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1.
Lead and Zn uptake and chemical changes in rhizosphere soils of four emergent-rooted wetland plants; Aneilema bracteatum, Cyperus alternifolius, Ludwigia hyssopifolia and Veronica serpyllifolia were investigated by two experiments: (1) rhizobag filled with “clean” or metal-contaminated soil for analysis of Pb and Zn in plants and rhizosphere soils; and (2) applied deoxygenated solution for analyzing their rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL). The results showed that the wetland plants with di erent ROL rates had significant e ects on the mobility and chemical forms of Pb and Zn in rhizosphere under flooded conditions. These e ects were varied with di erent metal elements and metal concentrations in the soils. Lead mobility in rhizosphere of the four plants both in the “clean” and contaminated soils was decreased, while Zn mobility was increased in the rhizosphere of the “clean” soil, but decreased in the contaminated soil. Among the four plants, V. serpyllifolia, with the highest ROL, formed the highest degree of Fe plaque on the root surface, immobilized more Zn in Fe plaque, and has the highest e ects on the changes of Zn form (EXC-Zn) in rhizosphere under both “clean” and contaminated soil conditions. These results suggested that ROL of wetland plants could play an important role in Fe plaque formation and mobility and chemical changes of metals in rhizosphere soil under flood conditions.  相似文献   

2.
To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.  相似文献   

3.
Does copper reduce cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes?   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
A hydroponics experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of copper (Cu) on cadmium (Cd), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) uptake by several rice genotypes. The experiment was carried out as a 2×2×4 factorial with four rice genotypes and two levels of Cu and Cd in nutrient solution. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with controlled environment. The results showed a significant difference between the biomass of different rice genotypes (P 〈 0.001). The Cd and Cu concentration in the solution had no significant effect on the biomass. The addition of Cu significantly decreased Cd uptake by shoots and roots of rice (P 〈 0.001). The Cd concentration did not significantly influence Ca uptake by plants, whereas the Cu concentration did (P = 0.034). There was a significant influence of Cd on Fe uptake by shoots and roots (P 〈 0.001, P = 0.003, respectively). Zn uptake decreased significantly as the addition of Cd and Cu increased in shoots. We concluded that Cu had significant influence on Cd uptake. The possible mechanisms were discussed.  相似文献   

4.
In order to understand the mechanisms on the variation between rice cultivars in Cd uptake and accumulation, two pot soil experiments were conducted with typical rice cultivars that varied greatly in soil Cd uptake. The experiments with six rice cultivars showed that the root oxidation abilities of rice differed with rice cultivars and also with types of the cultivars, the cultivars with indica consanguinity were significantly higher than the cultivars with japonica consanguinity. Root oxidation abilities of the rice cultivars correlated positively and significantly (P〈0.01) with their Cd concentrations and Cd quantity accumulations in rice plants. The experiments with two rice cultivars showed that significant differences also existed between the two cultivars in pot soil redox potentials, which of Shan you 63 (higher soil Cd accumulator) were significantly higher than that of Wu yun jing 7 (lower soil Cd accumulator) under different soil Cd levels, but the degrees of the differences varied with soil Cd levels. The differences were larger under soil Cd treatments than the control. The results indicate that root oxidation ability, especially in Cd contaminated soil, is one of the main mechanisms which dominate Cd uptake and accumulation by rice plant.  相似文献   

5.
Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.  相似文献   

6.
Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic(As) and cadmium(Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3–16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from 0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid(from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.  相似文献   

7.
In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator,uptake and transport of arsenate(As(V))and arsenite(As(III))were studied using Pteris vittata L.under sandculture.Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P.vittata.The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds,and relatively weak in root and rhizome.Moderateincreases,from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L,in phosphate reduced uptake of As(III)more than As(V),while the reverse was observed at highconcentrations of phosphate(1.0 mmol/L).Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in frondsof P.vittata when As was supplied as As(V).It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(V)during transport.Incontrast,phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(III).Therefore,the results from presentexperiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P.vittata,especially inthe fronds,when exposed to As(V);but the suppression of phosphate to As transport may be insignificant when P.vittata exposed toAs(III)under sand culture conditions.The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P.vittata.  相似文献   

8.
In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.  相似文献   

9.
Phosphorus (P) deficiency is thought to exacerbate the arsenic (As) phytotoxicity in paddy rice. The experiments were conducted to investigate the e ects of external phosphate supply on As accumulation in rice and its toxicity under phosphate deficiency conditions. Rice seedlings pretreated with a phosphorus deficient nutrient solution (–P) for 14 d accumulated more As than those pretreated with a normal phosphorus supply nutrient solution (+P). Rice protreated with –P showed As toxicity symptoms after being exposed to 50 mol/L arsenate for 4 h, while +P rice did not show any toxicity symptoms. Arsenic toxicity symptoms can be alleviated by increasing external P concentrations. The arsenate uptake rate and accumulation corresponded with the As toxicity in rice plants. Arsenic concentrations in rice roots decreased with increasing external phosphate concentrations. The lowest As accumulation and the highest P accumulation were found when the external P concentration reached 100 mol/L. In short, P deficiency increased the sensitivity of rice to arsenate and increasing of external phosphate supply could alleviate As toxicity.  相似文献   

10.
The degradative characteristics of simazine (SIM), microbial biomass carbon, plate counts of heterotrophic bacteria and most probably number (MPN) of SIM degraders in uninoculated non-rhizosphere soil, uninoculated rhizosphere soil, inoculated non- rhizosphere soil, and inoculated rhizosphere soil were measured. At the initial concentration of 20 mg SIM/kg soil, the half-lives of SIM in the four treated soils were measured to be 73.0, 52.9, 16.9, and 7.8 d, respectively, and corresponding kinetic data fitted first-order kinetics. The experimental results indicated that higher degradation rates of SIM were observed in rhizosphere soils, especially in inoculated rhizosphere soil. The degradative characteristics of SIM were closely related to microbial process. Vegetation could enhance the magnitude of rhizosphere microbial communities, microbial biomass content, and heterotrophic bacterial community, but did little to influence those community components responsible for SIM degradation. This suggested that rhizosphere soil inoculated with microorganisms-degrading target herbicides was a useful pathway to achieve rapid degradation of the herbicides in soil.  相似文献   

11.
本文对贵州兴仁某处煤矿区旧址自然定居的优势蕨类7科10属(分别为蕨菜、华中介蕨、栗蕨、狗脊、芒萁、顶芽狗脊、耳羽岩蕨、光里白、蜈蚣草和岭南铁角蕨)及其根际土壤重金属(Cd、Hg和As)含量进行了调查分析。结果表明,植物根际土壤Cd含量为0. 03~1. 9 mg/kg,超过了国家土壤二级标准; Hg和As含量分别为0. 5~15 mg/kg和537~5 330 mg/kg,均超过了国家土壤三级标准,其中As超标严重。蕨类植物中蜈蚣草富集As效果最佳,地上部分As含量达1 710 mg/kg,转运系数为1. 4。岭南铁角蕨地上部分Cd含量可高达1 490μg/kg,转运系数达56,具有极强的Cd富集能力。通过相关性分析发现,蕨类吸收Cd和As的量与根际土p H呈显著正相关关系(P0. 05),吸Hg量则与p H呈显著负相关(P0. 05)。土壤中重金属的可交换态与蕨类对重金属的吸收总量均呈显著正相关关系(P0. 05)。单因子污染指数法计算结果显示,废渣堆附近土壤Hg和As污染十分严重,其中As污染已扩散到下游区域。潜在生态风险程度评估表明,该煤矿区重金属Cd、Hg和As复合污染严重,其高风险程度应引起相关部门重视。  相似文献   

12.
野鸭湖湿地芦苇根际微生物多样性与磷素形态关系   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
滕泽栋  李敏  朱静  宋明阳 《环境科学》2017,38(11):4589-4597
以野鸭湖湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)根际微生物为研究对象,采用化学连续提取法分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤中各形态磷随植物生长(4、7、10月)的变化规律,同时基于细菌的16S rRNA高通量测序技术,分析了芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物多样性,进一步采用CCA法分析了土壤样品中特定微生物与磷素形态转化关系.结果表明,无机磷含量的总体顺序大小为:钙磷(Ca-P)闭蓄态磷(Oc-P)铁磷(Fe-P)交换态磷(Ex-P)铝磷(Al-P),无机磷含量变化主要受芦苇生长状况影响,在芦苇旺盛期达到最低,且根际土壤中的总无机磷含量普遍低于非根际.有机磷含量分布为高稳定性有机磷(HR-OP)中稳定性有机磷(MR-OP)中活性有机磷(ML-OP)活性有机磷(L-OP),各组分含量均随芦苇生长先降低后升高.芦苇根际/非根际土壤微生物中的优势菌门均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria),但在芦苇生长过程中,其根际和非根际微生物群落结构受季节影响变化显著,且根际和非根际的变化有所差异.同时发现了芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)等可能是与磷形态转化有关的主要功能菌属,这些菌属能利用大部分的有机磷和无机磷,在湿地土壤磷素转化中起着关键作用.  相似文献   

13.
为探究稻田土壤光合碳的输入及分配对施磷的响应特征,本研究选用籼性常规水稻品种(中早39),在两个施磷(0 mg·kg-1和80 mg·kg-1;分别记为P0和P80)条件下进行盆栽试验,同时采用13CO2连续标记技术量化光合碳在水稻-土壤系统中的分配.结果表明,施磷显著增加光合碳在水稻地上部的分配,降低其在根际土的分配(P<0.05);施磷使拔节期水稻的光合碳含量增加了70%,根系干重降低了31%.与不施磷相比,施磷显著提高了水稻地上部全碳含量0.31 g·pot-1P<0.05),显著降低了水稻根冠比;施磷使进入非根际土壤微生物量的光合碳(13C-MBC)显著增加了0.03 mg·kg-1,但降低其在根际土壤的分配;光合碳在非根际土壤颗粒态有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)的分配对施磷的响应不显著,但在根际土壤施磷处理显著降低了其在POC中的含量.因此,施磷增加了光合碳在水稻-土壤系统的分配,但降低了光合碳在土壤中的积累.本研究探讨施磷对水稻光合碳在水稻-土壤系统的分配及其稳定的影响,为缺磷土壤的合理施用磷肥及其对土壤有机碳积累的影响提供理论基础和数据支撑;对理解稻田土壤光合碳的传输与分配特征及其固碳潜力具有重要意义.  相似文献   

14.
Arsenic (As) in paddy fields is deteriorating food security and human health through rice ingestion. Rice is the dominant food source of arsenic exposure to half of the world''s population. Therefore, an in situ effective method for As risk evaluation in paddy soil is strongly needed to avoid As exposure through rice ingestion. Herein, we developed a rapid analytical methodology for determination of As in plant tissues using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (FP-XRF). This method was applied to rice roots in order to evaluate the As contamination in paddy soils. The results showed that rice roots with iron plaques were superior to rhizosphere soils for generating FP-XRF signals, especially for field sites with As concentrations lower than the soil detection limit of FP-XRF (30.0 mg/kg). Moreover, the strong linear relationships of As concentrations between the rice roots and corresponding leaves and grains proved that the rice root, rather than the soil, is a better predictor of As concentrations in rice grains. The research provides an efficient As monitoring method for As contaminated paddy fields by using wetland plant roots with iron plaques and XRF-based analytical techniques.  相似文献   

15.
黄河三角洲不同植物群落土壤酶活性特征及影响因子分析   总被引:15,自引:9,他引:6  
莫雪  陈斐杰  游冲  刘福德 《环境科学》2020,41(2):895-904
土壤酶是滨海湿地群落构建和演替的关键因子,但水盐胁迫条件下土壤酶活性的驱动机制尚不明确.以黄河三角洲盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳这3种盐生植物群落为对象,研究其根际与非根际土壤中蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性特征及其分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质的变化探讨滨海湿地群落演替过程中土壤酶活性的驱动因子.结果表明,盐地碱蓬、芦苇、柽柳群落的根际土壤酶活性和土壤肥力指标均显著高于非根际土壤(P 0. 05).在根际土壤中,磷酸酶与过氧化氢酶活性均表现为盐地碱蓬芦苇柽柳,蔗糖酶与脲酶活性则分别表现为柽柳盐地碱蓬芦苇、盐地碱蓬柽柳芦苇,且不同盐生植物群落根际土壤理化性质存在显著差异(P 0. 05),说明植物类型及其根际效应均会影响土壤酶活性和土壤肥力特征,且根际效应对土壤酶活性的影响大于植被类型.土壤蔗糖酶活性与有效钾(AK)、有效磷(AP)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)显著正相关(P 0. 05);脲酶活性与全氮(TN)、有机质(SOM)、AK、AP、NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)显著正相关(P 0. 01);二者均与土壤电导率(EC)显著负相关(P 0. 01).磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性与土壤含水率(MC)、全碳(TC)、TN、全磷(TP)、SOM、AK和NH_4~+-N均呈显著正相关关系(P 0. 05),同时,pH、总钾(TK)、NO_3~--N还与过氧化氢酶活性显著正相关(P 0. 05).冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,黄河三角洲土壤酶活性特征的主要影响因子从大到小依次为:TC(P 0. 01)、SOM(P 0. 01)、MC(P 0. 01)、TN(P 0. 05)、NH_4~+-N(P 0. 05)和EC(P 0. 05),表明土壤肥力、水分与盐度是黄河三角洲盐生植物群落土壤酶活性的主要影响因子.  相似文献   

16.
为明确生物质炭对土壤Cd形态分布的团聚体机制,采用盆栽试验,以秸秆生物质炭为试验材料,研究了秸秆生物质炭对Cd在不同粒级微团聚体中的富集以及根际、非根际微团聚体Cd形态转化的影响.结果表明:外源Cd进入土壤后,主要分布于土壤不同粒级微团聚体中且随粒级减小而增加,富集顺序由大到小为 < 0.01、0.05~0.01、0.25~0.05、 > 2 mm.添加生物质炭后显著降低了Cd在不同粒级微团聚体中的富集系数(P < 0.05).与对照相比, > 2、0.25~0.05、0.05~0.01、 < 0.01 mm粒级微团聚体土壤对Cd的富集系数分别降低了0.04~0.16、0.04~0.15、0.07~0.17、0.06~0.21.不同处理下,根际、非根际土壤不同粒级微团聚体中Cd主要以残渣态为主且向小粒级团聚体(< 0.01 mm)富集,其中可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Cd的含量(以质量分数计)及占比均有不同程度的下降.对于根际、非根际不同粒级微团聚体各形态中有机结合态Cd,与对照相比,在Cd1B10处理下,分别于 < 0.01、0.05~0.01 mm微团聚体中的降幅最高,达49.5%、62.3%;对于残渣态Cd,在Cd1B10处理下,分别于0.25~0.05、0.05~0.01 mm微团聚体中的降幅最高,达19.8%、20.5%,但各处理下残渣态Cd占比趋于上升,最高占比分别达74.0%、78.2%.表明Cd进入土壤后主要转化成了残渣态,土壤中Cd的生物有效性降低,其中,当Cd污染程度(1 mg/kg)较低、生物质炭施用量(10 g/kg)最高时,该效果达显著水平.研究显示,施用高量(10 g/kg)生物质炭能够降低土壤不同粒级微团聚体中各形态Cd的含量,并且Cd污染程度越低、粒级越小,降低效果越显著.   相似文献   

17.
苜蓿对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用研究   总被引:21,自引:2,他引:21  
采用盆栽试验方法,研究了苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)对多环芳烃菲污染土壤的修复作用.结果表明,多环芳烃菲对苜蓿的生长具有抑制作用,土壤中菲初始浓度越高抑制作用越明显.445.22 mg/kg条件下苜蓿茎叶和根的生物量最小,仅为无污染对照土壤的57.31%和31.20%.经过60 d的修复试验,苜蓿能够明显促进土壤中菲的降解.根际和非根际土壤中菲的去除率分别为85.68%~91.40%和75.25%~86.61%.同处理中根际土壤中菲残留浓度低于非根际土壤,而脱氢酶活性高于非根际土壤.无论是在非根际还是根际土壤中随着菲初始浓度增大,菲降解率和脱氢酶活性降低.脱氢酶活性与降解率的关系表明,脱氢酶活性与菲降解率显著正相关.所以植物根系的存在能够有效促进土壤中多环芳烃菲的降解.  相似文献   

18.
以稻田湿地中磷化氢为研究对象,采用室内模拟的方法,考察了不同浓度的磷化氢(0,1.4,4.2,7.0 mg·m-3)对水稻根际与非根际土壤的p H值、氧化还原电位、Fe2+、Mn2+、磷酸酶活性及有效磷的影响.结果表明:磷化氢导致根际土壤p H明显下降,非根际土壤中p H变化不明显.而氧化还原电位(Eh)则不同,磷化氢使水稻根际与非根际土壤的Eh均增大.磷化氢对Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶的影响具有相似性,磷化氢处理的前15 d,根际土壤中的Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶变化不明显,随着水稻的生长,根际土壤中的Fe2+和Mn2+随磷化氢浓度的增大而增加,随暴露时间的增加而减少;而根际土壤中的碱性磷酸酶随磷化氢浓度和暴露时间的增加而增加.非根际土壤中的Fe2+、Mn2+和碱性磷酸酶在磷化氢作用下变化不明显.水稻在磷化氢的环境影响下,根际与非根际土壤的有效磷含量都提高,表明一定浓度的磷化氢对土壤磷表现出活化效应.  相似文献   

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