶活性的应激变化,同时与根部相比,叶片引起的毒性效应更强.说明纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中富集并转运至地上部后,对拟南芥叶片的生长具有显著的抑制作用,诱导其产生氧化应激.同时,一定浓度的纳米TiO_2胁迫下,拟南芥根部与叶片对纳米TiO_2的响应不同,敏感度存在差异,叶生长受到抑制的同时却对根有促进作用.     

臭氧对水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

采用 OTC- 1型开顶式气室研究臭氧对不同生育时期水稻叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响 .实验结果表明 ,随着臭氧浓度增加 ,水稻叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素 a/b值下降 ,膜相对透性和丙二醛 (MDA)含量上升 ,过氧化物酶 (POD)活性逐渐上升 ,过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性开始被诱导上升 ,当浓度达到 200 nl· L^-1时反而下降 .叶绿素含量及叶绿素a/b值与 MDA含量呈显著负相关 ,膜透性与 MDA含量呈显著正相关 ,叶绿素含量与 POD活性呈负相关 .臭氧造成活性氧的产生和清除之间的失衡 ,加剧了膜脂过氧化作用 ,对水稻的膜系统产生了危害 ,降解叶绿素 ,加速叶片的老化 .     

蚯蚓对人工湿地植物抗氧化酶活性的影响

以芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉为供试植物,研究向人工湿地中加入蚯蚓后湿地植物叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化,结果表明:(1)向人工湿地中加入蚯蚓后显著增加了湿地植物的叶绿素含量(P<0.05)。(2)蚯蚓加入人工湿地后,降低了湿地植物的MDA含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,且美人蕉的SOD活性,美人蕉和香蒲的POD活性以及香蒲的CAT活性显著下降(P<0.05)。(3)湿地植物的POD活性与SOD活性和MDA含量呈显著正相关。加入蚯蚓后,人工湿地对COD、TN和TP的去除率分别增加了11.1%、9.5%和6.5%,其原因与蚯蚓能增加人工湿地中植物的叶绿素含量,并降低植物的抗氧化酶活性有关。     

2种植物组合在Cr(Ⅵ)胁迫下的生理响应

为了研究组合情况下植物对水中铬的去除效果,选取水生植物黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和陆生植物绿萝(Scindapsus aureus)为实验材料,通过水培实验,考察了2种植物组合对不同浓度铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]溶液的净化效果。培养6 d后,测定了植物组织中的叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)和Cr(Ⅵ)的含量。结果表明,溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随着处理时间的增加而降低。随着Cr(Ⅵ)处理浓度的增加2种植物中的叶绿素含量均逐渐降低,铬的富集量和MDA含量均呈增加趋势。这2种植物组合有利于对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。     

速生树种竹柳对重金属胁迫的生理响应

为探讨速生树种竹柳(Salix sp.)对重金属胁迫的生理响应及耐受机制,以竹柳三号和竹柳五号为试验材料,在重金属复合污染(镉、铜、锌)的水稻土条件下处理65 d后,研究了其叶片叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性的响应变化.结果表明:重金属胁迫下,两种竹柳叶片的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均显著(p0.05)降低,而脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)升高.重金属胁迫下,竹柳三号叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化歧化酶活性均显著(p0.05)低于竹柳五号,而叶绿素b含量和过氧化物酶活性反之.对照土壤中,竹柳三号的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性均显著低于竹柳五号,叶绿素含量反之.两种竹柳的叶绿素a/叶绿素b值、丙二醛含量无显著差异.综上所述,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等可以作为竹柳耐重金属胁迫的评价指标.竹柳五号在重金属胁迫作用下可维持较高的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶活性,因此,竹柳五号比竹柳三号对重金属胁迫有更强的耐性.     

李氏禾耐铜胁迫的积累特征及生理响应

在重金属铜(Cu)的胁迫作用下,通过水培李氏禾(Leersia Hexandra Swartz)研究其对Cu的耐受积累能力及生理响应特征,为植物修复Cu污染土壤提供理论支撑。结果表明:在不同Cu处理浓度下,李氏禾茎和叶部分对Cu的最大积累量可达到841. 65 mg/kg;高浓度Cu胁迫作用下,李氏禾叶片中的叶绿素含量降低,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(CAT)、过氧化氢酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的酶活性呈先升后降的趋势。随着Cu处理浓度的增加,脂质过氧化作用加剧,生长细胞受到严重损伤,李氏禾生长受阻,生物量下降。李氏禾虽不是典型的Cu超富集植物,但却对高浓度的Cu污染水体有较好的富集效果,可作为Cu污染区域的潜在修复植物。     

紫外辐射(UV-BC)对47种植物叶片的表观伤害效应

采用叶片实验法研究了模拟紫外辐射(UV-BC)胁迫对47种植物叶片伤斑面积、叶绿素含量的影响.实验结果表明,叶片伤害面积和叶绿素含量的变化与紫外辐射剂量[辐射强度(T_n)×辐射时间(d)]成正相关关系.实验确定了47种植物的紫外辐射伤害阈值,并根据叶片伤害值对植物抗紫外辐射能力进行了排序.     

1,2,4-三氯苯对金鱼藻氧化压力及生理特性的影响

该实验采用1/10 Hoagland营养液水培法,研究了不同浓度(1.25、2.5、5、10、20和40 mg/L)1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)对金鱼藻叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量等的影响。结果表明,不同浓度1,2,4-TCB处理,金鱼藻MDA含量均显著上升且随时间延长MDA上升越显著(p0.05)。1,2,4-TCB在2.5 mg/L和5 mg/L时GSH含量显著上升。SOD活性在1.25 mg/L和2.5 mg/L时显著上升,金鱼藻受到氧化压力,但达到5 mg/L时,SOD活性显著下降。叶绿素含量在20 mg/L和40 mg/L时显著下降,叶片生理功能受到损伤。研究表明,1,2,4-TCB处理下,金鱼藻生理功能受到抑制,叶绿素含量下降,植株受到氧化胁迫,体内抗氧化酶系统表现防御反应。     

芦竹和木本植物间种修复重金属污染土壤

通过温室盆栽实验,研究草本植物芦竹与木本植物构树、桑树间种修复重金属污染土壤的潜力.结果表明,重金属污染土壤上芦竹与构树、桑树间种有利于植物的生长,提高植物对污染土壤中重金属的富集能力,并有效改善土壤酶活性.重金属污染土壤上单种芦竹、构树和桑树的叶片光合色素含量随着修复时间的延长呈下降趋势,而芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,构树叶片叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量,桑树叶片叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均与修复初期(90 d)相比无显著差异;桑树叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及类胡萝卜素含量较单种桑树分别显著(P 0. 05)提高99. 1%、177. 1%和119. 9%,且整株生物量显著(P 0. 05)提高26. 1%.芦竹-构树间种下植物地上部分Pb和Zn总量较单种芦竹分别显著(P 0. 05)提高171%和124%;芦竹-桑树间种下植物地上部分As和Pb总量较单种桑树和芦竹修复分别显著(P 0. 05)提高150%和76. 5%.芦竹与构树、桑树间种修复270 d后,污染土壤中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的赋存形态无明显变化,而且土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和总磷酸酶活性明显优于部分单一植物修复.上述结果表明,芦竹与构树、桑树间种可有效用于重金属污染土壤修复,还可改善污染土壤的环境质量.     

细胞分裂素类物质对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性及脯氨酸含量的影响

采用水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下喷施细胞分裂素类物质6-苄氨基嘌呤(6-BA)和激动素(KT)对玉米幼苗生长、叶片叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量、植株镉含量和活性氧清除酶活性的影响.结果表明,与单纯镉胁迫相比,喷施6-BA和KT提高了玉米幼苗的生物量、根和地上部镉含量、叶绿素和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,促进了叶片过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的升高,但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响不明显.说明细胞分裂素类物质6-BA和KT可缓解镉胁迫对玉米幼苗的伤害,其机制可能与细胞分裂素物质能维持叶绿素稳定、刺激细胞内H2O2清除酶类活性及促进脯氨酸积累有关.当6-BA浓度在0～20mg·L-1之间时,其对玉米幼苗镉胁迫的缓解效应随喷施浓度的提高而增强,而KT的最适喷施浓度为70mg·L-1.     

Effects of temperature on UV-B-induced DNA damage and photorepair in Arabidopsis thaliana

DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers(CPDs) and (6-4) photopreducts(6-4PPs) induced by UV-B radiation in Arabidopsis thaliana at different temperatures was investigated using ELISA with specific monoclonal antibodies. CPDs and 6-4PPs increased during 3 h UV-B exposure, but further exposure led to decreases. Contrary to the commonly accepted view that DNA damage induced by UV-B radiation is temperature-independent because of its photochemical nature, we found UV-B-induction of CPDs and 6-4PPs in Arabidopsis to be slower at a low than at a high temperature. Photorepair of CPDs at 24℃ was much faster than that at 0℃ and 12℃,with 50% CPDs removal during 1 h exposure to white light. Photorepair of 6-4PPs at 12℃ was very slow as compared with that at 24℃,and almost no removal of 6-4PPs was detected after 4 h exposure to white light at 0℃. There was evidence to suggest that temperaturedependent DNA damage and photorepair could have important ecological implications.     

Effects of imazethapyr spraying on plant growth and leaf surface microbial communities in Arabidopsis thaliana

Imazethapyr (IM) is an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide that has been widely used in recent years. However, IM spraying can lead to the accumulation of herbicide residues in leaves. Here, we determined the effects of IM spraying on the plant growth and leaf surface microbial communities of Arabidopsis thaliana after 7 and 14?days of exposure. The results suggested that IM spraying inhibited plant growth. Fresh weight decreased to 48% and 26% of the control value after 7 and 14?days, respectively, of 0.035?kg/ha IM exposure. In addition, anthocyanin content increased 9.2-fold and 37.2-fold relative to the control content after 7 and 14?days of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, IM spraying destroyed the cell structures of the leaves, as evidenced by increases in the number of starch granules and the stomatal closure rate. Reductions in photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity were observed after IM spraying, especially after 14?days of exposure. The diversity and evenness of the leaf microbiota were not affected by IM treatment, but the composition of community structure at the genus level was altered by IM spraying. Imazethapyr application increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, a genus that includes species pathogenic to plants and humans, indicating that IM potentially increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria on leaves. Our findings increase our understanding of the relationships between herbicide application and the microbial community structures on plant leaves, and they provide a new perspective for studying the ecological safety of herbicide usage.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide and its acid mist on reactive oxygen species production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis plants

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is one of the most common and harmful air pollutants. To analyze the response of plants to NO₂ stress, we investigated the morphological change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) exposed to 1.7, 4, 8.5, and 18.8 mg/m³ NO₂. The results indicate that NO₂ exposure affected plant growth and chlorophyll (Chl) content, and increased oxygen free radical (O₂⁻) production rate in Arabidopsis shoots. Furthermore, NO₂ elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, accompanied by the induction of antioxidant enzyme activities and change of ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents. Following this, we mimicked nitric acid mist under experimental conditions, and confirmed the antioxidant mechanism of the plant to the stress. Our results imply that NO₂ and its acid mist caused pollution risk to plant systems. During the process, increased ROS acted as a signal to induce a defense response, and antioxidant status played an important role in plant protection against NO₂/nitric acid mist-caused oxidative damage.     

峨嵋山冷杉衰亡与酸性降水关系的初步研究

本文报道了峨嵋山高海拔地区冷杉衰亡与酸性降水关系的调查和研究,内容包括酸性降水和气态污染物状况的观察,冷杉枝叶生长状况和针叶解剖,树干解剖和根系观察,冷杉冠层对酸性降水的反应及酸性降水在生态系统中的变化,土壤和冷杉的元素分析等方面,并就酸性降水对冷杉衰亡的影响进行了初步评价结果指出,峨嵋山高海拔地区的酸性降水污染严重,雨水的平均pH值为1.37,酸雨频率达85.1:雾水的pH值为1.62,酸雾频率达100 有可能对冷杉产生直接和间接影响。      

Investigation of interactive effects of acid fogand ozone on spruce seedlings

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重庆南山马尾松林衰亡与大气污染关系的讨论

重庆市南郊的南山是一个风景区,有林地约二万七千余亩,主要是马尾松林(Pinusmassoniana Lamb.),自八十年代起明显出现衰亡现象,目前约有85％马尾松植株受到不同程度的伤害,死亡率达35％左右.马尾松出现的症状是针尖坏死,针叶提早脱落,针长变短,树冠稀疏,枝条枯死,径向生长变弱等.     

闽南地区酸性雾水特征初探

1993年3～4月,在闽南地区进行了一次综合性酸雨集中观测,探讨其雾水特征如下:闽南地区雾水已严重酸化,其最低pH值达到2.91,是该地区酸性湿沉降的重要组成部分;雾水中有机酸根的贡献占总阴离子量9%;雾水含较多四价硫,并与甲醛反应形成络合物;雾水受到周围海洋的影响,Cl-有严重的亏损      

Effects of simulated acid rain on the injury and physiological responses of crops

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雾霾天气空气污染下户外跳舞对机体呼吸系统的损伤效应研究

雾霾天气对户外跳舞人员呼吸系统损伤极大.为了确定雾霾天气对人体呼吸系统影响的严重程度,文章研究雾霾污染对户外跳舞人员呼吸系统的急慢性危害,通过采集呼吸系统主观感受指标、确定户外跳舞人员痰液中炎性因子含量,建立了雾霾对机体呼吸系统损伤效应研究优化模型.设计仿真对比试验结果表明,所设计模型,能确定雾霾对人体呼吸系统损伤的严重程度,帮助人们提前做好防范工作.     

“Arabidobrassica”: Plant-genome engineering by protoplast fusion

After fusion of somatic cells (isolated protoplasts) of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica campestris, plants could be regenerated in which genetic material from parents of taxonomically different tribes is combined. Between these regenerants asymmetric hybrids have also been obtained, in which one parental genome is represented by reduced chromosome numbers. Results concerning the analysis and genesis of these plants are used to discuss the question whether such monster plants are of any importance.