Ce_(0.65-x)Co_xK_(0.15)Zr_(0.2)O_2催化碳烟燃烧活性研究

采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法制备了不同铈钴摩尔比的Ce_(0.65-x)Co_xK_(0.15)Zr_(0.2)O_2(x=0,0.15,0.23,0.30,0.38,0.45,0.65)催化剂,采用XRD、SEM、FT-IR与H_2-TPR等技术对催化剂进行表征,并通过程序升温氧化反应(TPO)考察了催化剂不同Ce/Co比对碳烟颗粒物催化燃烧活性的影响。研究结果表明:在松散接触条件下,该系列催化剂催化碳烟颗粒物燃烧活性较高,T_m均小于400℃,当x=0.23时活性最高,T_i与T_m分别为321℃与355℃,催化剂所表现出的高活性受益于样品表面具有大量高活性的细小Co_3O_4颗粒物。     

复合氧化物催化材料上碳颗粒物的催化燃烧

针对柴油车排放碳颗粒物的控制 ,研制可应用于柴油车排放碳颗粒物催化再生复合氧化物催化材料 .通过运用热分析仪 (TGA)和程序升温氧化反应装置 (TPO)对复合氧化物催化材料的活性进行评价 ,研究了催化材料的组成、原子配比、催化材料与碳颗粒物质量比、H₂O的加入、焙烧温度对催化活性的影响 .实验结果表明 :双组分金属氧化物催化剂中 ,Cu-Mo-O有较好的活性 ;多组分金属氧化物催化剂中 ,Cu-K-Mo-O在原子比Cu∶K∶Mo =1∶1∶2 ,催化剂与碳颗粒物质量比为 5∶1时活性最好 ,其碳颗粒物起燃温度为 32.7℃ ,同时H₂O和焙烧温度对该催化剂的影响较小 ,是能够应用于柴油车排放碳颗粒物控制催化再生的良好催化材料 .     

新型汽车尾气净化催化剂的研究

研究Ｌａ－Ｃｏ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｐｄ催化剂的活性和热稳定性,结果表明,该催化剂具有低温活性良好、活性高以及热稳定性好的性能特点,对ＣＯ、ＨＣ氧化的Ｔ５０％和Ｔ１００％分别约为１８２℃,２３８℃和２４０℃、２６５℃,催化剂表面组分发生强相互作用形成３种活性中心,是催化剂低的起燃温度,高活性的原因。催化剂高温处理后未发生烧结,活性未下降,热稳定性良好。     

钯、铜、锰、铈三效催化剂性能研究

应用脉冲－火焰反应装置、ＸＲＤ、ＴＰＲ和氢氧滴定技术来研究Ｐｄ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ三效催化剂的性能。实验结果表明，不同的制备Ｐｄ－Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ催化剂的方法，则催化活性各不相同。在分层制备的催化剂中，催化性能主要以外层组分性能为主；以混合浸渍法制备的样品中，ＣｕＭｎ＿２Ｏ＿４相消失，Ｃｕ－Ｍｎ－Ｃｅ－Ｏ表面氧环境发生变化；表面活性剂的添加改变了Ｐｄ的分布，使催化剂表面易于还原；这些改变均对催化剂的三效性能发生影响。催化剂表面的有效贮氧量与三效活性没有明显的关系。     

柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物捕集装置的研究

研究了用γ－氧化铝涂覆后的的蜂窝状堇青石做填料制成过滤器来捕集柴油车尾气碳烟颗粒物，对γ－氧化铝涂覆条件进行了优化，使用质量浓度测定系统测量了加装过滤器前后碳烟颗粒物的排放量。结果表明，80h内过滤器对碳烟颗粒物的过滤效率达60％－90％。     

催化氧化CS2的催化剂及其性能研究

以ＣＳ２作为含硫废气的处理对象，研究了Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ负载，在改性天然丝光沸石上对ＣＳ２的催化氧化活性，以及添加Ｖ对催化剂活性的影响。研究表明，Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ－Ｖ和改性载体之间存在着共催化作用，在Ｐｔ－Ｍｏ－Ｈ＾＋Ｍ催化剂上由于Ｖ的添加，使催化剂处理ＣＳ２的浓度和ＳＤＹ值明显提高。在反应温度３１０℃，空速５００ｈｒ＾－１和ＣＳ２浓度为３７０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３转化率达到１００％，ＳＯｘ放出率接近９５％－１００％。     

氢氟烃HFC－134a的分解实验研究

该研究进行了氢氟烃ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ的催化分解和化学分解实验。实验结果表明无催化剂时ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ很稳定，即使升温至５００℃时也不会分解；在空气和水蒸汽存在下ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ催化分解成ＣＯ和ＣＯ２。ＣＦＣ－１２比ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ易分解，反应产物只有ＣＯ２。分解产物ＨＦ对催化剂有强烈的失活作用；超氧离子（Ｏ２＾－）对液相中的ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ具有很强的氧化分解能力，在常温下几乎可完全分解高浓度的ＨＦＣ     

地表水中总有机碳的测定

该文提出了燃烧氧化－非分光红外吸收法测定地表水中总有机碳含量。水样连同净化空气分别导入高温燃烧管和低温反应管内，样品中的总碳和无机碳氧化分解ＣＯ２。定量试样中的总碳和无机碳之差即为样品总有机碳。     

呼和浩特市大气气态和颗粒物上正构烷烃的研究

采用聚氨基甲酸乙酯和玻璃纤维滤膜采集样品并测定。大气中总正构烷烃的浓度分布、气／固分布比与季节变化、污染源有关。在呼市大气中总正构烷烃（Ｃ１５－Ｃ３３），夏季主要存在气态中（７８％），而冬季主要存在于颗粒物上（８３％）。内蒙古草原大气对照样品中，气态中总正构烷烃在冬夏两季所占百分比都约为５０％。市区冬季大气颗粒物上的总正构烷烃浓度比其它城市结果高出１－２个数量级。     

南宁市区交通环境空气颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征分析研究

含碳颗粒物是大气颗粒物的重要组成部分,对人体健康产生很大的威胁.分别于2012年夏季及2013年冬季在南宁市选取六条主要交通干道采集了PM10、PM2.5样品,分析测定了其中的碳组分.结果表明,碳组分浓度季节变化明显.碳组分在细颗粒物中占有比重比在可吸入颗粒物中大.存在二次有机碳污染.对8种碳组分丰度分析说明南宁市大气颗粒物中碳组分的主要来源是燃煤、机动车尾气及生物质样品燃烧.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.