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1.
A review on the generation, determination and mitigation of Urban Heat Island   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:21  
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is considered as one of the major problems in the 21st century posed to human beings as a result of urbanization and industrialization of human civilization. The large amount of heat generated from urban structures, as they consume and re-radiate solar radiations, and from the anthropogenic heat sources are the main causes of UHI. The two heat sources increase the temperatures of an urban area as compared to its surroundings, which is known as Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII). The problem is even worse in cities or metropolises with large population and extensive economic activities. The estimated three billion people living in the urban areas in the world are directly exposed to the problem, which will be increased significantly in the near future. Due to the severity of the problem, vast research effort has been dedicated and a wide range of literature is available for the subject. The literature available in this area includes the latest research approaches, concepts, methodologies, latest investigation tools and mitigation measures. This study was carded out to review and summarize this research area through an investigation of the most important feature of UHI. It was concluded that the heat re-radiated by the urban structures plays the most important role which should be investigated in details to study urban heating especially the UHI. It was also concluded that the future research should be focused on design and planning parameters for reducing the effects of urban heat island and ultimately living in a better environment.  相似文献   

2.
Five new towns have been developed around the Seoul metropolitan area since 1996. However, these new towns generate lots of traffic and related problems in the areas including those new towns and Seoul as a result of increases in population and a lack of ecological-self-sufficiency. Currently, construction of another new town is under deliberation, and what should be a major consider is the notion that the new town be located within a wide, green zone. Many studies have revealed that green space can play an important role in improving urban eco-meteorological capability and air quality. In order to analyze the urban heat island which will be created by the new urban development, and to investigate the local thermal environment and its negative effects caused by a change of land use type and urbanization, Landsat TM images were used for extraction of urban surface temperature according to changes of land use over the last 15 years. These data are analyzed together with digital land use and topographic information. As a study result, it was found the urban heat island of the study area from 198.5 to 1999 rapidly developed which showed a difference of mean temperature above 2.0. Before the Bundang new town construction the temperature of the residential area was the same as a forest, but during the new town construction in 1991 analysis revealed the creation of an urban heat island. The temperature of a forest whose size is over 50% of the investigation area was lowest, and thus the presence of a forest is believed to have a direct cooling effect on the urban environment and its surroundings. The mean temperature of the residential and commercial areas in the study was found to be 4.5 higher than the forest, and therefore this part of land use is believed to be the main factor causing the temperature increase of the urban heat island.  相似文献   

3.
Land surface temperature (LST), which is heavily influenced by urban surface structures, is a significant parameter in urban environmental analysis. This study examined the effect impervious surfaces (IS) spatial patterns have on LST in Beijing, China. A classification and regression tree model (CART) was adopted to estimate IS as a continuous variable using Landsat images from two seasons combined with QuickBird. LST was retrieved from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) image to examine the relationships between IS and LST. The results revealed that CART was capable of consistently predicting LST with acceptable accuracy (correlation coefficient of 0.94 and the average error of 8.59%). Spatial patterns of IS exhibited changing gradients across the various urban-rural transects, with LST values showing a concentric shape that increased as you moved from the outskirts towards the downtown areas. Transect analysis also indicated that the changes in both IS and LST patterns were similar at various resolution levels, which suggests a distinct linear relationship between them. Results of correlation analysis further showed that IS tended to be positively correlated with LST, and that the correlation coefficients increased from 0.807 to 0.925 with increases in IS pixel size. The findings identified in this study provide a theoretical basis for improving urban planning efforts to lessen urban temperatures and thus dampen urban heat island effects.  相似文献   

4.
Urban human thermal comfort (UHTC) is affected for interacting of weather condition and underlying surface framework of urban area. Urban underlying surface temperature value and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) were calculated using image interpreting and supervised classification technique by ERDAS IMAGE software using 1991 and 1999 Landsat TM images data. Reference to the relational standard of assessing human thermal comfort and other meteorology data of Hangzhou City in summer, air temperature and relative humidity variation of different land types of underlying surface were inversed. By choosing discomfort index as an indictor, the spatial distribution characteristic and the spatial variation degree of UHTC were estimated and mapped on a middle scale, that is, in six districts of Hangzhou. The main characteristics of UHTC spatial variation from 1991 to 1999 were revealed using a GIS-based calculation model. The variation mechanism were analyzed and discussed from the viewooint of citv olannino, construction and environmental orotection.  相似文献   

5.
With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.  相似文献   

6.
Vegetation monitoring using different scale of remote sensing data   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This work sets out to simulate landscape model of Mu Us Desert in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China at different spatial resolution using remote sensing images and distinguished landscape heterogeneity among different spatial resolutions. Landscape models were created from classification image of SPOT satellite data with 20m resolution and NOAA data with 1 km resolution. This study created landscape models of different scales by resampling the SPOT classified image using majority rule. The pixel resolution was increased from the finest scale of 20m by 20m up to 1000m by 1000m that was the coarsest spatial resolution. The Shannon diversity index was used to compare landscape models between different scales. At the finer scale the verify small patches such as deciduous forest, shrub and reedswamp with high vegetation coverage set on matrices with low vegetation cover (moving sand dune and sparse grassland) were verified. Broadening of scale resulted to the loss of small patches and at 1000m resolution, matrix classes were dominant. At 1km resolution of NOAA data, the matrix classes which greatly related to the topography of Mu Us Desert were detected. Diversity index decreased during scale broadening and the difference between SPOT 1km scale model and AVHRR data was not significant. The results showed that SPOT 20m model is good for the use of ecotone oriented revegetation planning, and NOAA 1km model is good for the seasonal and annual monitoring of each landscape unit, and revegetation planning at the regional level.  相似文献   

7.
This study investigated the impact of important environmental variables (i.e.,wind speed,solar radiation and cloud cover) on urban heating.Meteorological parameters for fifteen years (from 1990 to 2005),collected at a well developed and densely populated commercial area (Tsim Sha Tsui,Hong Kong),were analyzed in details.Urban heat island intensity (UHII),a well known indicator of urban heating,has been determined as the spatially averaged air-temperature difference between Tsim Sha Tsui and Ta Kwu Ling (a thinly populated rural area with lush vegetation).Results showed that the UHII and cloud cover have increased by around 9.3% and 4%,respectively,whereas the wind speed and solar radiation have decreased by around 24% and 8.5%,respectively.The month of December experienced the highest UHII (10.2°C) but the lowest wind speed (2.6 m/sec) and cloud cover (3.8 oktas).Conversely,the month of April observed the highest increases in the UHII (over 100%) and the highest decreases in wind speed (over 40 %) over fifteen years.Notably,the increases in the UHII and reductions in the wind speed were the highest during the night-time and early morning.Conversely,the intensity of solar radiation reduced while the intensity of urban cool island (UCII) increased during solar noon-time.Results demonstrated strong negative correlation between the UHII and wind speed (coefficient of determination,R2=0.8) but no negative correlation between UCII and solar radiation attenuation.A possible negative correlation between UHII and cloud cover was investigated but could not be substantiated.  相似文献   

8.
An intensive sampling program had been undertaken in autumn (October, 2008) and winter (December, 2008 and January, 2009) at urban (Xiamen University and Xianyue residential area), suburban (Institute of Urban Environment), industrial area (Lulian Hotel) and background (Tingxi Reservoir) in Xiamen, Fujian Province, to characterize the atmospheric concentration and gas-particle phase partitioning of PAHs. The average concentration of total PAHs in winter was almost 1.7 times higher than those in autumn. The log scale plot of Kp versus sub-cooled liquid vapor pressure (P0 L) for all the data of autumn and winter season samples gave significantly di erent slopes. The slope for the winter samples (–0.72) was steeper than that for the autumn samples (–0.58). The partitioning results indicated that slope values varied depending on characteristics of specific site, source region and meteorological conditions which play important roles in the partitioning of PAHs. In addition, local emission sources had a stronger e ect on partitioning results than long-transported polluted plume. The sources of PAHs in five sampling sites in Xiamen also have been discussed initially. Diagnostic ratios showed that the primary source of PAHs in urban, suburban and industrial area was from vehicle exhausts. While emission from petrochemical factory and power plant was another main contributor to industrial area.  相似文献   

9.
Soil samples from 4 defined city zones of Nanjing were randomly collected at 0-5 cm and 5-20 cm intervals and size fractions of soil particles were separated from undisturbed bulk soils by low energy dispersion procedure. The total contents of Cu and Pb in the different particle size fractions of the urban soils were analyzed by HNO3-HF-HClO4 digestion and flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination. The total content of Cu and Pb in soil particle size fractions varied with their size and with city zones as well. Both the content and variation with the size fractions of Pb was bigger than of Cu supporting our previous finding that there was Pb pollution to different degrees in the urban soils although the two elements were generally enriched in clay-sized fraction. Contaminated Pb tended to be preferentially enriched in the size fraction of 2000-250 μm and clay-sized fraction. While the size fractions of the soils from newly developed and preserved area contained smaller amount of Cu and Pb, the partitioning of them in coarse and fine particle size fractions were insignificant compared to that from inner residence and commercial area. The very high Pb level over 150 mg/kg of the fine particle fractions from the soils of the inner city could be a cause of high blood Pb level reported of children from the city as acute exposure to Pb of fine particles of the urban soil might occur by soil ingestion and inhalation by young children. Thus, much attention should be paid to the partitioning of toxic metals in fine soil particles of the urban soils and countermeasures against high health risk of Pb exposure by soil ingestion and dust inhalation should be practiced against the health problem of blood Pb for young children from the cities.  相似文献   

10.
Air quality nearby road traffic tunnel portals: BTEX monitoring   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
A monitoring campaign of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o- m- and p-xylene) was carried out nearby two tunnel portals in the urban area of Naples with the aim to verify air quality in this kind of urban sites. Sampling was carried out using the active adsorption technique. Sampling time was 1 h. Ambient temperature and traffic flow measurements were carried out during each sampling operation. The results indicate that average benzene concentrations at both sites exceed the limit value of 10 μg/Nm^3 established by the European Community (EC) (Dir. 2000/69). Concentration levels of other BTEX are relatively high as well. A correlation between BTEX concentration and two wheeler vehicle flow was observed.  相似文献   

11.
将高、低分辨率卫星遥感数据相结合,使用成都市2001和2006年的同期卫星遥感数据,通过CBERS/CCD(中巴地球资源卫星/CCD相机)的多光谱信息获取植被指数图,并结合三波段数据合成彩色图像以及全色图,采用人机交互式方式提取城市建成区信息;对NOAA/AVHRR(美国国家海洋大气局/改进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射计)的热...  相似文献   

12.
基于植被指数和地表反照率影响的北京城市热岛变化   总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6  
利用TERRA/MODIS遥感反演的地表温度资料,对2000-2006年北京城市热岛季节变化特征进行了研究,结合同期降水量、植被指数和地表反照率变化,分析了该地夏季城市热岛的年际变化成因.结果表明:北京多年四季热岛分布主要以城区为中心向周边郊区延伸,其中夏季城市热岛最强,春、秋和冬季较弱,这种热岛强度的季节性差异主要与太阳辐射强度、地表植被覆盖状况和城市人为热释放等的季节性变化密切相关.北京夏季城市热岛的年际变化特征为:2005和2006年最显著,热岛中心强度分别为10.54和9.61℃;2002和2004年城市热岛最弱,热岛中心强度分别为6.54和7.39℃.2000-2006年北京市夏季城市热岛具有明显增强趋势,热岛强度增温率为0.326℃/a.北京夏季降水对城区地表温度影响大于郊区,降水主要通过影响城区地表温度来影响城市热岛变化;夏季地表植被和地表反照率变化对地表温度和城市热岛也均有较大影响.2000年以来,北京郊区夏季地表植被指数增加率远高于城区,受地表植被和地表反照率变化的影响,郊区降温率明显大于城区,致使城郊温差增大,热岛效应加强.  相似文献   

13.
随着城市化进程的加速,城市热岛效应越来越受到人们重视.喀斯特地区以其独特的地貌特征,表现出不同的热岛形成和分布情况.本文采用覆盖贵阳市的2001年ETM+和2007年TM遥感影像,进行亮度温度反演,分析热岛分布和形成原因.研究表明:除了常规热岛外,在贵阳市还广泛存在着与喀斯特的分布和石漠化的形成有着密切联系的异常热岛区...  相似文献   

14.
为探索西北部中等城市的城市热岛效应规律,利用2004—2010年天水市城、郊自动气象站资料,对天水市城、郊温度差异进行了系统分析。结果表明:天水市城区热岛效应比较显著;冬季是热岛现象最强的季节,夏季是热岛现象最弱的季节;城区热岛现象持续时间为18:00—10:00,占全天的2/3,最大强度达1.5℃;城区凉岛持续时间为11:00—17:00,占全天的1/3,最大强度为0.3℃;地面温度城、郊差比气温更大,40cm以下城区地温全年大于郊区;降雪日及连阴雨天气的中后期,城区基本上维持凉岛;强降温天气下,城、郊气温变化基本一致,差别不大。  相似文献   

15.
利用1989,1999,2007和2015年的4期Landsat 5TM/8OLI-TIRS遥感数据,综合应用遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨海口城市热环境与景观格局的时空演变关系.结果显示,1989~2015年间,海口城市陆地表面温度(LST)总体呈逐步上升的趋势.城市热岛面积逐步扩大,空间质心向西南方向转移,且在2007年以后转移速率明显加快;冷岛质心则向东部生态核心区转移.城市LST较高的区域往往与不透水表面分布一致,较低的LST与绿地或水体分布一致.4期绿地的平均LST比不透水表面低4.17℃,其中2015年绿地景观类型百分比(PLAND)每增加10%导致LST下降0.57℃;不透水表面每增加10%,LST则上升0.78℃.不同时期绿地和不透水表面的平均LST与PLAND、最大斑块指数(LPI)、聚集度指数(AI)均表现为一致的极显著相关关系,且相关性逐年增强,其中绿地为负相关,不透水表面为正相关;景观斑块的大小和聚集程度对城市LST有较大影响.研究结果可以拓展对城市热环境与景观格局时空演变关系的认识,为城市规划和决策者提供参考.  相似文献   

16.
基于遥感的北京市城市化发展与城市热岛效应变化关系研究   总被引:31,自引:6,他引:31  
下垫面改变、大量人为热排放及城市区域本身的温室气体排放是导致城市热岛产生的主要原因,城市规模则决定了城市区域热岛效应的影响规模与强度,进而影响区域空气中污染物的扩散.利用1978年以来不同时段的遥感影像对北京城市用地、绿地、归一化植被指数、城市热岛区面积进行了监测,分析了北京市20余年来城市规模的变化及空间布局特征、城市绿地变化、城市热岛效应及其相关关系,旨在为城市合理布局,改善环境状况提供基本信息.结果表明,北京市20余年来城市热岛区面积增长明显,2000年以来四环内由于绿地面积增长、城市结构日趋合理,城市热岛有减缓的趋势.  相似文献   

17.
热岛效应是城市化对城市环境影响的一个重要特征.为了研究自贡市10年来城市化进程对热岛效应的影响,采用TM数据与GIS相结合的方法定量分析城市地表温度的时空变化.根据2000和2009年两个时相的LandsatTM影像本文提取了研究区的地表温度以及土地覆被信息,在此基础上对这10年来自贡地区的热岛时空变化及其与植被、建筑用地变化的关系进行研究.分析结果表明,研究区地表温度与植被、建筑用地之间存在明显的相关性.  相似文献   

18.
通过对城市区域的气候要素进行精细化数值模拟,可以研究城市化对城市热环境的重要影响.利用WRF/UCM模式,以杭州为例,通过采用不同的下垫面土地利用分类数据,分析量化历史城市化进程对月尺度城市热环境的影响,并进一步设计了敏感性模拟试验,研究杭州地区在理想化条件下城区面积增加约2倍时,城市热环境的变化情况.模拟结果表明,杭州地区在2010~2017年的城市化进程中,城区面积约增加了1倍,导致8月热岛强度等级高于”无”(Ht>0.5℃)的区域扩大了91%,且主城区的2m平均气温增加了0.4℃,但中心城区热岛强度等级没有明显提升.杭州城区面积在2017年基础上约增加2倍时,8月热岛强度等级高于”无”的区域扩大157%,1846.4km2的中心城区热岛强度等级由”弱”或”无”(Ht≤1.5℃)提升为”中等”(1.5相似文献   

19.
城市下垫面的改变和人为热的增加是加剧热岛效应的重要原因,研究城市热岛效应对揭示城市景观的生态过程、城市空间结构的调整都有重要的指导意义,城市热岛效应与景观格局息息相关.遥感、地理信息系统与景观生态学理论共同形成了对大尺度城市空间格局独具特色的研究模式.卫星遥感数据反演法在城市热环境研究中具有举足轻重的地位,它实现了城市热岛效应的动态监测和内部结构分析.城市热岛与景观格局的相关研究往往转化为地表温度与土地覆盖/利用的相关研究,景观格局指数分析法是其重要研究方法,但仍存在界限不清、表现不敏感、生态学意义不明等问题,最后针对此类研究的重点难点提出建议.  相似文献   

20.
论文基于1989、2000和2013年Landsat TM/ETM+和Land 8 TIRS遥感数据、植被指数(NDVI)、土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)及年均气温等资料分析了石河子绿洲冷岛效应时空变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明:近25 a来,石河子绿洲冷岛效应总体呈先增强后减弱趋势,且市区南部和中东部存在两个高温中心,城市南北向扩展快于东西向。NDVI和地表温度(TS)负相关性显著(R=-0.912),且极高温区和高温区植被指数低,反之亦然。1989—2000年极低温区和低温区所占范围扩大,增幅为1.1倍,主要是水域面积增加显著,并由林地、草地、耕地转入,绿洲冷岛效应增强;2000—2013年耕地与草地面积均减小,而极高温区和高温区面积比例从19.64%增加到26.75%,增幅达36.20%,主要是建设用地扩大,致使绿洲冷岛效应减弱,表明TS与NDVI和LUCC关系密切。此外,城市化指数和气温也是影响绿洲冷岛效应的因子。石河子绿洲气温上升与全球变暖相一致,在未来城市发展中,充分发挥绿洲冷岛效应就显得尤为重要。  相似文献   

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