聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂形貌结构及性能研究

以硅酸钠、硫酸和硫酸盐为原料制备聚硅酸金属盐(PSMS)复合絮凝剂,通过红外光谱研究了金属元素与聚硅酸(PS)的相互作用情况,采用电子显微镜观察了PS、PSMS和相应简单金属盐(MS)的形貌,利用激光粒度分析仪分析了絮体粒径变化及破碎与恢复情况,并考察了PSMS在不同投加量下处理腐植酸模拟废水的效果。结果表明:PSMS的红外光谱图中有M—O—Si振动峰出现,扫描电镜显示PSMS的聚集单元表面异于PS的平滑,为细小不规整的晶体颗粒,并与相应硫酸盐(MS)形貌有一定关联。此外,无论是所形成絮体的粒径还是对腐植酸的去除效果,聚硅酸硫酸铝(PSAlS)和聚硅酸硫酸铁(PSFeS)均优于其它聚硅酸金属盐,PSFeS的絮体虽易破碎但破碎后恢复能力最好,且粒径最大而容易沉降。     

高效复合絮凝剂的研制与性能研究

以酸洗废液和硅酸钠为原料，氯酸钾为氧化剂，加入少量的添加剂，制得高效玩机高分子复合絮凝剂-聚合硫酸铁/聚硅酸复合絮凝剂，研究了其絮凝性能，考察了添加剂、聚铁与聚硅酸的混合比对其絮凝效果的影响以及该絮凝剂适用的pH范围，结果表明，使用该絮凝剂处理城市废水和长江水，絮体密实粗大，沉降速度快，余浊低。     

絮凝剂PTSS的分子结构研究

以聚硅酸和硫酸钛为原料制得絮凝剂聚硅硫酸钛(PISS),用电子显微镜观察其形貌,发现絮凝剂FISS呈现不同于聚硅酸球形颗粒状的分枝长链状结构,初步推测钛与聚硅酸发生了化学成键作用;通过红外光谱与X-射线衍射研究絮凝剂PTSS结构,证实钛与聚硅酸中的硅通过氧基成键.将该絮凝剂用于处理pH为8的模拟江水,在投加量(以钛离子计)为10 mg/L时,A254的去除率为70.9%,浊度去除率为99.3%,絮凝效果良好.测定不同pH下的Zeta电位,观察所形成絮体的形貌、测定絮体粒度分布以及观测红外光谱图均发现,絮凝剂PISS特殊的长链结构通过络合成键将模拟江水中的腐殖酸官能团带入絮体中,同时也通过吸附、网捕等作用将其余胶体颗粒去除.     

聚合氯化铝中Alb形态去除腐殖酸的效果及机制研究

Alb形态[Al12AlO4(OH)247+]是聚合氯化铝(polyaluminiurn chloride,PAC)水解-聚合作用中形成的一种粒度小、所带正电荷多、聚集程度高及分子量大的多核羟基配合物.本试验采用乙醇.丙酮混合沉淀法分离PAC溶液中各种铝形态,提纯出Alb形态(Alb絮凝剂).研究投加量、pH及无机离子对Alb絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样絮凝效果的影响,并利用光散射颗粒分析仪(PDA2000)测定Alb絮凝剂对腐殖酸絮凝过程中絮体的形成与增长过程的动态变化,结合絮体的Zeta电位,对Alb絮凝剂的絮凝机制进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当投加量为4.3～6.3 ms/L、pH值为3.0～6.0时,Alb絮凝剂处理腐殖酸模拟水样达到最佳絮凝效果;NH4+、SiO32-、H2PO4-的存在明显抑制其絮凝性能.絮凝动力学过程和絮体Zeta电位表明,Alb絮凝剂在水处理中主要是通过电中和作用和吸附网捕卷扫作用共同起絮凝作用的.     

应用聚铁硅复合絮凝剂处理煤泥水的研究

针对由于原油价格上涨从而引起聚丙烯酰胺生产成本增高，并最终导致煤泥水处理成本上升的状况，本文利用自行研制的聚铁硅复合絮凝剂进行煤泥水处理研究，以探讨其对煤泥水的处理性能并替代聚丙烯酰胺的可能性，研究结果表明，在适宜的OH／Fe比和Si/Fe比下，配制的聚铁硅复合絮凝剂具有优良的絮凝性能，其带正电荷的羟铁聚合体具有电中和作用使煤粒悬浊体系脱稳，再通过聚硅酸无机离分子的架桥作用粘接成较大的絮团，最终迅速沉降使污水最终得以净化。     

聚合硅酸铝铁(PSAF)的制备与絮凝性能研究

以硫酸铝、硫酸铁、水玻璃为主要原料 ,制备了聚合硅酸铝铁 (PSAF)絮凝剂。研究了不同 Al/ Fe/ Si摩尔比、碱化度 B* )值、p H值、投加量等因素对絮凝效果的影响 ,考察了 PSAF的絮凝性能 ,并与传统絮凝剂作了比较。结果表明 :在 p H值为 6- 8,投药量为 1.5× 10 - 5mol·L- 1 (以 Si O2 计 ) ,PSAF中 Al/ Fe/ Si摩尔比为 1∶ 1∶ 1,B*为 0 .8时絮凝效果最佳 ,其絮凝去浊性能明显优于硫酸铝、硫酸铁及聚硅酸     

不同聚硅酸硫酸铁去除有机物及膜污染的影响

采用腐植酸、苯胺、海藻酸钠、羟丙基甲基纤维4种有机物分别模拟天然有机物中的疏水酸性、疏水碱性、亲水带电性及亲水中性4种有机物,使用"聚硅酸+Fe3+"、"聚硅酸+聚硫酸铁(PFS)"、"聚硅酸+Fe2++H2O2"3种不同聚合方式的聚硅酸硫酸铁(PFSS)进行水处理,并将絮凝处理后的废水上清液通过微滤膜,考察不同聚合方式PFSS对有机物的去除及膜污染的影响。实验结果表明:4种有机物最难去除的是苯胺和海藻酸钠,羟丙基甲基纤维素其次,腐殖酸最易去除;以"聚硅酸+PFS""、聚硅酸+Fe2++H2O2"方式聚合的絮凝剂与"聚硅酸+Fe3+"方式聚合的絮凝剂相比,去除产生可逆污染的腐植酸的比例相差不大,但去除产生不可逆污染加大的苯胺、海藻酸钠、羟丙基甲基纤维素3种有机物的比例明显增大,膜污染率虽然相对稍大,但更加可逆。     

微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能及其絮凝形态研究

利用本实验室分离、筛选的微生物絮凝剂菌株G15,对其进行发酵培养,研究了絮凝剂投加量、絮凝反应体系pH值等对其絮凝性能的影响;对反应体系的ζ电位进行了测定,并且对所形成絮体的微观形态进行了观察。研究结果表明:该微生物絮凝剂在碱性条件下有较强的絮凝活性,当pH=10时最佳投加量为2.5mL;絮凝剂具有较强的热稳定性;加入菌株G15的发酵液后,高岭土悬浊液的ζ电位从-36.27mV显著上升至-12.97mV;并且该微生物絮凝剂产生的絮体颗粒大且结构密实,形态上有明显的分形特征。     

聚硅酸硫酸铝铁的合成及其性能研究

聚硅酸金属盐类无机高分子絮凝剂是当前用于给水和废水处理领域的新型高效水处理药剂。本文设计了一系列试验,用工业水玻璃和化学试剂合成了聚硅酸硫酸铝铁复合絮凝剂,并检验其除浊性能。结果证明,聚硅酸硫酸铝铁絮凝剂在较低pH值制备比较稳定,适用废水酸度范围广,絮体小,沉速快,除浊效率高,是一种具有广泛应用前景的无机高分子絮凝剂。     

聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂的形貌研究

用扫描电镜(SEM)对聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂进行了形貌观察,并用能谱仪(EDS)测定其组成,发现硼、铝和铁元素的加入能改变聚硅酸的形貌,提高其稳定性,并且增大了聚合物的聚合度;聚硅酸金属盐复合絮凝剂是其中各种元素之间相互作用所形成的结构、形貌均一的聚合物,而不是各自均聚物的混合物;硼、铝、硅和铁四种元素靠吸附、键合、配位等作用复合。     

Effects of humic acid on recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs

Particle surface characteristics, floc recoverability and fractal structure of alum-kaolin flocs were investigated using in situ particle image velocimetry (PIV) and microbalance with or without humic acid. Experimental results indicated that the zeta potential of kaolin particle surface after adsorption of humic acid was related with humic acid concentration and its acid-base bu ering capacity. Adsorption of humic acid resulted in more negative electrophoresis on the particle surface. Coagulant dosages for particles to form flocs would increase with increasing humic concentration. PIV was used to evaluate floc structural fragmentation, floc surface erosion as well as recoverability after high shear. It was found that the floc size during the steady phase of growth was small, while the regrowing capability decreased in the presence of humic acid. The recoverability was closely related with floc breakage modes including floc structural fragmentation and floc surface erosion. The fractal dimensions of alum-kaolin flocs by mass-size method based on microbalance would decrease with increasing humic concentration. This study proved that humic acid had adverse influences on the performance of coagulation process.     

絮体分形结构对沉淀速度影响研究

利用基于微天平的质量-粒径法和基于改进粒子图像测速技术的自由沉淀法对高岭土、腐殖酸絮体的分形结构进行了研究.结果表明,质量-粒径法得到的铁盐絮体三维分形维数为2.14~2.28,明显大于铝盐絮体的1.75~1.83,铁盐絮体结构更为致密,而铝、铁-腐殖酸絮体比相应的高岭土絮体分形维数要小.絮体分形维数与沉淀速度具有良好的对应关系,分形维数越大,絮体沉淀速度越大.质量粒径法与自由沉淀法求出的絮体分形维数相吻合,分形絮体沉淀速度不再满足Stokes沉淀速度公式.     

Effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment on residual aluminum control in high humic acid water purification

Due to the formation of disinfection by-products and high concentrations of Al residue in drinking water purification, humic substances are a major component of organic matter in natural waters and have therefore received a great deal of attention in recent years. We investigated the effects of advanced oxidation pretreatment methods usually applied for removing dissolved organic matters on residual Al control. Results showed that the presence of humic acid increased residual Al concentration notably. With 15 mg/L of humic acid in raw water, the concentrations of soluble aluminum and total aluminum in the treated water were close to the quantity of Al addition. After increasing coagulant dosage from 12 to 120 mg/L, the total-Al in the treated water was controlled to below 0.2 mg/L. Purification systems with ozonation, chlorination, or potassium permanganate oxidation pretreatment units had little effects on residual Al control; while UV radiation decreased Al concentration notably. Combined with ozonation, the effects of UV radiation were enhanced. Optimal dosages were 0.5 mg O3/mg C and 3 hr for raw water with 15 mg/L of humic acid. Under UV light radiation, the combined forces or bonds that existed among humic acid molecules were destroyed; adsorption sites increased positively with radiation time, which promoted adsorption of humic acid onto polymeric aluminum and Al(OH)3(s). This work provides a new solution for humic acid coagulation and residual Al control for raw water with humic acid purification.     

铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟的促进作用及机理分析

以铜绿微囊藻、氯化铝（AlCl₃·6H₂O）为研究对象,通过三维荧光、场发射扫描电镜等表征,探究了藻类对氟化物混凝去除机制的影响.结果表明,在pH值为7.0,8.0,9.0,Al投加量在20.0~80.0mg/L的条件下,铜绿微囊藻对混凝除氟有明显的促进作用,其促进作用主要在于藻絮体对氟的表面吸附.铜绿微囊藻与氯化铝水解产物通过吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,聚集成较大较多的絮体.絮体粒径越大,除氟率越高.pH值为7.0,Al投加量为40.0mg/L时,絮体粒径达到最大值500μm,此时氟去除率最高,为77.37%;当Al投加量为80.0mg/L时,藻细胞破损严重,有机物过多释放,对混凝除氟起阻碍作用.絮体破碎吸附实验结果表明,对絮体进行一定强度破碎可以增加吸附位点,从而提高氟的去除率;但破碎强度过大,絮体粒径过小,对氟的吸附效率亦会降低.     

Synchronous removal of CuO nanoparticles and Cu2+ by polyaluminum chloride-Enteromorpha polysaccharides: Effect of Al species and pH

Copper oxide nanomaterials have been extensively applied and can have serious impacts when discharged into the aquatic environment, especially when complexed with humic acid (HA) to form composite contaminants. As an innovative recycled coagulant aid, Enteromorpha polysaccharides (Ep) were associated with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) (denoted as PACl-Ep) to simultaneously remove CuO nanoparticles, Cu²⁺ and HA in this study. The influence of different Al species coagulants (AlCl₃, PACl_b and PACl_c) and water pH on coagulation performance, floc properties and reaction mechanisms was investigated in detail. Results showed that in the three PACl-Ep systems, PACl_b-Ep gave the highest removal efficiencies for turbidity and Cu²⁺, and the best UV₂₅₄ removal effect was reached by using PACl_c-Ep. Higher contents of Al_b and Al_c contributed to great coagulation performance because of their stronger bridging and sweeping effects. For all the Al species coagulants, alkalescent conditions were more conducive to removing Cu and HA compared to acidic conditions. Additionally, smaller and more agminated flocs with great recovery ability were formed by PACl_b-Ep and PACl_c-Ep systems (bridging and enmeshment effects cooperated with the chelated reticular structure formed by the Ep and Al species). Similarly, due to the increased hydrolysis and hydroxide precipitates, flocs formed under the condition of alkalescence were smaller, denser and stronger compared with weakly acidic conditions.     

Membrane fouling reduction through electrochemically regulating flocs aggregation in an electro-coagulation membrane reactor

Coupling coagulation and applied electric field is an efficient method to regulate cake layer porosity and hydrophilicity for alleviating ultrafiltration membrane (UF) fouling. However, the Al/Fe flocs aggregation behavior are induced from electric field and determine the cake layer structure, which has not been studied comparatively yet. Herein, the anti-fouling performance in an efficient electro-coagulation membrane reactor (ECMR, in which UF membrane modules are placed between electrodes) was investigated with Al/Fe anode and various electrochemical parameters from the viewpoint of regulating flocs aggregation. Both the cake layers formed from Al and Fe flocs under an electric field were more porous and hydrophilic in comparison with that formed without electric fields, resulting in an enhanced water flux under higher electric field strength. Comparing with Fe flocs, Al flocs had a faster growth rate and larger size, facilitating membrane pore block resistant, which was more pronounced in a higher current density. Furthermore, the cake layer formed from Al flocs was more porous than that formed from Fe flocs. Therefore, the anti-fouling performance of ECMR with Al anode was superior to that of ECMR with Fe anode. When the electric field strength increased from 0 to 10?V/cm, the normalized specific flux was improved from 71.2% to 89.4% for ECMR (Al) and from 48.1% to 70.1% for ECMR (Fe) at 30?min.     

铁盐与铝盐混凝去除EDTA土壤淋洗废液中砷、锑效果对比

实验以三氯化铁和三氯化铝作为混凝剂,对比研究了混凝去除EDTA土壤淋洗废液中砷、锑的效果,重点探讨了反应终点pH、EDTA浓度、Fe/Al投加量以及共存重金属离子对砷、锑去除效果的影响。结果表明:1)对于EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除,铝盐比铁盐效果更优;2)EDTA的存在不仅降低了铁盐/铝盐混凝对As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的吸附去除效果,同时抑制了砷酸铁、锑酸铁等物质的生成,削弱了铁盐对As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的沉淀去除。EDTA导致铁盐混凝过程中生成粒径较大、表面活性较低的稳定结晶态絮体;3)当c(EDTA)=0.05 mol/L时,在pH=5、ρ(Al)=2000 mg/L的条件下,铝盐对EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除率分别高达98.00%和93.09%;4)共存重金属离子通过与EDTA络合,增加了絮体Al(OH)₃的生成量,促进了As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)去除。由此表明,铝盐能够有效实现EDTA土壤淋洗废液中As(Ⅴ)、Sb(Ⅴ)的去除,对于推动基于EDTA的土壤淋洗技术的广泛应用具有重要意义。     

腐殖酸絮凝体形成过程中初期搅拌条件对其形态结构的影响

以腐殖酸为研究对象,采用硫酸铝为混凝剂进行混凝杯罐实验,借助PDA在线监测系统、图像解析法及粒子图像测速技术分析评价絮凝体的构造特征,着重探讨了混凝过程中初期快速搅拌条件对絮凝体形态结构的影响.结果表明,快速搅拌条件对腐殖酸絮凝体的形成过程及形态结构有着显著影响.最佳快速搅拌条件为:搅拌历时l min,搅拌强度300 r·min-,此时形成的絮凝体结构密实,抗剪切能力强,整体性能最优,絮凝体分形维数、强度及平均粒径分别为1.8842、0.164 N·m-2、0.43 mm.腐殖酸絮凝体的形成包括不溶性微粒的产生及初期颗粒的形成与结合等过程,其中,不溶性微粒的形成及初期颗粒的致密化过程是决定最终絮凝体形态构造的重要环节,而快速搅拌条件影响着混凝剂扩散混合效果和初期颗粒的形成速率与致密化程度,这也是初期快速搅拌条件对于腐殖酸混凝过程有显著影响的一个重要因素.     

纳米复合聚硅酸铝的颗粒粒度效应:Al_(13)与氧化硅的相互作用及其混凝特征

为了研究纳米复合聚硅酸铝(PASC)混凝剂的颗粒粒度效应,以实验室提纯的Al13溶液和活化水玻璃为原料,制备一系列不同粒度分布的PASC.以Al-Ferron法测定的铝水解形态表明,在该混凝剂中,Al13作为混凝优势形态具有较好的稳定性.氧化硅聚集度的测定和粒度分析结果表明,活化硅酸的加入能显著提高混凝剂的平均粒度,同时,Si/Al比(物质的量比)是影响平均粒度的主要因素.在活化硅酸不过量的前提下,Si/Al比和混凝剂的平均粒度呈正相关.混凝实验结果表明,在保证电中和能力的前提下,混凝剂的颗粒粒度越大,混凝剂的除浊能力越强.