东南沿海地区春季典型臭氧污染过程模拟研究

文章应用WRF-CHEM模式模拟分析了东南沿海地区2017年4月28日-5月1日的天气变化过程以及大气污染过程,并以东南沿海地区福建省泉州市为研究区域定量分析了春季外来输送对泉州市臭氧浓度贡献。模式准确地模拟了泉州大气臭氧的时间变化趋势以及我国东部以及东南沿海地区的臭氧空间分布状况,较好地再现了天气形势以及大气臭氧污染的演变过程。在春季研究时段内,来自华北及长江三角洲长距离输送的污染物与本地排放相互作用,在局地海陆风作用下造成东南沿海地区的臭氧污染。定量研究结果表明在东南沿海地区发生高臭氧污染时,外来输送对泉州市区臭氧污染贡献约占38%。     

安徽省臭氧污染时空变化及污染成因研究

目的 了解安徽省臭氧时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系.方法 利用2017—2019年环境空气质量监测的臭氧数据和气象观测数据,并结合后向轨迹模型和潜在源区分析,分别评价安徽省臭氧污染区域分布和气象要素对臭氧浓度的影响,并分析区域传输对安徽省臭氧浓度的影响.结果 2017—2019年安徽省及各市臭氧浓度增长显著,2019年同比2017年增幅为12.2％,第二季度(4、5、6月)和第三季度(7、8、9月)是O3浓度相对较高的时期,且O3污染有"前移后滞"趋势.污染气团主要来自于安徽省内部地区,潜在源分布显示,皖中地区(合肥、安庆、马鞍山等城市)的贡献比例最大,外地源贡献主要来源于江苏省和山东省等.臭氧浓度与温度和太阳总辐射强度呈正相关,与降水量和相对湿度呈负相关,与风速关联性不大.结论 安徽省臭氧污染逐年增加的主要原因是本地排放的加剧,外源输送可能会产生一定影响,加之高温和强太阳辐射的影响,会加剧臭氧污染的程度,并导致重污染.     

沈阳市低空大气臭氧污染防治办法

以2013年沈阳市11个空气质量自动监测站的大气臭氧自动连续监测数据为基础,对臭氧浓度的区域分布、季节变化、日变化特征进行分析。结果表明:O_3浓度在午后15∶00左右出现峰值,O_3浓度最高的月份为4—9月,中心城区O_3浓度低于外围。在此基础上提出了沈阳市低空大气臭氧污染防治办法。     

莆田地区一次臭氧污染过程分析

利用2018年7月28日—8月5日莆田地区4个环境监测站臭氧逐小时浓度观测资料、莆田国家气象站逐小时资料、莆田地区风廓线雷达站逐小时资料对7月29日—8月4日的臭氧污染过程进行分析.结果表明,除7月30日臭氧最大浓度为193 μg·m^-3外,其余日期莆田市监测站的臭氧浓度小时最大值均超过200 μg·m^-3.本次污染过程在气象条件上臭氧浓度与温度呈正相关,与湿度呈负相关,臭氧浓度与两者的相关系数绝对值均大于0.77.边界层上的偏西风和西南风在此次过程中表现出有利于本地区臭氧污染的形成和维持.结合污染物排放资料和后向轨迹分析表明,污染主要成因以外来源输送为主,后向轨迹经过漳州、泉州排放区,本地区排放对污染的贡献较少.莆田市监测站的NO_x与O₃浓度呈正相关的特殊现象是海陆风和山谷风配合地形造成的O₃和NO_x共同堆积和扩散所导致的.     

远安县城区臭氧污染的特征及防治建议

利用远安县城区环境空气质量自动监测站2017-2018年的监测数据,对空气中臭氧(O_3)的污染特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:远安县城区空气中臭氧作为首要污染物的占比有逐年增加的趋势。臭氧浓度具有明显的日变化、月变化和季节变化规律,日变化呈单峰型且高峰段在13:00—18:00;月变化规律显示6月—10月浓度最高;季节变化规律显示夏季浓度最高,冬季浓度最低。     

京津冀和长三角地区一次重霾过程气象成因及传输特征

基于气象数据和空气质量数据,研究了2016年12月29日~2017年1月8日京津冀与长三角地区一次大范围重度污染过程的特征及成因.结果表明,均压场、低边界层高度、静小风是本次重污染过程的主要气象特征,重污染过程的结束得益于后期气压梯度变大,水平扩散条件转好.此外,基于WRF-CMAQ（气象研究与预报建模系统及区域多尺度空气质量模型）模式情景分析法评价了区域传输和局地累积对本次重污染过程的作用,分析显示重污染前期当中东部地区受南风控制时,京津冀地区受长三角地区传输影响较大（15%~20%）,长三角地区以本地贡献为主;累积阶段,长三角地区本地贡献显著下降,受到京津冀地区的贡献明显上升（20%~30%）,京津冀地区主要受本地排放影响.传输通量结果显示长三角向京津冀输送的净通量峰值发生在重污染前期（-21.52t/d）,京津冀向长三角输送的净通量峰值发生在累积阶段（17.29t/d）,区域传输作用在1001~1478m之间最为活跃.     

青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染天气演变过程分析

运用WRF-CMAQ模式对2016年1月1日~1月7日青岛市的PM_(2.5)重污染天气进行了模拟研究,分析了青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染形成、持续和清除过程的主要影响因素.与观测对比表明,模式能够较好地模拟出青岛市主要气象要素和近地面PM_(2.5)浓度的变化特征.在重污染形成期,持续的西南气流将山东南部、安徽、江苏等地PM_(2.5)及其前体物传输至青岛地区;逆温层的出现及大气边界层高度的降低使得输送至青岛地区的PM_(2.5)在近地面积累,浓度升高.由山东西南部、安徽北部、河南东部等地传输至山东西北部和京津冀地区的PM_(2.5)及其前体物,在重污染持续期沿近地面传输至青岛,加之液相化学过程生成了大量的二次气溶胶,导致PM_(2.5)浓度一直维持在200μg/m~3以上.重污染清除期,风速加大,水平传输作用加强,高浓度的PM_(2.5)污染带向下风向转移.区域传输对此次青岛市PM_(2.5)重污染事件具有重要贡献,3个时期的贡献率分别为87.0%、68.5%和57.6%.     

基于综合立体观测网的京津冀地区污染过程分析

为揭示大气污染的演变规律,推动京津冀及周边地区空气质量的持续改善,针对大气重污染发生—演变—消散全过程的核心科学问题,在京津冀及其周边地区建立大气污染传输通道立体观测网,围绕2017年秋冬季和2018年春、秋、冬三季开展重污染时段和重污染过程的地基和车载走航观测,评估区域大气污染输送和城市间大气污染的相互传输量.结果表明:北京市污染呈明显的区域性特征,春季主要受区域不利扩散条件及沙尘传输影响,秋季主要受西南通道传输影响,冬季主要受西南、南部、东南通道混合层内传输与区域扩散条件不利的共同影响.秋冬季京津冀地区NO₂、SO₂污染物垂直柱浓度整体低于西南、东南和南部输送通道区域,当弱南风静稳天气条件主导时,北京市易受到污染物输送的影响,形成局域污染过程.研究显示,北京市重污染时段外来污染物各类尺度输送通道中,西南通道污染传输为主导,部分时段还受到东南和东部通道污染传输的影响.      

杭州市夏季臭氧污染特征及一次污染过程分析

文章利用2016-2021年杭州市环境空气质量国控监测站点及杭州光化学网站点监测数据,分析杭州夏季臭氧浓度变化特征,并结合气象资料分析一次臭氧典型污染过程。研究表明,杭州市夏季臭氧污染严重,6月超标天数要高于7月和8月,夏季臭氧浓度日变化呈现“单峰型”,8月平均臭氧日变化的峰值要略高于6月和7月。2021年6月5-9日杭州市出现的一次中度污染的臭氧污染过程,主要是在不利气象条件以及较高浓度前体物影响下的本地生成,而6月7日在本地生成之外,还受到东北方向城市区域的污染传输影响。     

基于天气背景天津大气污染输送特征分析

区域输送是大气污染防治中需要考虑的重要因素,本文利用大气化学模式定量估算2016年10月~2017年9月区域输送对天津的影响,重点基于天气背景分析区域输送影响和气象条件的关系,为京津冀地区大气污染联防联控提供支撑.结果表明,京津冀地区各城市区域输送贡献百分率平原城市显著高于沿山城市,天津一次PM_2.5本地贡献62.9%,区域输送贡献37.1%,主要受沧州、廊坊、河北中南部、北京、唐山和山东等地输送影响,每年4~6月区域输送最显著,7~8月区域输送最弱.区域输送与天气形势、风场和降水等气象条件密切相关,高压后和锋前低压是区域输送占比最高的两种污染天气类型,西南风、西风和南风3个风向下天津大气污染输送影响最为明显,风速2~3 m ·s^-1时最有利于PM_2.5区域传输,降水超过5 mm以上将降低大气污染物区域传输效率.对于不同污染类型和重污染阶段,轻度污染天气时区域输送贡献最为明显,比均值偏高20.5%,重污染天气虽受静稳气团控制,但由于周边区域高浓度的PM_2.5,污染气团迁移对区域内污染聚集传输有显著影响,重污染期间PM_2.5输送贡献占比超过均值,约偏高10%~15%.重污染过程中,开始积累阶段和峰值阶段,输送贡献占比高于其它时期,与暴发阶段相比偏高14.5%和19.5%,重污染暴发阶段本地排放贡献更明显,比均值偏高9.9%.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.