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1.
凤眼莲作为木质纤维素类生物质,经一定程度的预处理后,可高效水解成还原糖,为燃料乙醇等生物质能源的开发和利用提供保障。该研究利用稀酸、稀碱以及微波联合碱等不同预处理方式对凤眼莲水解产糖进行五因素、四水平的正交试验,发现各类预处理方式在一定程度上都能促进凤眼莲的水解。其中,酸预处理方式明显优于碱预处理和微波联合碱预处理方式,并且微波联合碱预处理效果优于单一的碱预处理方式。利用数据处理软件SPSS 19.0对酸预处理正交试验结果进行方差分析,得到优化后的酸预处理最佳处理条件为:酸浓度1.00%、温度100℃、固液比1∶30、样品粒度60目、处理时间30 min。5个处理因素对还原糖产量的影响大小为温度固液比时间酸浓度粒度。该条件下,还原糖产量达到197.60 mg/g凤眼莲,产量较优化前提高了14.56%,是理论最大还原糖产量的46.19%。  相似文献   

2.
餐厨垃圾可定向发酵产乙醇,但复杂的预处理导致处理时间长、工艺复杂度增加. 本文通过直接接种酵母菌和灭菌后接种酵母菌对比试验,分析发酵系统内乙醇、乙醇前体物还原糖、还原糖前体物淀粉的降解与产生规律,探讨餐厨垃圾直接接种酵母菌固态厌氧发酵产乙醇的可行性及规律. 结果表明:酵母菌的添加能够促进餐厨垃圾固体厌氧发酵产生乙醇,接种酵母菌后乙醇浓度为11.86~12.09 g/L,是空白对照的8.41~31.50倍,且高于灭菌预处理后接种的6.88~10.02 g/L;基于修正的Gompertz模型分析也证实了上述结果,接种酵母菌后,系统产乙醇潜力(Pm)和单位最大乙醇产率(Rm)也随之上升,但接种量对餐厨垃圾的Pm和Rm影响不大. 对乙醇前体物还原糖的分析表明,接种酵母菌能够在发酵初期就可以发挥作用,促使系统内还原糖在0~4 h内快速降为43.37~46.55 mg/g,从而加速了餐厨垃圾的稳定化进程,但在4~24 h内,由于次生代谢物的抑制作用,系统内还原糖未出现明显的产生和降解. 还原糖前体物淀粉的水解情况分析表明,接种酵母菌可将淀粉的水解率由19.36%提高到27.90%~37.57%,但淀粉含量在274.02~316.51 mg/g之间时已不再发生水解. 研究显示,直接接种酵母菌有助于餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇含量的提高,体系中还原糖、淀粉含量并未成为餐厨垃圾固态厌氧发酵产乙醇量的限制性因素.   相似文献   

3.
凤眼莲发酵产氢特性的研究   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
 采用加热预处理的厌氧活性污泥为接种物,对凤眼莲进行发酵产氢研究.结果表明,凤眼莲茎叶的发酵产氢能力优于整株凤眼莲,讨论了不同预处理方法和温度对凤眼莲茎叶发酵产氢的影响规律.在凤眼莲茎叶酶水解前采用强碱(NaOH)的预处理方式优于低酸(稀H2SO4),发酵反应温度35℃比55℃更有利于代谢产氢.将凤眼莲茎叶经NaOH预处理和酶解后,控制发酵液pH值为6和温度为35℃时,得到单位产氢量为49.7mL/g,最大产氢速率为0.48mL/(h·g).  相似文献   

4.
为了研究不同水平的酸处理对麦秆混合发酵过程中各指标变化的影响,本试验通过测定不同醋酸浓度、时间处理后的麦秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程中还原糖、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量,以及p H值变化和甲烷产量,探究各指标的关系并优化得出最佳醋酸处理组合,以期为酸预处理混合发酵实现高甲烷产量提供可靠的理论依据.结果表明,醋酸处理后的麦秆通过与猪粪混合发酵可明显提高甲烷单位产量,增幅为124.28%~207.40%.发酵过程中还原糖、VFA、p H值间相互影响.通过响应面法建立模型,得到醋酸处理的最优组合为浓度3.35%、时间6.75d,最大甲烷单位产量751.97 m L·g-1(以VS计).  相似文献   

5.
水绵干燥样中含有大量的淀粉、纤维素等碳水化合物,利用水绵制备生物乙醇,不仅可以拓宽生物乙醇的原料来源,还可以缓解水体富营养化现象。对水绵干燥样成分进行分析后,通过自行构建的水绵发酵产乙醇工艺,考察了预处理混合物中稀硫酸用量、纤维素酶用量、预水解时间、预水解温度、发酵时间和发酵温度对产乙醇浓度的影响;利用响应面中心组合设计法和响应面分析法,得到了水绵发酵产乙醇工艺参数的回归模型,并在回归模型预测出的优化条件下进行了放大倍数的产乙醇试验,采用Logistic模型基于1st Opt软件,得到能描述水绵发酵产乙醇全过程的分段优化模型。试验结果表明:水绵干燥样中淀粉、纤维素等碳水化合物约占水绵干重的67.53%,水绵发酵产乙醇具有巨大的潜力;最佳产乙醇条件为纤维素酶(10万u/g)与水绵干燥样的投加质量比1∶1、预水解温度50℃、预水解时间50 min、发酵温度40℃,产物乙醇的最佳浓度可达5.61 g/L,以原料计算的乙醇得率为28.1%(g/g);在最佳产乙醇条件下,最大乙醇浓度为5.715 8 g/L,最大乙醇产生速率为0.691 9 g/[g/(L·h)]。该结果对水绵发酵产乙醇工艺参数的选择及对产乙醇全过程的调控具有指导意义。  相似文献   

6.
玉米芯经酸-超声波强化碱耦合预处理制取燃料乙醇   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
为研究酸碱耦合和超声波对玉米芯预处理效果的影响,通过成分分析、GC-MS分析、还原糖测定、X射线衍射和Jade软件的计算比较预处理后玉米芯的组成形态、结晶结构特点和酶解得率变化,以获得最佳的预处理条件.结果表明:酸处理后的滤渣继续进行碱处理时,w(半纤维素)和w(木质素)均可降至14%左右;若在碱处理的同时进行超声波强化,当超声波功率为120W,作用时间为5 min时,w(木质素)可进一步降至7.86%,酶解得率从34.09%升至37.32%,玉米芯的结晶度从59.79%降至57.46%.以玉米芯为原料制取燃料乙醇的最佳预处理方式为“酸-超声波强化碱”耦合预处理.  相似文献   

7.
XS X703 9901518产酸相最佳发酵类型工程控制对策/李建政…(哈尔滨建筑大学市政与环境工程学院)//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一1998,18(5)一398~402环信X一58 对二相厌氧消化工艺的研究证明,产酸发酵阶段对整个厌氧生物处理系统运行的成败起着关键的作用,作为产酸发酵三种类型之一的乙醇型发酵被证明是产酸相的最佳发酵类型。采用连续流二相厌氧生物处理系统,对产酸相乙醇型发酵在实际工程中能够直接控制的运行参数进行了研究与探讨。试验结果表明,产酸相乙醇型发酵的最佳参数:温度为34~35℃,pH为4.0~4.4,Eh为一300~一400mV,HRT为5~…  相似文献   

8.
产酸相最佳发酵类型工程控制对策   总被引:28,自引:1,他引:28  
 对二相厌氧消化工艺的研究证明,产酸发酵阶段对整个厌氧生物处理系统运行的成败起着关键的作用,作为产酸发酵三种类型之一的乙醇型发酵被证明是产酸相的最佳发酵类型。采用连续流二相厌氧生物处理系统,对产酸相乙醇型发酵在实际工程中能够直接控制的运行参数进行了研究与探讨。试验结果表明,产酸相乙醇型发酵的最佳参数:温度为34~38℃,pH为4.0~4.4,Eh为-300~-400mV,HRT为5~6h;污泥负荷应不大于4gCOD/gVSS·d,以2.5gCOD/gVSS·d最佳。  相似文献   

9.
通过厌氧发酵动力学分析、还原糖及其他代谢产物变化情况,结合香蒲微观结构解析,系统研究酸(HCl)、碱(NaOH)、酶(纤维素酶R-10)3种预处理对水生植物厌氧发酵联产H2-CH4的影响.结果表明:香蒲分别经酸、碱、酶3种预处理后,厌氧发酵联产累积H2、CH4产量及含量均显著提高,c(HCl)、c(NaOH)均为1.0 mol/L,w(纤维素酶R-10)(以底物计)为10 mg/g时,预处理最佳.其中1.0 mol/L NaOH预处理香蒲效果最佳,φ(H2)(H2含量)达30.09%,累积产H2量(以香蒲干质量计)达11.39 mL/g;φ(CH4)(CH4含量)最高达67.48%,累积产CH4量(以香蒲干质量计)达41.87 mL/g;还原糖利用率达50.87%,sCOD(溶解性化学需氧量)利用率达66.17%.纤维素酶预处理后香蒲产CH4能力显著提高,产CH4阶段φ(CH4)最高为71.39%,累积产CH4量达46.32 mL/g,还原糖利用率达72.10%.扫描电镜微观结构分析表明,碱预处理对香蒲纤维素结构破坏程度最大,可有效增加香蒲与微生物接触面积,有利于厌氧发酵联产H2-CH4工艺的快速启动和稳定运行.  相似文献   

10.
为打破传统厌氧发酵周期长,有机质利用率低等瓶颈,增强污泥的资源利用和能源回收,探讨了游离亚硝酸(FNA)预处理对剩余污泥电解效果及微生物群落的影响.对比分析了FNA预处理前后剩余污泥在微生物电解池(MEC)中的电流和氢气产生、溶解性有机物和挥发酸的释放和利用及功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,FNA预处理能有效地促进剩余污泥在MEC系统中的水解和酸化,其溶解性糖类、蛋白和挥发酸的含量远高于未预处理组,进而促进了水解发酵菌、产电菌及反硝化菌的生长和富集,最终挥发酸利用率均在97%以上,表现为电流(1.9mA)和氢气(0.86mL/g VSS)的增强,分别是空白组的3.8倍和5.1倍.  相似文献   

11.
Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity (both in gene richness and diversity index values) and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor (50 mg/kg) recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos (150 mg/kg) caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos (250 mg/kg) produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes (bands) responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals: four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.  相似文献   

13.
Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone (BP 1,6- quinone), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-diol), 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (3-OHBP), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that (1) the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; (2) the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; (3) the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% (w/v), concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.  相似文献   

14.
Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.  相似文献   

15.
In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato (Solanum tuberosum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena), for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.  相似文献   

16.
Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury (HgT), combinative mercury (Hgc) and gaseous mercury (HgG), and content of total organic carbon (TOC), but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of (HgG,/HgT)1992〉(HgG/HgT)1996〉〉(HgG/HgT)2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn: with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants (e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum) are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.  相似文献   

17.
Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.  相似文献   

18.
RemovalofheavymetalsfromsewagesludgebylowcostingchemicalmethodandrecyclinginagricultureWuQitang,NyirandegePascasie,MoCehuiF...  相似文献   

19.
Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.  相似文献   

20.
The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol (PCP) oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.  相似文献   

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