In vitro thyroid disrupting e ects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the e uents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal e ciencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated e ects in di erent treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 10??8 to 6.19 10??7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 10??8 to 8.75 10??8 mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP, and 4.80 10??9 to 2.55 10??8 mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse e ects on the exposed organisms.     

Profile and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by using an ER/AR competitive ligand binding assay and chemical analyses

An estrogen receptor (ER)/androgen receptor (AR) ligand competitive binding assay (ER/AR-binding assay) and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (K and S). In the influents, estrone (E1), androsterone (A), androstenedione (AD), BPA (bisphenol A), NP (nonylphenol) and daidzein (DZ) were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic (androgenic) activity as 17 -estradiol (E2) equivalents (EEQ) or testosterone (Te) equivalents (TEQ) was consequently 620 ng E2/L (570 ng Te/L) and 580 ng E2/L (800 ng Te/L) for the two WWTPs. The removal e ciencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%–100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%–100% for S-WWTP. The removal e ciencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal e ciencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%–52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%–83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.     

Distribution and seasonal variation of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential in the Huangpu River, China

Detection of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine(NDMA) in drinking water has led to rising concerns. There are, however, a paucity of studies on the distribution and seasonal variation of NDMA and NDMA formation potential(NDMA-FP) in natural waters, especially in China. For EDCs, limited studies have investigated the distribution and seasonal variation of estrone(E1), 17β-estradiol(E2), estriol(E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol(EE2), technical-nonylphenols(t-NP), and bisphenol A(BPA) in Shanghai. In this study, water samples were collected from 11 sampling sites along the Huangpu River in 2012. The distribution and seasonal variation of EDCs, NDMA, and NDMA-FP were investigated. The results showed that all of the 11 sampling sites were contaminated by the target compounds. Compared with E2 and EE2, higher E1 and E3 concentrations were usually detected in the Huangpu River. The values of 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) suggest a high possibility of endocrine effects on exposed organisms in the Huangpu River. NDMA-FP and t-NP were the dominant contaminants among the eight target compounds. The detection rates of the target compounds and their concentrations were both higher in dry seasons than in wet seasons. Higher concentrations of target compounds were observed in urban sampling sites near drainage outlets, and also in suburban sampling sites where intensive livestock farming and farmlands were located.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting effects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated effects in different treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 × 10-8 to 6.19 × 10-7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 × 10-s to 8.75 x 10-s mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP,and 4.80 × 10-9 to 2.55 × 10-s mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse effects on the exposed organisms.     

剑尾鱼卵黄蛋白原的ELISA检测

以卵黄脂磷蛋白(lipovitellin,Lv)抗血清为抗体,以纯化的卵黄蛋白原(vitellogenin,Vtg)为抗原,建立了间接酶联免疫吸附反应(ELISA)方法检测剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus helleri)雄鱼整体匀浆液中ρ(Vtg).结果表明,该方法的检测灵敏度为7.8 ng/mL,批内变异系数为5.094%,批间变异系数为5.540%,工作范围为32.5～2 000 ng/mL,在该范围内,标准曲线具有良好的线性和重复性.由于该方法可直接在1块或在不同的酶标板上准确地进行比较,因而可利用ELISA方法测定经诱导雄鱼整体匀浆液中ρ(Vtg)水平.结果显示,50 μg/L 17-β雌二醇(E₂)诱导21 d的雄性剑尾鱼有明显的Vtg产生;10 μg/L E₂诱导剑尾鱼亦有Vtg产生,但较50 μg/L E₂诱导组低;1 μg/L E₂诱导组及对照组剑尾鱼没有Vtg产生,检测孔OD450/对照OD₄₅₀(P/N)值小于2.1.      

Screening of agonistic activities against four nuclear receptors in wastewater treatment plants in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay

To assess the potential endocrine disruptive effects through multiple nuclear receptors(NRs),especially non-steroidal NRs,in municipal wastewater,we examined the agonistic activities on four NRs(estrogen receptor α,thyroid hormone receptor α,retinoic acid receptor α and retinoid X receptor α) of untreated and treated wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) in Japan using a yeast two-hybrid assay.Investigation of the influent and effluent of seven WWTPs revealed that agonistic activities...     

内分泌干扰物在城市污水处理厂中的行为和归趋：综述

内分泌干扰物作为一类新型污染物,由于其在环境水体中微量的浓度即可对野生动物产生内分泌干扰效应,因此引起了人们的广泛关注.本文以两类主要内分泌干扰物(即类固醇雌激素和酚类内分泌干扰物)作为研究对象,综述了它们在城市污水处理厂中的浓度水平以及相应的去除效率,并探讨了不同生物处理工艺、运行操作条件等对去除效率的影响.此外,通...     

环境激素对鱼的影响

环境激素是存在于环境之中,以某种方式干扰正常内分泌功能的天然或合成的化合物。鱼在水生生态系统之中分布广泛,是在食物链中具有重要位置的物种,在毒理学和生态风险评价中具有重要的实验价值。文中对鱼暴露于一些常见环境激素时,受激素调节的生殖和发育过程所受到的影响及相应机理进行了探讨。同时介绍了鱼应用于水环境中激素的筛选与监测评价的方法。      

Determination of estrogens and estrogenic activities in water from three rivers in Tianjin, China

Studies on estrogenic disrupting compounds(EDCs) occurrence and identification of main responsible compounds in river water discharged into the sea are of significance.In the present research,we screened estrogenic activities of 10 river water samples from 3 main rivers discharged into Bohai Sea in Tianjin using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay and chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity,with 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) of raw water ranging from 5.72 to 59.06 ng/L.Six most concerned EDCs in the river water samples including estrone,17β-estradiol,17α-ethinylestradiol,estriol,diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerate were determined,with their concentrations up to 50.70,31.40,24.40,37.20,2.56,and 8.47 ng/L,respectively.Through causality analysis by comparing the EEQ values of yeast assay and chemical analysis,17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol were identified as the main contributors to the estrogenic effects of the river samples,accounting for the whole estrogenic activities(62.99% to 185.66%),and estrogen antagonistic compounds might presented in the heavy polluted water samples.The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and bioassay could be used for identification and evaluation of the estrogenic activity of EDCs in river water.     

The acute lethality and endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in juvenile goldfish （ Carassius auratus ） in vivo

1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was administrated to juvenile goldfish （Carassius auratus） by peritoneal injections to explore the acute lethality and endocrine effects of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD in vivo. The value of acute median lethal dosage （LD50） of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD was determined in acute lethality tests. The endocrine effect of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, whose exposed concentrations were determined based on the LD50 （1.84 mg/kg）, was studied by measuring the plasma vitellogenin （Vtg） content in juvenile male goldfish with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays （ELISA）. Due to its significant induction of the plasma Vtg after one week＇s exposure in vivo in the 1/2 LD50 and LD30 groups, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD might be one of the important contributors to the estrogenic effect of PCDDs in the environment. The values of 1/2 LD50 and LD30 were within the range of the effective dosages of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, indicating that there was a certain relationship between the estrogenic effective dosages and the LD50.     

复合菌群生物强化削减NPEO内分泌干扰毒性的试验研究

印染废水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphnol polyethylene ether, NPEO)在生化处理过程中会产生雌激素活性更强的壬基酚(NP)等中间产物,导致处理后印染废水内分泌干扰毒性升高.为探索以NPEO和NP为降解靶点进行菌群生物强化脱毒的可行性,分别以NPEO和NP驯化富集印染活性污泥,并将得到的降解菌群以单独和组合投加方式进行生物强化试验,考察强化控毒效果.结果表明：(1)NPEO降解菌群(NPEB)和NP降解菌群(NPB)中的优势菌均为Proteobacteria,二者对10 mg/L NPEO和NP的48 h去除率均高于98%.(2)单独或组合投加5 mg/L的NPEB和NPB至混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)为500 mg/L的活性污泥体系,均能显著提升活性污泥对不同浓度(10和1 mg/L) NPEO的降解性能,大幅缩短NPEO降解过程中雌激素活性的变化周期,并使体系的雌激素活性维持在较低水平.(3)当降解体系中加入1 000 mg/L葡萄糖作为额外碳源时,NPB的强化性能被完全抑制,而NPEB在降解性能受抑的情况下仍能增强活性污泥的NPEO降解速率并缩短控...     

辽东湾野生四角蛤蜊性畸变调查

为揭示辽东湾近海海域环境内分泌干扰物(EDCs)的生物效应与潜在生态风险,利用组织学方法系统调查辽东湾近海海域野生四角蛤蜊性畸变发生情况,并利用GC-MS/MS分析了组织体内典型酚类污染物包括壬基酚(NP)、辛基酚(Op)和双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平.调查结果表明:5月、6月和8月野生四角蛤蜊雌雄同体发生率分别为30%,20%和14%,软体部组织中NP浓度则分别为410.70,254.95,227.15ng/g dw(干重), BPA浓度分别为7.60,4.30,7.05ng/gdw,但是没有检出OP.研究结果表明环境EDCs已经影响了辽东湾海洋生物繁殖系统、并对区域海洋生态系统造成潜在风险.     

17β-雌二醇在水体中的分布水平及去除方法研究现状

17β-雌二醇(E2)是一种常见的天然雌激素,普遍存在于各类水体环境,在水环境分布水平已经达到干扰鱼类内分泌系统的水平,被认为是作用最强烈、最具潜在影响的环境内分泌干扰物之一。文章重点介绍了17β-雌二醇在水体环境中的分布水平及去除方法,指出由于传统的污水处理工艺和净水工艺无法将其完全去除,增加深度处理工序已经迫在眉睫。针对E2的特点,现有水处理工艺宜增加能够生成强氧化剂.OH的工序。     

海洋环境中内分泌干扰物对无脊椎动物的影响

海洋环境中内分泌扰乱化学物质(即"内分泌干扰物",EDCs)主要来源于陆源污染和海上排污。它们包含多种类型,其作用机理复杂,表现出拟天然激素或抗天然激素的作用。笔者着重介绍了EDCs对软体动物、甲壳动物、棘皮动物以及多毛类环节动物等几类海洋无脊椎动物在形态结构、生理、生殖以及生长发育等方面的影响及研究进展,揭示了其危害的严重性以及在该领域中所存在的巨大的研究空间,同时还探讨了海洋环境中EDCs研究的发展趋势。      

Confirmation of combinational effects of calcium with other metals in a paper recycling mill effluent on nematode lifespan with toxicity identification evaluation method

We used toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) method to confirm the combinational e ects of identified toxic metals in a paper recycling mill e uent in inducing the decreased lifespan in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Exposure to Ca + Al caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Al; and exposure to Ca + Fe induced more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Fe. Exposure to Ca+Al+Fe caused more severely decreased lifespan than that exposed to Ca, or Ca+Fe. Moreover, the baseline toxicity on lifespan was doubled by doubling the concentration of combined metals (Ca+Al+Fe) in spiking test in original e uent (oe), and lifespan defects in oe+Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematodes were more severe than that in Ca+Al+Fe exposed nematode. Therefore, Ca+Al+Fe exposure may largely explain the formation of decreased lifespan induced by the examined industrial e uent. Furthermore, the observed reduction of lifespan induced by the combination of high level of Ca with other metals may be at least partially independent of the insulin-like pathway.     

太湖流域宜溧河酚类内分泌干扰物的空间分布及风险评价

以NP(nonylphenol,壬基酚)、4-t-OP(4-t-octylphenol,辛基酚)和BPA(bisphenol A,双酚A)为目标物质,研究酚类EDCs(内分泌干扰物)在太湖流域宜溧河地表水体和悬浮物中的空间分布特征及风险评价. 结果表明,太湖流域宜溧河地表水体中ρ(NP)、ρ(4-t-OP)和ρ(BPA)分别为156.2～434.0、11.8～19.4和89.8～353.8 ng/L,悬浮物中w(NP)、w(4-t-OP)和w(BPA)分别为520.0～9 818.2、52.0～454.5和39.0～2 454.5 ng/g. 流域内生活及工业污水排放可能是宜溧河流域水体中酚类EDCs的主要来源,ρ(NP)与ρ(NO₃-)呈显著正相关(R=0.860,P<0.01). 宜溧河水系中酚类EDCs在水相-悬浮物相的有机碳标准分配系数为4.14～6.41,表明悬浮颗粒物的吸附是水体中EDCs迁移的一个重要途径. 研究区域中NP、4-t-OP和BPA的入湖量分别为506、57.9和297 kg/a. 风险评价结果表明,该地区部分河段ρ(EDCs)具有潜在的生态风险.      

内分泌扰乱化学品对动物的影响和作用机制

介绍了内分泌扰乱化学品(EDCs)的作用机制及其对野生动物影响的研究进展。内分泌化学品可能与性激素受体、甲状腺素受体和其他受体(如芳烃受体)结合,也可能通过影响动物体内激素的代谢而对动物的生长发育起调控作用。各实验室的重复实验不支持环境雌激素之间存在协同作用的结论。已报道过的人体和野生动物生殖缺陷中具有充分证据的暴露-效应关系的实例为数不多。尽管野生鱼类变性是英国河流中的一个普遍现象,但进一步的实验证明污水处理场出水中的天然和合成雌激素足以引起鱼类的变性反应,而不是先前怀疑的非离子表面活性剂降解产物。目前尚不能对EDCs对人体和野生动物的健康风险作出正确评价,并有待于进一步研究。      

饮用水水源及水厂内分泌干扰物污染分析

对国内的饮用水水源地内分泌干扰物污染现状进行总结,发现我国饮用水水源地很多地区都存在着内分泌干扰物的污染,由于地域的不同,污染物的种类存在差异,但有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的污染尤为严重。同时对水源地内分泌干扰物的种类、来源及生物学效应进行综述,并对内分泌干扰物的毒性作用机制进行了归纳,发现不同来源的内分泌干扰物,毒性作用机制不同,且一种内分泌干扰物可能同时存在多种作用机制。     

析因设计DLLME-SFO同时萃取水中EDCs的应用

采用全析因设计对分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化(DLLME-SFO)同时萃取水中五种环境内分泌干扰物包括雌酮(E1)、雌三醇(E3)、双酚A(BPA)、己烯雌酚(DES)和壬基酚(NP)的条件进行优化,建立了预测回归方程,并分析了因素对DLLME-SFO萃取回收率的影响。利用SAS软件分析得到的最优条件为盐浓度(m/v)15%、水样体积3 mL、分散剂(甲醇)体积0.5 mL以及萃取剂(十二醇)体积120μL。在优化萃取条件下,E1、E3、BPA、DES和NP萃取回收率的预测值分别为46.17%、74.38%、79.20%、69.62%和73.05%,实验验证值分别为44.15%、87.76%、77.83%、77.68%和70.01%,实验值与预测值的相对偏差小于10%。将建立的DLLME-SFO方法用于测定实际水样中的目标化合物,结果显示实际水样中E3、BPA、DES、E1和NP同时萃取回收率分别为64.81%~76.18%,88.09%~83.15%,68.38%~70.08%,66.37%~68.72%,68.35%~72.80%,相对标准偏差(n=3)在1.47%~8.09%之间。     

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)卵黄蛋白原的ELISA检测

采用Sephadex G-200柱层析从鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)成熟鱼卵中提取卵黄脂磷蛋白并制备抗卵黄脂磷蛋白抗血清.用DEAE-cellulose阴离子交换层析和Sephacryl S-300分子筛凝胶层析相结合的两步层析从经17b-雌二醇诱导的雌鱼血浆中提纯卵黄蛋白原.免疫印迹反应显示卵黄脂磷蛋白和卵黄蛋白原都与抗卵黄脂磷蛋白抗血清有特异的反应.以抗卵黄脂磷蛋白抗血清作为抗体,卵黄蛋白原作为竞争抗原建立了间接竞争法酶联免疫吸附反应(ELISA)方法来检测雄鱼血液中卵黄蛋白原含量.该方法可测的最低浓度为7.8ng/mL,工作范围为0.39~25mg/mL,批内和批间误差分别为6.5%和7.5%.