广州大田山垃圾填埋场空气中微量挥发有机污染物组成

以广州大田山垃圾填埋场为例，研究了在不同季节填埋场空气中微量挥发性有机污染物的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明，在春、夏季样品中可分别检测出47和64种化合物，其中有些化合物为USEPA优先控制毒害有机污染物；夏季样品中微量挥发性有机污染物的浓度大多比春季样品高，有的甚至高1个数量级以上。因此加强对垃圾的卫生填埋，尤其是加强对夏季的垃圾卫生填埋的科学管理，减少挥发性有机污染物向大气中的扩散，应给予充分的关注。     

湘江重点城市饮用水源地挥发/半挥发有机污染物调查与分析评价

采用气相色谱质谱仪（GC-MS）对湘江流域长沙、株洲、湘潭、岳阳等8个重点城市生活饮用源地水质中挥发/半挥发性有机物进行了分析,结果表明,8个重点城市饮用水源地水质中108种挥发和半挥发性有机物均未检出,含量均处在较低水平。对湘江流域有机污染物来源进行了调查分析,提出了加强有机污染物排放监测和控制管理,并定期对地表水中有机污染物进行监测的必要性。     

环境质量评价与环境监测 环境监测

X830.2200700661环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源与监测分析方法/赵文昌…(上海交通大学环境科学与工程学院)∥环境科学与技术/湖北省环科院.-2006,29(3).-105~106环图X-21X831200700662大气总悬浮颗粒物中半挥发性有机污染物的测定/吴宇峰(天津市环境监测中心)…∥安全与环境学报/北京理工大学.-2006,6(3).-86~89环图X-142采用超声萃取技术提取大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)采样膜中的半挥发性有机污染物(SVOC),浓缩净化后,将1μL试样注入气相色谱质谱仪(GC/MS)进行定性定量分析.研究了大气中64种半挥发有机污染物,包括苯酚类、苯胺类、硝基芳…     

对挥发性有机污染物的审核探讨

本文从挥发性有机污染物的定义、危害出发，论述了在环境管理体系审核时如何对挥发性有机污染物进行审核。     

珠三角某市饮用水水源及河涌水中半挥发性和非挥发性微量有机物的调查

章采用GC，GC／MS对珠江三角洲某市饮用水源水和河涌水中半挥发性、非挥发性微量有机物进行调查分析，共检测出226种有机污染物，其中有14种美国环保局优先控制污染物，6种中国水环境中优先控制污染物，B水厂污染最严重，A水厂水质最好。结果还表明该市饮用水源水及河涌水已经受到了生活污水、石油烃、洗涤剂、塑料增塑剂、有机农药和工厂排放的污水等的污染。     

长江三峡库区蓄水后水质状况分析

2003年5—6月和10月对三峡库区蓄水后的水污染状况进行了监测分析.结果显示,蓄水后库区以Ⅲ类水质为主.若考虑粪大肠菌群指标,总体水质以Ⅳ类和劣Ⅴ类为主.三峡库区重金属含量符合《渔业水质标准》(GB11607-89)与《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅰ类标准的要求.但各监测断面Pb含量较高,两期采样Hg含量均超过了《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类标准.三峡库区共检出19种挥发性有机污染物,其中国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)控制的特定化学物质5种,分别为1,2-二氯乙烷,1,1,2-三氯乙烷,1,4-二氯苯,1,2-二氯苯,六氯丁二烯,但均不超标.挥发性有机污染物以卤代烃为主,苯系物较少.与国内其他水体相比,三峡库区水体受到挥发性有机物的污染较轻.      

饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

北京地区城乡结合部大气挥发性有机物污染及来源分析

采用低温固体吸附采样,热脱附-气相色谱-质谱方法对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了观测分析,对城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物含量水平、时空变化、来源等进行了研究.所有样品共检测出挥发性有机物265种,挥发性有机污染物的平均浓度为431.7μg·m-3,苯系物和烷烃是本地区大气环境中含量最为丰富的挥发性有机物,浓度分别为248.1μg·m-3和130.5μg·m-3,烯烃11.7μg·m-3,卤代烃22.4μg·m-3,含氧化合物18.6μg·m-3,所占比例分别为57.0%、30.0%、3.0%、6.0%和4.0%;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等是含量较高的物质;有机污染物在交通早、晚高峰时期出现较高浓度水平,VOCs浓度冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;源分析表明空气中挥发性有机物的主要来源有机动车尾气,油气挥发排放,黏结剂和溶剂利用以及植被排放等,贡献率分别为53.4%、20.1%、11.0%和5.93%.     

国外水环境标准与监测方法的发展（上）

介绍了国际卫生组织、美国国家环境保护局及日本最新公布的饮用水中污染物的规定标准、重点介绍了日本新增加的１５控制污染物的物理化学性质、产量和用途、在环境中的行为和毒性等。以有机污染物的监测分析方法为重点，评述了水中挥发性、半挥发性和难挥发性有机污染物试样处理的气提一捕集、顶空法、溶剂萃取法和固相萃取法，以及新的监测分析方法体系。并对日本１９９３年实施和１９９４年将要实施的水质监测新方法进行了概述。     

持久性有机污染物:倍受关注的全球性环境问题

持久性有机污染物具有长期残留性，生物蓄物性，半挥发性和高毒性，是目前国际上备受关注的新的全球性环境问题，本文介绍了持久性有机污染物的定义，性质，危害，总结了国外持久性有机污染物的研究重点，分析了我国持久性有机污染物污染状况和研究现状。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.