Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

施用水溶性有机肥条件下水稻对稻田土壤砷镉的提取效能

为了对砷(As)、镉(Cd)复合污染稻田土壤进行清洁修复,开展了田间试验,在施用水溶性有机肥强化As、Cd溶出条件下利用水稻作为修复稻进行提取. 为了评估水溶性有机肥的作用以及水稻的提取效能,分别在水稻分蘖期、抽穗扬花期和灌浆成熟期,利用扩散梯度薄膜技术(DGT)原位监测土壤剖面有效态As、Cd浓度的变化;收获时利用分级提取方法揭示土壤As、Cd赋存形态的变化,并分析植株各部位As、Cd的积累量;为了阐明去除根系的重要性,对比分析了保留和去除根系处理间土壤As、Cd浓度的差异. 结果表明,施用水溶性有机肥(OF)促进了土壤As、Cd的溶出释放,例如,OF处理39 d后土壤DGT-As (扩散梯度薄膜提取态As)和DGT-Cd (扩散梯度薄膜提取态Cd)平均浓度分别较空白对照升高了34.2%、54.9%. 水稻单株提取As、Cd总量分别为12.63、1.18 mg,其中根系As、Cd积累量占比分别为97.6%、81.3%. 与保留根系处理相比,移除根系使土壤As、Cd总量分别降低了5%、10%,土壤剖面DGT提取态的As、Cd平均浓度分别降低了41.9%、56.4%,作物易利用态As(F1+F2)和Cd(F1+F2)浓度分别降低了9.8%、6.1%. 研究显示,水溶性有机肥可促进土壤As、Cd的溶出,可作为利用水稻生长及根系移除来降低稻田土壤作物有效态As、Cd的强化策略,为As、Cd复合污染稻田土壤清洁与安全利用提供了一条有益路径.      

长期不同耕作方式对紫色水稻土重金属含量及有效性的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了常规平作、水旱轮作、免耕冬水、垄作免耕和厢作免耕5种耕作方式对紫色水稻土剖面重金属(Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)总量、有效量及水稻根、茎叶和糙米重金属含量的影响.结果表明,经过22 a的耕作,5种耕作方式对紫色水稻土剖面Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量的剖面分布状况影响不显著,而对土壤Mn的剖面分布状况影响显著,常规平作、水旱轮作及免耕冬水均导致表层土壤Mn向下层淋失.5种耕作方式下土壤Fe、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的有效量均随土层深度的增加呈降低趋势,而常规平作、免耕冬水、垄作免耕及厢作免耕土壤Mn有效量则表现出随土层深度的增加而增高的趋势.5种耕作方式下,表层土壤Fe、Mn有效量以水旱轮作最高,Zn、Pb有效量以常规平作最高,而Cu有效量受耕作方式的影响不显著.相关分析结果表明,表层土壤有效Fe与pH呈极显著的负相关关系,与有机质呈显著的负相关关系,有效Mn与pH和有机质均呈极显著的负相关关系,有效Zn与总Zn呈显著正相关关系.水旱轮作、垄作免耕及厢作免耕条件下水稻根部Fe、Mn含量,茎叶Fe、Mn、Cu、Cd含量,糙米Cu含量均高于常规平作和免耕冬水,水旱轮作能明显降低Cd向糙米的迁移系数,对降低糙米Cd含量有明显的效果,且水旱轮作条件下糙米Cd含量低于国家食品卫生标准.水稻根部Fe含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,与有效Fe呈极显著正相关关系,根部Mn含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,与有效Mn呈极显著正相关关系,茎叶中Mn含量与pH呈显著的负相关关系,与总Mn及有效Mn呈显著的正相关关系,茎叶和糙米Cu含量与pH均呈极显著的负相关关系,糙米中Zn含量与pH呈显著负相关关系,与CEC呈极显著正相关关系.结果表明,耕作方式主要通过影响土壤pH而影响土壤重金属的有效量及水稻重金属的含量,水旱轮作可提高表层土壤Fe、Mn活性,降低土壤Zn、Pb和Cd活性,并能在一定程度上降低糙米Pb、Cd含量,但也应注意长期的水旱轮作可能会导致表层土壤Mn过度向下层淋溶.     

杂交水稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累:土壤和品种的交互影响

土壤-作物-食物是人类摄取Cd的主要途径,而水稻是籽粒Cd积累最强的粮食作物.选择2种杂交水稻(普通杂交稻“汕优63”和超级稻“Ⅱ优明86”)与乌栅土和红沙泥田2种水稻土为材料,采用添加Cd(2.5 mg/kg)和不添加Cd处理进行盆栽试验,研究了水稻在成熟期对土壤中Cd的吸收及籽粒积累特点.结果表明,杂交水稻对Cd的吸收及籽粒积累依土壤、品种及两者的交互作用而变化.杂交稻对土壤中原有Cd的吸收与积累,基因型影响高于土壤类型的影响,但对外源Cd的吸收与籽粒积累,土壤类型的影响强于品种基因型,而土壤与品种间的正交互作用(Cd吸收强的超级稻种植于土壤Cd化学有效性高的红沙泥田)可使水稻籽粒Cd积累成倍提高.说明在未污染条件下,杂交稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累主要受品种的吸收能力控制,而在污染条件下,土壤化学性质对Cd有效性的影响成为土壤-水稻系统Cd迁移的主要控制因素.本实验显示,在酸性土壤或污染条件下,超级稻对Cd的吸收与籽粒积累十分强烈,就地消费人群的籽粒Cd暴露风险水平达到数倍于临界摄入剂量水平.加Cd处理下,汕优63中Cd滞留于根部,而Ⅱ优明86有较强的将Cd向上运输的能力,Ⅱ优明86籽粒Cd积累的不利效应远远超过其产量的增加效应.因此,在高产水稻育种中必须考虑水稻对Cd吸收的基因型差异与籽粒Cd的暴露风险,推广高产杂交水稻根据其Cd的吸收特性考虑土壤-品种的合理布局.     

DGT和传统化学法比较研究复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性

以小麦和玉米2种陆生植物为金属吸收材料,利用盆栽试验比较研究了新型DGT(diffusive gradients in thin films,薄膜扩散梯度技术)法与5种传统化学法评价土壤中Zn复合存在下Cd的生物有效性. 结果显示:①土壤中w(Cd)为4 mg/kg时明显抑制了2种植物的生长,与对照组相比,小麦的地上部和根系生物量分别降低了26.2%和23.4%,玉米的分别降低了23.5%和30.9%. ②Zn的添加能够减轻Cd对植物的毒害,并促进植物生长;Cd污染土壤中Zn的复合存在会抑制2种植物对Cd的吸收,并随w(Zn)的增加其抑制作用更加明显;DGT法、土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)和4种化学提取法(HAc、EDTA、CaCl₂和NaAc)测定的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均随w(Zn)的增加而明显降低. ③Pearson相关分析显示,2种植物体内w(Cd)与6种方法表征的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均呈显著正相关(R>0.900,P<0.01),但植物体内w(Cd)与DGT和土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)的R(>0.940)大于其他4种化学提取法. 可见,对于评价Cd-Zn复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性而言,DGT与土壤溶液法均优于传统的化学提取法.      

不同有机物料对水稻根表铁膜及砷镉吸收转运的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了油菜秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、泥炭、猪粪堆肥和生物炭这5种有机物料对贵州石灰岩黄壤区某砷（As）和镉（Cd）复合污染稻田土壤As/Cd有效性、水稻根表铁膜及As/Cd吸收转运的影响.结果表明,施用有机物料显著提高了有机质和水稻生物量;除油菜秸秆对土壤pH值影响不明显外,施用有机物料显著提高土壤pH值,使土壤有效Cd含量降低34.77%~82.69%;猪粪堆肥和生物炭使土壤有效As含量显著提高,油菜秸秆和泥炭处理使土壤有效As含量显著降低;施用有机物料有助于水稻根表铁膜的形成,并使其中Cd、As含量分别提高17.73%~151.03%和28.49%~94.86%,使水稻糙米Cd含量降低15.87%~79.45%,As含量降低27.04%~82.51%,降幅以生物炭处理最大;有机物料还显著降低Cd在根-茎-叶-籽粒的转运系数及As从茎向籽粒转运系数.相关分析表明,土壤pH、有效Cd和铁膜Cd含量是影响籽粒Cd累积的主要因素,土壤pH、有机质和铁膜As含量是影响籽粒As累积的主要因素.有机物料通过改变土壤pH、有机质含量及铁膜中As和Cd含量,影响水稻对As和Cd的吸收和转运.     

水分管理对稻田土壤铁氧化物形态转化的影响及其与镉活性变化的耦合关系

稻田土壤水分管理过程中铁氧化物的形态转化对土壤镉（Cd）活性和水稻Cd累积具有重要影响.以西南地区紫色水稻土为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,探讨了淹水管理方式（持续淹水,CW;干湿交替,DW）联合铁氧化物（针铁矿,G-Fe;铁粉,Fe）施用对Cd污染土壤的pH、氧化还原性质（Eh、pe+pH）、铁氧化物形态转化和Cd有效性变化的影响,分析了水分管理驱动下铁氧化物形态转化与土壤Cd活性演变的耦合关系.结果表明CW管理可显著降低土壤Cd有效性,淹水93 d后DTPA-Cd降低了17.7%~39.2%,CW联合Fe或G-Fe施用显著提升了对土壤Cd的钝化效果,其中G-Fe短期钝化效果好,淹水14 d后DTPA-Cd的含量较对照降低24.3%,而Fe则可持续钝化土壤Cd,淹水93 d后DTPA-Cd的降幅为39.2%,干湿交替下施用铁氧化物则对土壤Cd无钝化效应.相关性分析表明,无定形铁（Fe_o）的形成（P<0.01）是驱动土壤Cd有效性变化的主要原因：CW使土壤pH逐渐降低并稳定在7.4左右,且土壤保持还原状态,促进了土壤铁氧化物由结晶态（Fe_c）向Fe_o转化,进而促使Cd由可交换态向铁锰结合态转化,并最终导致Cd有效性降低;CW联合Fe、G-Fe施用显著提升了Fe_o的含量和比例,从而强化了对土壤Cd的钝化效果.研究结果揭示了水分管理联合铁氧化物施用对稻田土壤Cd活性的调控效应和机制,为Cd污染稻田土壤安全利用中水分优化管理和含铁钝化剂施用提供了科学依据.     

硫酸亚铁和硝酸铁施用对根际土壤-水稻系统中镉运移的影响

我国稻田镉（Cd）污染治理刻不容缓.氮（N）、硫（S）和铁（Fe）的生物地球化学循环,以及Fe-N和Fe-S循环耦合体系,都与土壤-水稻系统中Cd运移密切相关.以N、S和Fe对水稻生长的营养供给为切入点,研发抑制稻米Cd累积的营养型阻控技术及产品,势必能为稻田Cd污染治理提供新的解决途径.本文在前期研究成果的基础上开展根际袋-盆栽试验,分析硫酸亚铁（FeSO₄）和硝酸铁［Fe（NO₃）₃］处理条件下根际土壤中Cd活性变化与水稻体内Cd转运规律,探索糙米Cd累积的影响因素及制约机制.结果表明,FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都显著减小了根际土壤中有效态Cd（NH₄Ac-Cd）含量,且前者减小的幅度（55.6%）小于后者（76.0%）;FeSO₄和Fe（NO₃）₃处理都明显改变了水稻体内Cd分布特征,但前者增大了糙米Cd含量（0.6mg ·kg^-1）,而后者却减小了糙米Cd含量（0.1mg ·kg^-1）.根表铁膜对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、水稻根、茎和叶对Cd的累积量增大以及根、茎和结节对Cd的转运能力增强,是导致FeSO₄处理中糙米Cd含量增大的重要原因;Fe（NO₃）₃处理中糙米Cd含量减小,则可归结为无定形铁矿物对Cd的吸附或与Cd共沉淀、铁硫化物与Cd共沉淀、茎和结节对Cd的累积量减小以及根、叶和结节对Cd的转运能力减弱.本研究成果将为后期营养型阻控产品及施用技术研发提供科学依据,并为我国稻田Cd污染治理提供重要参考.     

Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

调理剂+淹水措施对Cd污染稻田控Cd效果分析

为探明淹水措施、基施湘润邦土壤调理剂、矿物硅肥+喷施叶面肥、石膏粉以及综合处理对不同污染土壤修复效果和作用机制,通过在3个不同类型Cd污染耕地布置小区试验,研究了单一处理及综合措施对阻控污染耕地稻米吸收累积Cd的影响.结果表明,淹水措施、单一施用调理剂、综合施用结合淹水处理能降低土壤有效态Cd和水稻各器官Cd含量,土壤有效态Cd降低6. 58%～30. 01%,糙米Cd含量降低12. 65%～68. 68%,降低效果为综合处理(T6)基施石膏粉(T5)基施湘润邦土壤调理剂(T3)矿物硅肥+喷施叶面肥(T4)淹水处理(T2)(以两季水稻糙米Cd含量降低效果平均值计算).试验中5个处理使水稻各部位富集系下降,是引起糙米Cd含量下降的主要原因之一.根据田间小区试验显示,基施湘润邦土壤调理剂、矿物硅肥+喷施叶面肥和石膏粉组配施用结合淹水措施可作为Cd污染耕地稻米Cd阻控的有效方法.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 >DGT_0.78 >DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

水分条件对生物炭钝化水稻土铅镉复合污染的影响

采用培养试验,探究30% WHC、淹水和干湿交替等3种水分条件下,向Pb和Cd污染水稻土以1%添加量施入水稻秸秆生物炭后重金属的形态变化,为生物炭修复重金属复合污染稻田的水分管理提供科学依据.结果表明,添加生物炭后,淹水和干湿交替可显著提高土壤pH值、可溶性有机碳（DOC）和无定形氧化铁含量（Fe_o）.培养结束后,在添加生物炭的处理中,相较于30% WHC,淹水和干湿交替条件下TCLP提取态Pb含量分别下降31.87%和20.33%,TCLP提取态Cd含量分别下降25.29%和16.07%.淹水条件下弱酸提取态Pb和Cd下降幅度分别为24.78%和20.14%,且弱酸提取态Cd含量随时间逐渐降低.在3种水分条件下,Pb和Cd有效性降低顺序为：淹水 > 干湿交替 > 30% WHC.相关分析结果显示,土壤pH和无定形氧化铁含量均与有效态Pb和Cd呈显著负相关,表明淹水条件下添加生物炭可通过提高土壤pH和无定型氧化铁含量来有效钝化Pb和Cd,具有促进复合重金属污染酸性水稻土中重金属向稳定态转化的协同机制.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

水分管理对硫铁镉在水稻根区变化规律及其在水稻中积累的影响

选取了酸性矿山废水污灌区重金属污染水稻土,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水分管理条件(60%最大田间持水量,80%最大田间持水量,最大田间持水量,前期淹水+抽穗扬花期烤田,全生育期淹水)下水稻根际土壤及其不同器官(稻根、茎叶和籽粒)中硫、Fe和Cd的含量变化.结果表明,随着土壤水分含量的增加,在分蘖期根际土壤中Cd的含量略有升高,在成熟期对水稻根际土壤中Fe和Cd含量的影响不大;水稻不同器官对铁的吸收逐渐增加,对Cd的吸收则逐渐减少,两者呈明显的负相关关系;但抽穗扬花期烤田对水稻各器官对Fe的吸收影响不大,却明显增加了各器官中Cd的含量.除旱作处理外,不同水分管理方式下,土壤中全硫和有效硫含量随着土壤水分含量增加逐渐减少,抽穗扬花期烤田能明显增加根际土壤中总硫和有效硫含量,水稻对Cd的吸收与根际硫含量增加存在协同关系.上述结果证实,水稻对Cd的吸收不仅与Fe吸收有关,土壤中硫的充分供给能显著增加Cd在水稻中的积累.     

有机物料影响下土壤溶液中镉形态及其有效性研究

研究了盆载种稻条件下，有机物料对土壤水溶性镉、易解离太镉和可解离态锯的含量变化及其有效性的影响，结果表明，不添加外源镉时，分蘖期猪烘和泥炭均降低了水溶性镉总量，水溶性镉的３４％～７７％可被阳离子交换树脂解离，８７％以上可被螯合树脂解离，到成熟期水生镉的解离度升高，水溶性镉总量与ＤＯＣ和ＰＨ的变化趋势相反，添加外源镉时分蘖期猪烘和泥炭均降低水溶性 量，成熟期水溶性镉总量与ＤＯＣ的变化呈相反趋势，在不     

添加有机物料对淹水土壤Cd活性的影响机制

采用红壤(pH 4.46)和潮黄土(pH 7.10),在N2覆盖下淹水(25±0.5)℃培养60d,研究了淹水土壤加入有机物料(苜蓿、稻草粉)后Cd活性变化及其制约机理.结果表明,土壤淹水后,氧化铁的还原溶解作用带来Fe组分再分配和pe+pH下降,导致Cd组分向低活性组分转化.淹水土壤添加有机物料后,通过pe+pH下降效应和pH升降效应增强了对Cd活性转化的影响,其中,红壤有机物料处理较对照pe+pH降低和pH值升高,致使固相Exc-Cd含量和液相Cd浓度低于对照,土壤Cd活性降低;潮黄土有机物料处理pe+pH和pH值均低于对照,致使固相Exc-Cd含量和液相Cd浓度高于对照,土壤Cd活性增加.添加有机物料对固相Org-Cd再分配的影响小,但在液相中DOM与Cd的络合效应显著.     

施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配的调控

为了评估施硅处理对Cd在水稻(Oryza sativa. L)体内迁移的影响,通过外源添加Cd(CdCl₂)制成w(Cd)为50、100 mg/kg的污染土壤,采用盆栽试验研究不同施硅量〔w(Si)分别为0、28、56 mg/kg〕对Cd污染土壤中水稻(以华航丝苗和黄华占为例)植株中Cd积累与分配的影响. 结果表明:施硅处理可明显影响水稻根部w(Cd),表现为增加华航丝苗根部w(Cd)、降低黄花占根部w(Cd),但两个品种根部Cd累积量均呈增加趋势. 施硅处理后华航丝苗和黄华占的叶、谷壳、糊粉层及精米中w(Cd)、Cd累积量均呈降低趋势,并且在施硅量为56 mg/kg时显著降低;施硅处理显著降低了华航丝苗和黄华占茎中w(Cd)以及华航丝苗茎中Cd累积量,同时增加了黄花占茎中Cd累积量. 施硅可显著降低精米中w(Cd),在w(Cd)为50和100 mg/kg的Cd污染水平下,华航丝苗和黄华占精米中w(Cd)较未施硅处理下的最大降幅分别达到32.49%、53.77%和24.73%、20.67%. 施硅对水稻植株各器官的Cd富集系数、转移系数和分配系数都有一定影响,施硅处理下水稻植株地上部各器官的Cd富集系数和转移系数均呈降低趋势,根部Cd分配比例显著增加. 研究显示,施硅对高浓度Cd污染土壤中水稻植株Cd积累与分配有一定调节作用,并因土壤中w(Cd)、施硅量、水稻品种及稻株器官的不同而存在差异.      

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake, Lake Taihu, China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

聚丙烯酸钠为结合相的梯度扩散薄膜技术预测甘蔗田土壤中镉的生物有效性

DGT技术一直以固态结合相原位采集和测量水体、土壤或沉积物中有效态重金属,液态结合相的DGT主要应用于现场水体中金属离子的检测.本研究分别采用固态结合相梯度扩散薄膜(chelex100-DGT)装置和改进的液态结合相梯度薄膜扩散(CDM-PAAS-DGT)装置,对广西甘蔗田土壤中有效态Cd进行了测定.结果表明,2种装置提取的土壤有效态Cd含量与甘蔗(根、茎、叶)体内Cd含量都呈极显著正相关,改进的CDM-PAAS-DGT装置对土壤中有效态Cd的提取能力更强;融合土壤pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、有机质(OM%)和土壤颗粒组成等理化指标影响,运用多元统计分析,提取出2种主成分因子,建立了多元回归模型.液态结合相DGT技术能较好地预测甘蔗田土壤中Cd的生物有效性,拓展了其应用范围.