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 共查询到10条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
The intertwining of environmental problems and poverty   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Mellor JW 《环境》1988,30(9):8-13, 28-30
The close link between environmental problems and poverty in developing countries is reviewed, with particular reference to the impact of growing populations on the environment. Separate consideration is given to the relationships between population and income and between poverty and health.  相似文献   

2.
交通源排放的多环芳烃一直是科学研究的热点。文章总结了机动车排放多环芳烃的影响因素,详细介绍了燃油品质、工况条件以及添加剂的选择对多环芳烃排放的影响,分析了不同交通路段多环芳烃的污染特征以及交通职业人群多环芳烃的暴露水平,总结了交通源多环芳烃的相关研究,并对该领域今后的发展动向提出了一些建议。  相似文献   

3.
Workers and fence-line communities have been the first to benefit from the substantial reductions in toxic chemical use and byproducts in industrial production resulting from the Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Act (TURA). As TURA motivates reformulation of products as well as retooling of production processes, benefits could extend more broadly to large-scale reductions in everyday exposures for the general population. Household exposure studies, including those conducted by Silent Spring Institute, show that people are exposed to complex mixtures of indoor toxics from building materials and a myriad of consumer products. Pollutants in homes are likely to have multiple health effects because many are classified as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), with the ability to interfere with the body’s hormone system. Product-related EDCs measured in homes include phthalates, halogenated flame retardants, and alkylphenols. Silent Spring Institute’s chemical analysis of personal care and cleaning products confirms many are potential sources of EDCs, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive toxics use reduction (TUR) approach to reduce those exposures. Toxics use reduction targeted at EDCs in consumer products has the potential to substantially reduce occupational and residential exposures. The lessons that have emerged from household exposure research can inform improved chemicals management policies at the state and national levels, leading to safer products and widespread health and environmental benefits.  相似文献   

4.
Pesticide use in agriculture can cause undesirable effects on humans and the natural environment. One of the objectives of integrated agriculture is the elimination or reduction of possible sources of environmental pollution such as pesticides. To achieve this objective, farmers need a method to assist them in estimating the environmental impact of pesticide use. This paper addresses a two-part question: what factors should be taken into consideration to assess pesticide environmental impact, and how can impact be quantified? As the environmental impact of a pesticide depends on its dispersion in the environment and on its toxicological properties, the literature on these topics is reviewed to address the first part of the question. To address the second part of the question, six recent approaches to assess the impact of pesticides on the environment are compared regarding choice, transformation and aggregation of input parameters. The use of simulation models to assess environmental impact is discussed.  相似文献   

5.
全氟和多氟烷基类物质(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)是一类含有至少一个碳氟键的人工合成有机化合物,因其特殊的理化性质具有广泛应用,其生产和使用历史至今已有70余年,多数此类物质具有生物累积性、毒性和长距离迁移性,因此其环境污染问题备受关注. 全球各环境介质均存在PFASs的普遍污染,其相关研究尤其是水环境中PFASs的行为和归趋等方面的研究已取得了长足的进展. 然而,PFASs在人类赖以生存的大气环境中的研究却相对较少,目前研究显示,大气也是PFASs迁移和转化的重要媒介,对PFASs长距离传输及风险等有重要影响. 本文通过文献调研对大气环境中PFASs的存在、来源、分布以及人群通过室内外空气、灰尘途径摄入PFASs引起的人体暴露研究进行归纳总结,以期为大气中PFASs环境行为和风险评估研究提供参考,最后对相关研究的发展趋势进行了展望. 分析发现,PFASs大气研究多数集中在其相关产品的生产、使用和处置等重要点源的释放及对周围环境的影响方面,离子型PFASs (i-PFASs)和中性PFASs (n-PFASs)分别是大气颗粒相和气相中存在的主要PFASs,其中氟调聚醇是主要的n-PFASs;i-PFASs的污染因场所、地区等的不同有所差异;近年来大气中短链PFASs对总PFASs的贡献呈现出逐渐上升的趋势;大气中的PFASs可通过干湿沉降去除,其中湿沉降对去除的贡献更大;与饮食摄入相比,灰尘摄入和呼吸等途径对于普通人群暴露PFASs产生的健康风险较低,但儿童通过灰尘以及某些职业人群通过呼吸摄入PFASs的较高风险应该引起重视.   相似文献   

6.
Epidemiological studies continue to reveal the enduring impact of exposures to environmental chemicals on human physiology, including our reproductive health. Phthalates, a well characterized class of endocrine disrupting chemicals and commonly utilized plasticizers, are among one of the many toxicants ubiquitously present in our environment. Phthalate exposure has been linked to increases in the rate of human aneuploidy, a phenomenon that is detected in 0.3% of livebirths resulting in genetic disorders including trisomy 21, approximately 4% of stillbirths, and over 35% of miscarriages. Here we review recent epidemiological and experimental studies that have examined the role that phthalates play in germline dysfunction, including increases in apoptosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and impaired genomic integrity, resulting in aneuploidy. We will further discuss subject variability, as it relates to diet and polymorphisms, and the sexual dimorphic effects of phthalate exposure, as it relates to sex-specific targets. Lastly, we discuss some of the conserved effects of phthalate exposure across humans, mammalian models and nonmammalian model organisms, highlighting the importance of using model organisms to our advantage for chemical risk assessment and unveiling potential mechanisms that underlie phthalate-induced reproductive health issues across species.  相似文献   

7.
随着土壤环境污染物种类和数量不断增加,发生的地域和规模逐渐扩大,危害也进一步深入,脆弱的农业生态环境迅速恶化,土壤污染导致农作物产量和品质下降,严重影响人类健康。在分析土壤污染类型及危害的基础上,提出了采用施用化学改良剂、科学进行废水灌溉、合理施用化肥和农药等防治措施。  相似文献   

8.
Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins(‘Mondego', ‘Sado' and ‘Tejo') on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions(SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions(ms PAFs) were obtained. The median msP AF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.  相似文献   

9.
Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.  相似文献   

10.
空气污染对户外体育运动人群的身体健康有显著的影响,空气中的污染物质比如固体颗粒物、硫化氢、一氧化碳、臭氧、粉尘和酸雾、气溶胶等都会对人体产生巨大的危害,导致各种呼吸系统以及肺功能疾病,甚至引发癌症,为了保护户外体育运动人群的健康,研究空气环境污染的成分以及来源,分析空气环境污染的防治措施等。具体分析空气污染物质对户外体育运动人群的危害性因素,并采取针对性的措施预防空气污染对人体带来的损害,确保体育运动人群的身体健康。  相似文献   

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