Effects of dissolved organic matter from sewage sludge on sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A by soils

Sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) by soil influences its fate and transport in the environment. The presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may complicate the sorption process in soil. The effects of DOM from sewage sludge on TBBPA sorption by three soils were investigated using batch equilibration experiments in the study. DOM was observed to be sorbed on the soils and the isotherms could be fitted by the Langmuir model. The effects of DOM on TBBPA sorption were dependent on the characteristics ...     

源自腐殖土的溶解性有机质组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑的影响

溶解性有机质(DOM)影响着有机污染物在土壤中的吸附行为.将从腐殖土中提取的DOM(DOMbulk)用XAD-8树脂和阴/阳离子交换树脂进行分级,用红外光谱、元素分析、紫外分光光度计和电位滴定的方法对DOM不同组分特征进行分析.用吸附批次实验方法研究了DOM不同组分对棕壤和黑土吸附苯并三唑(BTA)的影响.结果表明,DOMbulk中疏水酸性(HOA)、疏水中性(HON)、亲水酸性(HIA)、亲水碱性(HIB)和亲水中性(HIN)组分比例分别为61%、17%、6%、2%和14%.由于黑土有机碳(OC)含量高于棕壤,黑土对BTA和DOM组分的吸附能力均大于棕壤.相对于黑土,棕壤吸附DOM的标化分配系数Koc较高,其原因是棕壤中含有较多的对吸附DOM起重要作用的黏粒和粉砂.由于水分子占据DOM结合点位,DOM组分与BTA在溶液中结合较弱.DOMbulk中HIN在土壤上吸附最强.HIN的吸附增加了土壤吸附BTA的点位,增加点位的促进吸附作用大于HIN与BTA的竞争吸附作用,最终表现为促进吸附.疏水组分在土壤上的吸附较弱,产生的新吸附点位较少,主要通过竞争吸附作用抑制土壤对BTA的吸附.DOMbulk由78%的疏水组分构成,对土壤吸附BTA的影响与疏水组分相似.     

溶解性有机质对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的影响

以动力学吸附和等温吸附实验研究了2,4-D在铁铝土中的吸附特征,并比较了不同亲/疏水性溶解性有机质（DOM）对此的影响.结果表明：2,4-D在铁铝土中的动力学吸附符合伪一级动力学方程,等温吸附符合Henry,Freundlich方程,是一个物理作用主导的,自发的,放热的非均质吸附过程.吸附系数K_d为0.61~2.02L/kg,是一种难吸附有机污染物,对地下水存在环境风险.吸附量受土壤pH值影响显著,与土壤中矿物含量,粘粒组成等也密切相关.DOM共存条件下,高疏水性DOM,中疏水性DOM抑制了2,4-D在铁铝土的吸附,使K_d值下降10.7%~58.8%.低疏水性DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D作用不明显.DOM对铁铝土吸附2,4-D的作用效应与土壤理化性质和DOM性质密切相关.土壤矿物组分越多,粘粒含量越高,堵孔效应越大.DOM疏水性越大,对2,4-D吸附作用的增溶作用,堵孔作用也越大,其中HOA,HON是关键组分.     

水溶性有机物对草萘胺在土壤中吸附与迁移的影响

采用批次吸附试验和土柱淋洗试验,研究了绿肥和污泥中水溶性有机物(DOM)对除草剂草萘胺在黄棕壤和石灰性潮土上吸附和迁移影响.结果表明,供试DOM均能明显降低草萘胺在2种土壤上的吸附,促进草萘胺的迁移,在黄棕壤上效果更明显.在所研究的草萘胺和DOM浓度范围内,绿肥DOM(GM)都比污泥DOM(SS)作用显著.草萘胺的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程定量描述.绿肥DOM和污泥DOM可分别使黄棕壤中草萘胺吸附量比对照处理(不加DOM)减少22.9%和11.3%,使迁移出土体的草萘胺总量提高了73.42%和26.87%,而使潮土中草萘胺的吸附量减少了9.5%和6.5%,迁移出土体的草萘胺总量增加了43.54%和28.29%.因此,农业土壤中溶解性有机物对农药环境行为有一定影响.     

重金属污染的长春水田黑土对菲的吸附作用

以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,研究了Pb、Zn、Cu污染后黑土对PAHs的吸附作用.结果表明,分配作用是黑土吸附菲的主要机制,无论重金属污染与否,黑土对菲的等温吸附曲线均呈线性.实验条件下,重金属污染后黑土对菲的吸附作用明显增强,且随重金属含量提高,黑土对菲的吸附系数(Kd)和有机碳标化的吸附系数(Koc)增大.由于重金属的“键桥”作用,黑土吸附菲的平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)浓度降低,土壤固相有机质含量略有增加(不超过原有有机质含量的0.53%).计算了这部分增加的固相有机质对菲的吸附系数K_Ph/soc,并分析了溶液中DOM对土壤吸附菲的影响.结果显示,溶液中DOM浓度变化及其与菲的结合作用对重金属影响土壤吸附菲的贡献甚微;而K_Ph/soc值则比土壤原有有机质对菲的吸附系数K_d值大2～3个数量级,这是重金属污染导致土壤吸附作用增强的根本原因.     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对土壤吸附重金属Cd2+、Pb2+的影响

采用序批次吸附试验,研究了不同填埋年限(0、4～5、12a)垃圾渗滤液中的DOM对土壤吸持重金属Cd2 、Pb2 的影响.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液中的DOM能促进土壤对重金属Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附.在有垃圾渗滤液DOM存在的条件下,Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程拟合(R2＞0.94),土壤对Cd2 、Pb2 的吸附量比对照处理(无垃圾渗滤液DOM)分别高1.13～1.42倍和1.09～1.84倍,填埋年限长的垃圾渗滤液较之填埋年限短的渗滤液对土壤吸附Cd2 、Pb2 的影响强烈.在Cd2 、Pb2 初始浓度相同时,潮土较红壤具有更高的吸持能力,并且随体系pH的增高,其吸持量增加.     

灭草松和莠去津在土壤中的竞争吸附

采用振荡平衡法测定了低浓度范围内(＜30 mg·L-1)灭草松和莠去津单、双溶质在4种土壤中的吸附等温线.单溶质吸附结果表明,4种土壤中灭草松存在不吸附、吸附2种类型,吸附等温线类型有L和C型;莠去津的吸附等温线有L、S和C型;有机质、矿物质及农药疏水性是影响灭草松和莠去津在土壤中吸附的重要因素.通过比较单溶质和双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的等温吸附线,发现混合溶液中它们的吸附行为相互之间随土壤类型不同存在竞争、无影响和协同作用,并且竞争程度与溶质浓度有关.用理想溶液吸附理论(IAST)和单溶质吸附等温线参数,模拟了双溶质溶液中灭草松和莠去津的吸附等温线,结果显示,该模型不能很好的预测实验结果.进一步结合吸附机理分析认为,不同土壤中的竞争结果是由于2种农药在其中共同占有吸附点的情况不同造成的.     

长期不同水分调控对污染场地土壤溶解性有机质含量及其结构特征的影响

为了考察不同水分调控下污染场地中土壤有机质和溶解性有机质（DOM）的演变过程,以2种冶炼厂重金属污染土壤为研究对象,通过恒温恒湿培养实验观察不同水分调控下土壤有机质和DOM的含量变化,并采用紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱分析了土壤DOM的光谱特征.结果表明,水分调控180 d后,2种重金属污染土壤中有机质和DOM含量呈不同程度降低趋势,且随着水分含量增加,其降幅明显增加,最大降幅分别为33.28%和89.35%.水分调控过程中,土壤DOM中类蛋白物质最易发生降解,导致类富里酸和类腐殖酸的占比相应提高;随着水分含量增加,土壤DOM的芳香性提高,腐殖化程度升高,分子聚合度和分子量增大,最终导致DOM稳定性增强,上述结果有助于揭示水分诱导过程中DOM的变化对污染场地中重金属环境行为的影响.     

水溶性有机物在土壤中的吸附及对Cu沉淀的抑制作用

通过室内序批试验研究了来自绿肥(GM)和猪粪(PM)的水溶性有机物(DOM)在潮土和红壤中的吸附行为以及来自绿肥和猪粪堆肥(PMC)的DOM对Cu在高pH下沉淀的影响.结果表明,当没有外源DOM加入时,潮土、红壤中存在DOM的净释放,分别为33.58mg·L^-1和17.17mg·L^-1.随外源DOM加入量的增加土壤净释放量减小,存在土壤对DOM的吸附作用.与绿肥DOM相比,土壤对猪粪DOM的吸附能力更强,m、K_d分别为0.424 1、2.946(红壤),0.284 6、1.58(潮土).比绿肥对应高出32.9%、57.1%(红壤),67%、93.7%(潮土).红壤由于Fe、Al、Mn等氧化物含量较高及低pH值,使其对DOM的亲和力比潮土强.试验结果还表明绿肥和猪粪堆肥DOM能够明显地抑制Cu的沉淀,在pH6～10范围内效果明显,其中Cu的沉淀率分别降低了43.6%(Cu+GM),22.6%(Cu+PMC).     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

芘在土壤中的长期吸附和解吸行为

研究了芘在6种不同性质土壤中长期吸附解吸及不可逆吸附行为.实验结果表明:长期实验中芘在土壤中的吸附和解吸都存在快过程和慢过程2个阶段.不同吸附平衡时间下,有机质含量高于1%时,不同土壤的吸附平衡常数随有机质含量的增加而增加;有机质含量低于1%时,黏粒含量对土壤的吸附能力有着重要影响;平衡时间由2d增加到180d后,6种土壤的Kd值增加了35.1%～557.9%,其中土壤有机质对Kd值有不同程度的影响,而黏粒对Ka值影响最大,平衡时间对部分土壤Kd值影响不容忽视.长期解吸过程中,6种土壤慢解吸部分占总解吸量的12.05%～41.00%,有机质含量越高,慢解吸对解吸过程的贡献越大.不考虑老化的影响,有机质含量对不可逆吸附容量的贡献明显高于黏粒的贡献,与有机质对慢解吸过程的影响有一致性.     

施用污泥堆肥及其水溶性有机物对土壤中荧蒽解吸-淋滤的影响

以荧蒽（Fluoranthene）为多环芳烃（PAHs）的代表,通过序批试验及土柱淋洗试验研究了污泥堆肥及污泥堆肥水溶性有机物（DOM）对污染土壤中荧葸解吸和淋滤的影响．施用污泥堆肥实验结果表明,污泥堆肥施入土壤后的短时间内由于带入和产生的DOM而表现出促进土壤中荧蒽的解吸与淋滤,但随着DOM的降解,该作用逐渐消失．污泥堆肥充分腐熟后（腐熟堆肥）因DOM少而稳定的腐殖质等固相有机质含量相对较多,而表现出施用腐熟堆肥后土壤更易对荧葸吸持．单独施用污泥堆肥DOM后的试验,也进一步表明了污泥堆肥DOM的存在确实能促进土壤中荧蒽的迁移,且在相同DOM浓度下,腐熟堆肥DOM对土壤中荧蒽的解吸和淋滤的促进作用明显高于初始堆肥DOM处理,原因在于腐熟堆肥DOM中大分子组分和疏水性组分的含量比初始堆肥的DOM要多．因此,堆肥施用对土壤多环芳烃环境行为或活性的影响是堆肥施人土壤后固相有机质含量及性质和溶解性有机质的含量及性质等综合影响的结果．     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on mercury release from water body

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in the process of mercury release from water body. In this study, the influence of DOM from different sources (DOMR, DOMS and DOMH, extracted from rice straw, compost and humic soil respectively) on mercury reduction was investigated. The molecular weight distribution and chemical composition of DOM from each source were determined using ultrafiltration membrane technique and elemental analysis respectively. The result showed that mercury release from DOM-added samples was much lower than the control; the lowest mercury release flux was observed in the treatment of DOMH, 25.02% of the control, followed by DOMS and DOMR, 62.46% and 64.95% of the control, respectively. The higher saturation degree and lower molecular weight of DOMH was responsible for the highest inhibition degree on the mercury release. The link between DOMH, concentration and mercury flux was also estimated and the result showed that mercury flux was increased with DOMH at lower concentration, while decreased with DOMH at higher concentration. Different mechanism dominated the influence of DOM on mercury release with variation of DOM concentration.     

三峡水库典型消落带土壤DOM组分特征及其对有效态镉释放影响

重金属镉（Cd）是三峡水库蓄水后消落带土壤中主要的重金属污染物之一.为研究三峡水库反季节调蓄条件下溶解性有机质（DOM）对有效态Cd在土壤固-液相间释放行为及其再补给过程的影响,以三峡水库香溪河消落带为研究对象,分别于2019年10月和2020年10月采集土壤样品,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱技术和荧光区域积分法分析土壤DOM光谱特性,同时结合梯度扩散薄膜技术（DGT）和土壤扩散通量模型（DIFS）综合探究土壤有效态Cd及其释放动力学过程.此外,测定了消落带土壤基本理化特性以及土壤中Cd含量和赋存形态.结果表明,研究区土壤DOM以富里酸为主,腐殖质特征较弱,具有陆源为主和内源较弱的混合特征,与2019年相比,2020年土壤DOM中富里酸类物质占比更高;2019年和2020年土壤ω（Cd）平均值分别为（0.474±0.301） mg·kg^-1和（0.249±0.058） mg·kg^-1,土壤中Cd的赋存形态均以非残渣态为主;DGT测定结果显示2020年土壤中有效态Cd含量较2019年呈下降趋势,进一步通过DIFS模型拟合结果表明,土壤中Cd的吸附速率大于解吸速率,土壤对有效态Cd的再补给能力较弱,表明三峡消落带土壤中有效态Cd的潜在释放风险较低,低分子量DOM和DOM中富里酸类物质是抑制土壤中有效态Cd释放的重要因素.研究结果揭示了三峡水库水文情势变化下DOM对重金属Cd环境地球化学行为的影响,为三峡库区重金属污染防治提供科学理论依据.     

Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils

Norfloxacin (Nor) sorption and the factors (soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and exogenous copper (Cu) influencing the sorption were investigated in a black soil (soil B), a fluvo-aquic soil (soil F), and a red soil (soil R). With increasing of Nor concentrations, sorption amount of norfloxacin increased in both the bulk soils and their SOM-removed soils, but the sorption capacity in SOM-removed soils was higher than that of their corresponding bulk soils, indicating that the process of norfloxacin sorption in soil was influenced by the soil properties including SOM. The sorption data in all bulk soils and SOM-removed soils were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The correlation coefficients suggested that the experimental data fitted better to Freundlich equation than to Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the data from soil F and SOM-removed F could not be described by Langmuir equation. The norfloxacin sorption amount decreased in soil B and soil F, whereas it increased in soil R as solution pH increased. The maximum KD and KOC were achieved in soil R when the equilibrium solution pH was 6. And the norfloxacin sorption was also influenced by the exogenous Cu2+ ions, which depended on the soil types and Cu2+ concentrations. With increasing of Cu2+ concentrations in solution, generally, sorption amount, KD and KOC for norfloxacin in soils increased and were up to a peak at 100 mg/L Cu2+, and then the sorption amount decreased regardless of norfloxacin levels.     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物对土壤Pb溶出的影响

研究了不同填埋年限（0 a、4～5 a、12 a）的垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物（DOM）对2种污染土壤重金属Pb溶出的影响.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM具有促进土壤Pb溶出的作用.填埋年限不同的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出的影响不同,填埋年限短的垃圾渗滤液DOM对土壤Pb溶出率最高.因为填埋年限越长,垃圾渗滤液DOM中高分子组分（相对分子质量>25?000）所占比例越高,而高分子组分相对于低分子组分（相对分子质量<1?000）对土壤Pb溶出能力较弱.红壤中,渗滤液DOM的低分子组分对Pb的平均溶出率高出高分子组分123.8%;潮土中也表现出类似的结果.与无渗滤液DOM的对照相比,垃圾渗滤液DOM的加入明显提高污染土壤Pb的平均溶出率,并且随体系pH的升高,DOM这种促进作用表现得更为明显.     

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates and soil organic matter on copper sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two paddy soils

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates (Fed) and soil organic matter (SOM) on copper (Cu2+) sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two typical paddy soils (Ferric-Accumulic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil H) and Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil W)) were investigated with and without treatment of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and of H2O2. The size fractions of aggregates were obtained from the undisturbed bulk topsoil using a low energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Experiments of equilibrium sorption and subsequent desorption were conducted at soil water ratio of 1:20, 25℃. For Soil H, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fractions was decreased by 5.9% for fine sand fraction, by 40.4% for coarse sand fraction, in comparison to 2.9% for the bulk sample. However, Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by over 80% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the clay-sized fraction in comparison to 88% for bulk soil. For Soil W, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fraction was decreased by 30% for the coarse sand fraction and by over 75% for silt sand fraction in comparison to 44.5% for the bulk sample. Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by only 2.0% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the fine sand fraction in comparison to by 3.4% for bulk soil. However, Cu2+ desorption rates were increased much in H2O2-treated samples by over 80% except the clay-sized fraction (only 9.5%) for Soil H. While removal of SOM with H2O2 tendend to increase desorption rate, DCB- and H2O2-treatments caused decrease in Cu2+ retention capacity of size fractions. Particularly, there hardly remained Cu2+ retention capacity by size fractions from Soil H after H2O2 treatment except for clay-sized fraction. These findings supported again the dominance of the coarse sand fraction in sorption of metals and the preference of absorbed metals bound to SOM in differently stabilized status among the size fractions. Thus, enrichment and turnover of SOM in paddy soils may have great effects on metal retention and chemical mobility in paddy soils.     

Long-term tillage effects on atrazine and fluometuron sorption in Coastal Plain soils

Conservation tillage (CnT) management practices are known to increase levels of soil organic matter (SOM) in southeastern Coastal Plain soils. Plant residues in CnT systems accumulate at the surface and, with time, will form a layer enriched in SOM. The authors hypothesize that herbicide sorption will be highest in this SOM-enriched zone of CnT systems when compared to sorption at a similar depth in conventional tillage (CT) systems. The objective was to characterize the impact of two different tillage systems, CnT and CT, on sorption of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and fluometuron [N,N-dimethyl-N′-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl urea] in plots of Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudult). The plots have been under CnT and CT management for 18 yrs. Bulk (0–15 cm) and five equal incremental soil samples to a 15 cm depth were collected from 10 CnT and 10 CT plots, and the atrazine (ATR) and fluometuron (FLMT) sorption coefficients (K_d) were measured using batch equilibration. Significantly higher herbicide K_d values occurred in the CnT 0–3 cm samples, indicating that the highest amount of herbicide sorption occurred in the top few cm of soil. This corresponded to the stratified soil organic carbon (SOC) contents in topsoil of the CnT plots. In addition, analyses of covariance using SOC as the covariant to test for tillage effects indicated complex interactions among SOC, tillage, and depth. Those results confirm that tillage and soil depth will affect SOC contents of a Norfolk loamy sand, which correspondly will influence the magnitude of ATR and FLMT sorption.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

小麦地土壤水溶性有机物动态及对土壤铜镉活性的影响：田间微区试验

采用田间微区试验研究秸秆与化肥配施（SM）,猪粪与化肥配施（PM）以及纯化肥（F）3种不同施肥处理下土壤水溶性有机物（DOM）在小麦不同生长阶段的动态变化情况及对土壤中重金属Cu、Cd活性的影响,也研究了上述处理麦田土壤DOM在不同土层中的分布.结果表明,随着小麦的生长各处理土壤DOM均呈不断下降的趋势,特别是在小麦拔节期以前下降趋势更为明显.与施化肥相比,施用有机肥后土壤中DOM含量有明显增加. 施用有机肥后土壤DOM以0～20 cm层最高, 越向下含量越低. 在供试的旱地土壤中DOM主要迁移深度为40 cm,少量DOM可迁移到60 cm.在小麦拔节期之前, 各处理根际DOM含量的动态变化趋势和与之对应的非根际DOM变化趋势基本一致,没有显著差异.但之后随着小麦越冬结束,新陈代谢强度迅速增大,其根际DOM含量也迅速增加, 并在抽穗期达到最大,随后逐渐下降. 试验还发现,在小麦生长过程中根际及非根际土体中土壤交换性Cu的变化与相应的DOM变化趋势极其相似,对3个处理根际和土体共60个土壤样本的DOM与交换性Cu的相关分析表明,二者呈极显著直线相关,说明DOM对土壤Cu的活化有明显促进作用.土壤中Cd的活化虽也受DOM的促进,但其影响不如对Cu那样显著.显然,在重金属污染的旱地土壤中,在当季大量施用新鲜的有机肥可能有增加重金属污染的风险.