紫外线分解腐植酸的研究

通过我们对紫外线照射前后腐植酸（ＨＡ）的理化性质进行了较系统的研究。发现光照可使部门ＨＡ分解，并使紫外、红外、核磁共振等光谱发生明显改变；短时间辐射（不超过２０分钟）可催化自由基的产生；光照氯化后的ＨＡ溶液可使总有机物的组成发生明显变化。     

新型PHBV吸油材料与传统聚丙烯吸油材料的性能比较研究

对以完全生物降解PHVB（β－羟基丁酸和β－羟基戊酸的共聚体）为基材采用不同方法制备的几种材料的吸油性能与常用聚丙烯吸油毡做了对比实验研究并初步探讨了其吸油机理。实验结果表明，成型后的PHBV的吸油速率、吸油率等指标均已接近聚丙烯吸油毡，而保油性优于聚丙烯吸油毡。     

固体微生物菌剂现场修复油田污染土壤的应用研究初探

从石油污染土壤中筛选出2种优势细菌枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtillus）和多食鞘氨醇杆菌（Sphingobacterium multivolum）。在实验室条件下7d后。2种菌液对原油降解率分别为69．9％和60．1％。将这2种微生物制成的混合菌液与固体草炭土以0．5：1的比例制备成固体微生物菌剂后,投放到辽河油田石油污染土壤中,进行了现场原油污染土壤的修复实验,并与活性污泥和自然降解相比较。结果表明．现场条件下修复2个月后。固体混合菌剂,活性污泥、自然降解实验对原油降解率分别为73．5％,41．4％和38．5％。固体菌剂的修复效果明显优于活性污泥和自然降解。     

磷基材料对土壤铅稳定化效果及影响因素的Meta分析

磷基材料对土壤Pb有良好的稳定化效果.利用Meta分析法筛选汇总了1997~2022年磷基材料稳定土壤Pb的90篇文献,从土壤性质、稳定化工艺条件和磷基材料类型这3个方面量化分析了磷基材料对土壤Pb的稳定化率、赋存形态转化和对土壤pH的影响.结果表明,从土壤性质来看,土壤碱性越强（pH≥7.5）、土壤ω（Pb）越低（≤500 mg ·kg^-1）和土壤ω（有机质）越高（>0.5%）时,越有利于磷基材料对土壤Pb的稳定化,稳定化率分别为75.21%、34.97%和93.12%.从稳定化工艺条件来看,磷基材料添加量较高（≥10%）、含水率较高（>50%）、养护时间较长（≥30d）和养护温度较高（≥40℃）时,更有利于土壤Pb的稳定化,稳定化率可分别达到80.65%、84.98%、79.39%和41.44%.从磷基材料类型来看,可溶性磷基材料对土壤Pb有很高稳定化率（96.24%）;其使土壤可交换态Pb和碳酸盐结合态Pb向残渣态Pb转化的转化率达到95.93%;可溶性磷基材料多呈酸性,对土壤pH的降低率为7.27%,难溶性磷基材料多呈碱性,对土壤pH的增加率为3.63%.综上,在土壤pH≥7.5、土壤ω（Pb）≤500 mg ·kg^-1、土壤ω（有机质）>0.5%、可溶性磷基材料添加量≥10%、含水率>50%、养护时间≥30 d和养护温度≥40℃时,磷基材料对土壤Pb的稳定化效果较好.可见在实际Pb污染土壤修复过程中,为提高Pb稳定化率,需综合考虑土壤性质、稳定化工艺条件和磷基材料类型等因素的影响.     

堆肥对土壤中石油烃的去除及微生物群落的影响

为研究堆肥对石油污染土壤中不同组分烃的去除作用及土壤微生物群落结构变化的影响,利用重量法和GC-MS测定土壤中总石油烃、烷烃和多环芳烃的含量,采用高通量测序技术研究了堆肥对土壤微生物群落结构和多样性的影响作用.结果表明,向石油污染土壤中施加堆肥进行42d的修复处理,土壤中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃去除率分别为（12.4±0.01）%、（10.2±0.01）%、（9.38±0.02）%;自然放置的土壤中3种烃去除率分别为（3.21±0.02）%、（-3.00±0.01）%、（-6.59±0.02）%.自然放置的土壤香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数分别为4.30、3489.3和2691.0,加入堆肥进行修复处理后,土壤香农指数、ACE指数和Chao1指数分别增加为5.80、4684.7和3851.8.油污土壤中放线菌门（Actinobacteria）所占丰度由47.3%降低为28.2%,拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）丰度由0.78%增加至16.2%.变形菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度为37.4%,修复结束后几乎不变.属水平上,油污土壤中的优势菌属包括原小单孢菌属（promicromonospora）、微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）、诺卡氏菌属（Nocardioides）、分支杆菌属（Mycobacterium）、柠檬酸细菌属（Citrobacter）.施入堆肥使土壤中的这些优势菌属丰度降低,土壤中出现氮单胞菌属（Azomonas）、藤黄单胞菌属（Luteimonas）、假鞘氨醇杆菌属（Pseudosphingo bacterium）、紫单胞菌属（Parapedobacter）等新菌属.研究结果表明,与自然放置的土壤相比,向石油污染土壤中施入有机堆肥可有效去除土壤中的石油烃、烷烃和多环芳烃.并使土壤微生物群落结构发生明显变化.     

淀粉——丙烯酸钠吸水树脂的抑尘性能研究

对淀粉－－丙烯酸钠合成的吸水树脂工艺，及其吸湿放湿性，吸水保水性，抗蒸发性等抑制路（地）面扬尘的性能进行研究。结果表明，此吸水树脂的合成工艺简单，抑尘性能较好；用它喷洒高扬尘（地）面，能保持有利于抑尘的含水量，增强路（地）面的稳定性，因此可有效抑制粉尘飞扬，且有抑尘时间较长。     

基于生物沸石复合滤料的间歇式脱氮水处理

以粒径0.15～0.18 mm的天然沸石粉为主要原料,水泥为黏结剂,制备出粒径4～8 mm的沸石复合滤料（ZCF）.对制备的材料进行了空隙率、表观密度、强度等性能测试.优化出复合滤料中m（沸石粉）：m（水泥）=7：3,自然条件下养护15 d.利用该ZCF装填实验柱,完成硝化微生物挂膜培养,然后进行间歇式脱氮水处理动态实验,间歇式运行周期分为吸附、生物再生、淋洗共3个阶段.采用上流式进水吸附脱氮,以NH4＋-N浓度低于2 mg·L-1为出水标准,出水超标后,排空实验柱中水,鼓风生物再生,用水淋洗滤料后重复沸石吸附-生物再生循环,淋洗液单独进行反硝化处理.结果表明,在模拟实验条件下间歇式运行最佳的周期为：吸附5 d,鼓风生物再生24 h,NH4＋-N平均去除率为87.7%,TN平均去除率达51.2%.     

同步钝化土壤Cd和As材料的筛选

土壤中Cd和As的化学行为相反,导致同时降低土壤Cd和As的有效性成为一个难题.本实验采用先淹水30 d后湿润30 d的培养方法,研究了海泡石（Sep）、铁改性海泡石（IMS）、铁锰改性海泡石（Sep-FM）、钢渣（SS）和铁基生物炭（Fe-Bio）对土壤pH、Eh、孔隙水中Cd和As动态变化及土壤Cd和As形态的影响,旨在筛选出可以同时钝化土壤Cd和As的潜在材料.结果表明,添加Sep、IMS、Sep-FM和SS材料提高土壤pH值,降低Eh值及土壤孔隙水中Cd的质量浓度;而且高剂量IMS（2.5%）和SS（5%）处理土壤孔隙水中As的质量浓度在整个培养期间均低于CK处理.然而添加Fe-Bio则使土壤pH降低和Eh值升高,且仅在湿润条件下降低溶液中Cd和As的质量浓度.所有供试材料均降低土壤可交换态Cd含量,提高可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态Cd含量.高剂量IMS（2.5%）、Sep-FM（2.5%）和SS（5%）处理还降低了土壤中可利用态As含量（非专性吸附态和专性吸附态As）、提高了晶形和非晶形铁铝氧化物结合态As的含量,而1% Fe-Bio处理则提高了土壤非专性吸附态、专性吸附态和残渣态As的含量.总之,高剂量的IMS、Sep-FM和SS能同时钝化土壤中Cd和As,促进其向生物难利用的形态转化,是修复Cd和As复合污染土壤的潜在材料.     

冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响

为了分析冻融对污染场地土壤重金属稳定化性能的影响,采用赤泥和硫化钠作为添加剂,对土壤中的Pb、Zn和Cd进行稳定化处理,并通过模拟冻融过程,分析冻融循环后重金属的浸出毒性、生物可给性、土壤pH和土壤结构的变化,探讨冻融循环对稳定化处理土壤中重金属长期稳定性能的影响. 结果表明:稳定化处理后土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤分别降低了98.5%、99.8%和99.7%. 养护30 d后,稳定化处理土壤中Zn和Cd的生物可给性分别由28.8%、49.5%降至11.5%、21.8%,Pb的生物可给性由52.9%升至57.9%. 经过30 d冻融循环后,冻融土壤中Pb、Zn和Cd的浸出毒性比原始供试土壤中相应重金属质量分数分别增加了4.27、2.47、89.65 mg/L. 经过冻融循环后,土壤中重金属的生物可给性比未冻融土壤略有升高. 随着养护时间和冻融时间的延长,土壤pH呈升高趋势. 不同阶段土壤扫描电镜结果显示,冻融循环致使土壤空隙变大、结构松散,说明冻融循环对稳定化土壤结构有一定损伤. 分析结果表明,冻融过程增加了Pb、Zn和Cd释放的环境风险.      

土壤对重金属缓冲性能的研究

研究了土壤对锌的缓冲性能，讨论了缓冲能力随土壤固相上的锌量以及溶液中锌离子浓度变化的规律；缓冲能力与土壤中几种主要组分（有机质、ＣａＣＯ３和氧化物）关系；温度和ｐＨ对土壤冲能力的影响。结果表明，随着土壤固相上锌量增加，溶液中锌离子浓度的变大，土壤对锌的缓冲能力明显降低。温度和ｐＨ升高，都增加土壤对锌的缓冲能力，石灰性土壤中几种主要组分对锌的缓冲能力的影响顺序耿：ＣａＣＯ３〉氧化物〉有机质。     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.