产品生命周期评价体系探讨

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是一个相对罗新的概念，理论上生命周期评价具有将环境质量融入决策过程的特点，生命周期评价是对产品和过程相关的环境干扰进行定量分析和评估的方法，本文介绍了ＬＣＡ的要领和内容，探讨了ＬＣＡ的技术框架和实施方案，并着重介绍ＬＣＡ的核心－－影响分析的主人指标，提出了ＬＣＡ有待发展完善的方面。     

LCA与城市交通方式的选择

介绍了ＬＣＡ（生命周期评价法）地概念和研究方法当前交通原基础上，将ＬＣＡ思想初叔应用与城市交通方式选择。     

生命周期评价（LCA）：环境管理和监察的新概念

生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）──环境管理和监察的新概念中国石化信息研究所张键生命周期评价，简称ＬＣＡ（ＬｉｆｅＣｅｄｅＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ），是近年以来西方国家酝酿发展起来的一种崭新的环境影响评价方法，目前尚处于探讨研究阶段，但国际标准化组织已将其列人ＩＳ...     

LCA中清单分析数据的获得

清单分析是ＬＣＡ继目标界定后的一步重要操作,工业量极大,本文从我国具体情况出发,开发了一套获取产品ＬＣＡ清单数据的方法,介绍了通过行业污染系数获取产品的社会数据以及借助企业生产的质量流程图收集和检验企业数据的具体步骤。     

镉对鲤鱼磷酸酶活性的影响

研究了重金属镉对镉鱼肾脏、肝胰脏、肠、血液等组织酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）和碱性磷酸酶（ＡＫＰ）活性的影响。结果表明，受水中１６ｍｇ／Ｌ镉影响，肝胰脏的ＡＣ恶性循环 显著升高，肾脏的ＡＣＰ活性在３２ｍｇ／Ｌ组显著降低；血液的ＡＣＰ活性在１６ｍｇ／Ｌ、３２ｍｇ／Ｌ组均显著降低；肠道的ＡＣＰ活性在８ｍｇ／Ｌ、１６ｍｇ／Ｌ、３２ｍｇ／Ｌ３种浓度下影响均不明显，肾脏、肠道的ＡＫＰ活性在１６ｍｇ／Ｌｘｅｇ ｊｏａ     

三价砷对藻类群落结构的影响

为了探讨三价砷对微型生物群落结构的影响,进而评价水质,采用Ｃａｉｒｎｓ提出的ＰＦＵ方法在群落级水下上模拟研究了Ａｓ＾３＋对藻类群落的毒性,结果表明,藻类类群随着Ａｓ＾３＋浓度增大而减少,多样性指数随Ａｓ＾３＋浓度增加而明显下降,藻类群落迁入速率随时间延长而下降,消失速度则随时间而上升,Ａｓ＾３＋对藻类群落结构在ＬＯＥＣ为３２ｍｇ／Ｌ和５６ｍｇ／ＬＮＯＥＣ为１ｍｇ／Ｌ,结果表明用藻类群落在ＰＦＵ上群     

ATP法测定有机物好氧生物降解性的研究

通过测定有机物生物降解过程中微生物的能量变化－－ＡＴＰ含量的变化来表征有机物的好氧生物降解性。采用受度物的初始浓度为１００ｍｇ／Ｌ溶解性有机碳（ＤＤＣ）,接种生物量为５００ｍｇ／Ｌ,试验周期１４ｄ,取得了较好的试验结果。给出了测试程序,采用峰值时间、峰高指数,ＩＡ指数作为定量评价指标,从而建立了ＴＰ评价方法,并对４６种有机物和７种废水的好氧生物降解性进行了评价。     

A／O~2工艺处理化纤废水

采用Ａ／Ｏ２工艺处理化纤废水，试验结果表明：当进水ＣＯＤ：９９０．０～１７００ｍｇ／Ｌ，：５５０～１８８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＴＮ：１５１～３８６ｍｇ／Ｌ，∑ＣＮ－：４．５０～２８．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＣＮ－：５５０～３８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＡＮ：１０５～３３６ｍｇ／Ｌ时，各项指标的去除率分别为ＣＯＤ：８７．２％左右，－Ｎ：９７．８％左右，ＴＮ：７６４％左右，∑ＣＮ：９８．１％左右，ＳＣＮ：１００％，ＡＮ：１００％。本文还考查了不同浓度的∑ＣＮ－及ＣＯＤ对Ａ／Ｏ２系统的影响。     

河流水体中直链烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)含量水平调查

对盐河中水体直链烷基苯磺酸钠（ＬＡＳ）在水体中的分布状况、自净和迁移转化规律进行了调查研究．结果表明，污水中ＬＡＳ主要迁移到底泥中，底泥中ＬＡＳ同系物在各个时期中含量和波动幅度的顺序是：Ｃ１２＞Ｃ１１＞Ｃ１３＞Ｃ１０．     

大型蚤14d慢性毒性试验研究

文章对丙烯腈和进行了大型蚤２１ｄ和１４ｄ存活繁殖试验，试验的质量控制要求参考美国国际经济合作与发展组织（ＯＥＣＤ）制定的试验方法；试验数据采用统计分析，繁殖指标用ｓｔｅｅГ Ｍａｎｙ－Ｏｎｅ Ｒａｎｋ方法进行检验，存活指标用ＦｉｓｈｅｒｓＥｘａｃｔ方法进行检验，得出ＮＯＥＣ、ＬＯＥＣ、ＣｈＶ及ＡＣＲ值。研究结果表明，２种试验方法的敏感性基本接近，可以用１４ｄ试验替代２１ｄ试验，评价和监测污染物的     

The application of life cycle assessment to design

This paper explores the practical application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to product system development. While life cycle assessment methods have been studied and demonstrated extensively over the last two decades, their application to product design and development has not been critically addressed. Many organizational and operational factors limit the integration of the three LCA components (inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement assessment) with product development. Design of the product system can be considered a synthesis of individual decisions and choices made by the design team, which ultimately shape the system's environmental profile. The environmental goal of life cycle design is to minimize the aggregate environmental impacts associated with the product system. Appropriate environmental information must be supplied to decision makers throughout each stage of the development process to achieve this goal. LCA can serve as a source of this information, but informational requirements can vary as the design moves from its conceptual phase, where many design choices are possible, to its detailed design and implementation. Streamlined approaches and other tools, such as design checklists, are essential. The practical use of this tool in product development also depends on the nature and complexity of the product system (e.g. new vs. established), the product development cycle (time-to-market constraints), availability of technical and financial resources, and the design approach (integrated vs. serial). These factors will influence the role and scope of LCA in product development. Effective communication and evaluation of environmental information and the integration of this information with cost, performance, cultural and legal criteria will also be critical to the success of design initiatives based on the life cycle framework. An overview of several of these design initiatives will be presented.     

工程材料LCA中环境效益的分析与研究

论述了材料环境效益性的目标因素,详细分析产品材料在LCA中的环境效应性、能量消耗性和经济回收性;通过LCI分析建立环境效应、能量度量、经济度量的决策模型和数学模型实现材料环境效益性的目标;先整体定性分析LCA工艺,再定量计算环境效益的三属性值,建立目标函数、分层优化算法确定影响因子和相应的权重系数之间的关系以及对产品材料的环境效益性的影响,最后以家用小型风扇回收处理中各种材料环境效益性为例进行具体分析和决策,进一步明确和决策优化出环境效益性好的工程材料。     

生命周期评价在环境管理中应用的局限性及其技术进展研究

生命周期评价法(Life Cycle Assessment)在国际上广泛应用于工业企业部门、政府管理部门和服务行业,但最突出的贡献是在环境管理方面的应用.LCA的技术框架分为确定目的与范围、生命周期清单分析、生命周期影响评价(LCIA)和结果解释4个部分.LCIA的方法可归纳为中点法和终点法.LCA存在数据获取、清单分配、边界选择、评价模型、时空限制,以及结果不确定性等方面的局限性.为适应环境管理和评价技术本身的要求,LCA评价技术朝系统化方向发展,目前主要有IO-LCA、ALCA、CLCA、LCC、S-LCA和LCSA等评价技术.不同的评价技术从不同侧面拓展了LCA的应用领域和回避LCA评价的局限性,使得LCA越来越成为环境管理不可或缺的工具.     

我国不同区域玉米施肥的生命周期评价

以吉林、陕西、河南、湖南、广西等玉米主产省份为例,以生产1t玉米为评价的功能单元,应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,比较了不同生态区玉米生产过程中施肥的资源环境影响潜力.结果表明,五省环境影响综合指数大小依次为广西0.315、湖南0.309、河南0.273、陕西0.238、吉林0.183.几种资源环境影响中,潜力大小依次是富营养化、环境酸化、温室效应、土地利用和能源消耗,其中,施用氮肥引起的氨挥发是导致富营养化和酸化的主要原因.农户间玉米施肥的资源环境影响潜力差异很大,环境影响综合指数变异范围在41.2%～81.6%之间,且以湖南省最高,吉林省最低.如果将玉米追肥由撒施都改为穴施,五省的环境影响综合指数将降低8.5%～34.1%.总体而言,在目前生产条件下,吉林省具有资源环境影响较低的优势;富营养化是最主要的环境影响类型,而改进施肥方式、减少氨挥发是降低玉米施肥资源环境影响的关键技术途径.     

A comparative study on milk packaging using life cycle assessment: from PA-PE-Al laminate and polyethylene in China

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was used to compare the environmental impacts in the life cycle of two milk packaging systems, PA-PE-Al laminate—a laminated foil made from paper, polyethylene and aluminum foil—and polyethylene. The data for the mass, energy fluxes and environmental emissions were obtained from published literature and from site investigations, for the two systems being analyzed for environmental impacts. The application of LCA using Eco-Indicator 99 has made the comparison of the environmental impacts of the two milk packages possible. The results of this LCA study are discussed and the results reveal that the composite packaging has a slightly higher environmental impact than the plastic one. In addition, the environmental impact of raw material extraction is the highest in all of the life cycle stages except for disposal. The environmental impact of composite packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels, land use and respiratory inorganics categories, while the plastic packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels category. However, the composite packaging has a greater environmental impact because it has not been well recycled and reused. This environmental impact could be decreased by developing the technology to separate out polyethylene and aluminum from the packaging.     

Manufacturing actor’s LCA

Modern industrial environmental management encompasses life-cycle thinking. This entails considering not only the emissions and resource use of the company’s production processes, but also the environmental consequences of all processes related to a product’s life cycle. However, no single actor can influence the whole life cycle of a product. To be effective, analysis methods intended to support improvement actions should therefore also consider the decision makers’ power to influence.Regarding the life cycle of a product, there are at least as many perspectives on life-cycle thinking as there are actors. This paper presents an approach with which manufacturing decision makers can sharpen the focus in life-cycle assessment (LCA) from a conventional ‘products or services’ emphasis to a company’s manufacturing processes. The method has been developed by combining knowledge gained from earlier LCA studies with new empirical findings from an LCA study of an SKF manufacturing line.We demonstrate how system boundaries and functional units in an LCA can be defined when adding the perspective of a manufacturing decision maker to the product life-cycle perspective. Such analysis helps manufacturing decision makers identify improvement potentials in their spheres of influence, by focusing on the environmental consequences of energy and material losses in manufacturing rather than merely accounting for the contributions of individual stages of the life cycle to the overall environmental impact. The method identifies and directly relates the environmental consequences of emissions or raw material inputs in the product life cycle to manufacturing processes. In doing so, the holistic systems perspective in LCA is somewhat diminished in favor of the relevance of results to manufacturing decision makers.     

生命周期评价在清洁生产领域的应用前景

生命周期评价（LCA）作为一种产品环境特征分析和决策支持工具，技术上已经日趋成熟，并在国际社会得到较广泛的应用。由于它也同时是一种有效的清洁生产工具，因而可以在我国清洁生产审计、产品生态设计、废物管理、生态工业等方面发挥应有的作用。目前应尽快引进和消化吸收国际上先进的LCA方法，建立符合中国国情的LCA方法学体系和数据支撑体系，并在此基础上开展各个领域、各种形式的应用研究与示范。     

基于生命周期思想的透水铺装资源环境影响评价述评

透水铺装作为典型的海绵城市设施,具有城市雨水径流减排、水质净化等多种环境效益,但在材料制备、施工、维护管理过程中相对于传统铺装资源能源消耗有所增加,亟须应用生命周期评价这一系统分析方法,开展透水铺装的资源环境效益的综合评估。通过文献述评,总结了生命周期评价方法应用于透水铺装评估的现状与面临的挑战,并提出了相应对策:将运行维护阶段纳入评价系统边界,有助于提升透水铺装资源环境评价的全面性;针对生命周期评价结果难以指导工程设计的问题,建议将生命周期评价与建筑信息模型相结合,优化透水铺装的绿色设计;针对透水效应动态变化等生命周期环境影响评价方法问题,建议将水文模型引入整体评估方法。通过上述角度的提升,生命周期评价方法有望为透水铺装的政策制定、规划设计、施工养护等全过程提供参考数据与优化方案,助力海绵城市建设乃至城市生态系统的良性发展。     

土地利用变化环境影响的可拓学评价

文章通过引入可拓学理论,对区域土地利用变化的环境影响进行评价。文章把物元模型、可拓集合和关联函数应用于武汉市黄陂区土地利用变化环境影响评价研究,建立黄陂区土地利用变化环境影响评价指标体系,并对土地利用变化的环境影响评价标准化和定级化。通过计算单指标关联度和综合关联度,确定评价体系各指标的影响程度以及综合影响程度,研究结果直观有效,能全面反应区域土地利用环境影响程度。     

汉江流域生态补偿效益的评价研究

汉江流域生态补偿效益评价指标体系有利于准确分析生态补偿资金的流向和效用,评价生态补偿政策的实施效果,进一步完善生态补偿机制。本着全面性：科学性、系统性、可操作性和导向性原则,选取经济社会发展、水源涵养和水资源节约、环境污染治理、环境监管能力建设4个方面共28项指标,构成汉江流域生态补偿效益评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法对评价指标体系进行权重分析。结果表明：现阶段汉江流域的生态补偿资金应首先用于上游地区的水源涵养和环境污染治理工作,以退耕还林工程、天然林保护工程、水土保持工程和生态移民工程为重点任务。