不同类型生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响

生物结皮是黄土高原地区坡面水土流失不可忽略的影响因素,目前生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响仍不明确.在陕北神木县六道沟小流域通过径流小区放水试验,以裸地为对照,研究了浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮、混合结皮(藻+藓)以及藓结皮4 种类型生物结皮对坡面产流特征的影响.结果表明:① 浅色藻结皮、深色藻结皮和混合结皮较裸地显著降低了初始产流时间,三者的初始产流时间较裸地分别减少89.0%、96.2%和96.0%;而藓结皮则较裸地显著增加了初始产流时间.② 浅色藻结皮和混合结皮较裸地显著延长了退水持续时间,其退水持续时间分别是裸地小区的2.28和2.13倍;而深色藻结皮的退水持续时间与裸地差异不显著.③ 深色藻结皮和藓结皮的径流流速较裸地分别降低了29.1%和67.3%;藓结皮的径流流速显著低于其他生物结皮小区;各生物结皮小区的径流深与裸地均无显著差异;浅色藻结皮的径流深显著高于深色藻结皮.④ 不同类型的生物结皮较裸地明显改变了坡面产流过程和径流量;浅色藻结皮小区的径流系数显著高于裸地,深色藻结皮和混合结皮小区的径流系数较裸地差异不显著;浅色藻结皮小区的径流系数是深色藻结皮小区的2.44 倍,差异显著;放水时段内,藓结皮小区没有径流流出.以上结果表明,生物结皮是坡面产流特征的重要影响因素,影响程度与生物结皮的发育阶段和生物组成有关.     

密云水库上游石匣小流域水土流失综合治理措施研究

坡面处理措施及土地利用方式是控制水土流失最重要的影响因素,通过合适的坡面措施与合理的土地利用方式可以有效地抑制土壤侵蚀,保护土地资源,改善生态坏境。论文通过对石匣小流域不同处理的径流试验小区的实测资料分析,研究了坡面综合水土保持措施对水土流失的影响。研究表明,与坡耕地、开荒地相比,梯田和水平条可以有效地拦蓄地面径流,控制水土流失,减沙率可达64.83%~91.81%,并且阴坡上的水平条的蓄水保土作用好于阳坡,有土埂的大水平条的减水拦沙效率好于无土埂的水平条;综合水保措施的水土保持效益更高,对径流量的拦蓄率高达96.21%~99.38%,并且进行综合措施处理的坡面的土壤侵蚀模数都小于水利部发布的北方土石山区允许土壤流失量200t/km².a;对坡面的自然封禁能够有效地控制坡面水土流失;同时由于综合水保措施很大程度上改变了原有的地形,坡度对水土流失的影响不明显。     

坡度和植被盖度对河岸坡面侵蚀产沙特征的影响

坡度和植被盖度是影响坡面土壤侵蚀的重要因子,探讨坡面土壤侵蚀产沙对坡度和植被盖度的响应,对坡面土壤侵蚀产沙的预测和调控具有重要意义。研究基于野外模拟径流冲刷试验,分析了不同坡度（5°、10°、15°、20°）和植被盖度（0、15%、30%）条件下坡面径流系数、泥沙量、时段径流含沙量和侵蚀泥沙粒径组成的变化过程,并运用双因素方差分析和相对贡献指数阐明黄河下游河岸坡面侵蚀产沙特征对坡度和植被盖度交互作用的响应。结果表明：不同植被盖度下坡面径流系数随冲刷历时增加而增加,在冲刷历时前5 min增幅较快,之后增幅变慢并趋于平缓;坡面径流含沙量随冲刷历时呈逐渐下降趋势,随后趋于平缓。坡度小于15°时,不同植被盖度之间的径流系数和时段径流含沙量差异较为明显,坡度大于15°后差异减小。侵蚀产生的泥沙量随冲刷历时和坡度的增加而增加;在同一坡度上,植被覆盖越低,侵蚀产生泥沙量越大。侵蚀泥沙的主要富集粒级中,Dx(10)以粉粒为主,Dx(50)以粗粉粒和极细砂粒为主,Dx(90)以极细砂粒和细砂粒为主。双因素方差分析表明,坡度对河岸坡面侵蚀产生的径流系数、产沙量和径流含沙量均有极显著影响（P<0.001）,植被盖度对产沙量和径流系数有极显著影响（P<0.001）,而坡度和植被盖度的交互作用仅对径流系数有显著影响（P<0.01）,同时相对贡献指数表明,在坡度和植被盖度对坡面侵蚀产沙的交互作用中,植被盖度的作用随坡度的增加逐渐减弱,而坡度的作用逐渐增强,并成为影响坡面水土流失的主导因素。     

西南喀斯特流域泥沙来源、输移、平衡的思考——基于坡地土壤与洼地、塘库沉积物~(137)Cs含量的对比

汇总了西南喀斯特地区坡地土壤和洼地、塘库沉积泥沙的~(137)Cs比活度资料,并进行了对比,分析流域泥沙来源。坡地地面流失轻微的,汇水面积小于0.5 km~2的微小流域,流域产沙主要源于地下流失(裂隙土)和沟岸侵蚀(沟壁土);坡地地面流失强烈的,主要源于坡地地面流失(坡地表层土壤)。地下流失和沟岸侵蚀是小流域和较大流域的主要产沙方式,且有随着流域面积增大,产沙贡献率越高的趋势。由于裂隙土和沟壁土都基本不含~(137)Cs,~(137)Cs单一示踪法不能区分这两种源地土体的产沙贡献率。建议采用多元示踪法,研究流域的泥沙来源。区分裂隙土和沟壁土的产沙贡献率,可考虑尝试磁性法和孢粉法。通过沉积物~(137)Cs断代等方法确定洼地、河流滩地和塘库泥沙淤积量,结合径流小区和水文站输沙量资料,分析不同类型洼地、河流滩地和塘库的泥沙截留率,分析河流泥沙输移比。在查明泥沙来源,泥沙输移比和输沙量(或产沙量)的基础上,确定流域泥沙平衡,结合径流研究成果,建立喀斯特流域产沙模型。     

近地表土壤水分条件对坡面农业非点源污染物运移的影响

采用人工模拟降雨实验,研究了近地表土壤水分条件,尤其是土壤水分饱和条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物运移的影响.结果表明,前期近地表土壤水分条件对土壤侵蚀过程中农业非点源污染物的迁移有着很大影响.饱和含水量时径流及泥沙中非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量大于非饱和含水量,且前期近地表土壤含水量越大,径流及泥沙中农业非点源污染物的流失浓度和流失量越大.土壤氮素的主要流失途径是降雨所产生的径流,约占总流失量的90.4%～99.8%;土壤磷素的流失途径是降雨径流和侵蚀产沙,分别占总流失量的2.67%～23.5%和76.5%～97.3%.同时,土壤质地对磷素养分的流失有很大影响,杨凌土随泥沙流失的DP浓度和流失量均大于安塞黄绵土.最后,提出了采取最佳管理措施等控制农业非点源污染的针对性建议.     

坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响

利用径流小区观测法,分析了坡度和雨强对贵州喀斯特地区4种地类坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明,随坡度的增大,各地类坡面产流产沙量并没有表现出一致增大或减小的趋势,它们在很大程度上受土地利用方式和土壤类型的制约;随最大30 min雨强(I)的增大,坡面的产流产沙量增大。坡度为13°时,坡耕地在各地类中的产流产沙量最小,随坡度增大逐渐超过其他地类;除13°径流小区外,经济林地(梨树)在各种坡度、雨强范围内的产流产沙量均为各地类中最少;水保林地(香樟)在各种情况下的产流量虽较大,但产沙量相对较小;裸地在观测条件下的产流产沙量均较大。     

Managing erosion and water quality in agricultural watersheds by small detention ponds

Terrace-contouring systems with on-site water detention cannot be installed in areas of complex topography, small parceling and multi-blade moldboard plow use. However, field borders at the downslope end may be raised at the deepest part where runoff overtops to create detention ponds, which can be drained by subsurface tile outlets and act similar to terrace-contouring systems. Four of such detention ponds were monitored over 8 years. Monitored effects included the prevention of linear erosion down slope, the sediment trapping from upslope, the enrichment of major nutrients in the trapped and delivered sediments, the amount of runoff retained temporarily, the amount of runoff reduced by infiltration, the decrease in peak runoff rate and the decrease in peak concentrations of agrochemicals due to the mixing of different volumes of water within the detention ponds. The detention ponds had a volume of 30–260 m³ ha⁻¹ and trapped 54–85% of the incoming sediment, which was insignificantly to slightly depleted (5–25%) in organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and clay as compared to the eroding topsoil, while the delivered sediment was strongly enriched (+70–270%) but part of this enrichment already resulted from the enrichment of soil loss. The detention ponds temporarily stored 200–500 m³ of runoff. A failure was never experienced. Due to the siltation of the pond bottom, the short filled time (1–5 days) and the small water covered area, infiltration and evaporation reduced runoff by less than 10% for large events. Peak runoff during heavy rains was lowered by a factor of three. Peak concentrations of agrochemicals (Terbutylazin) were lowered by a factor of two. The detention ponds created by raising the downslope field borders at the pour point efficiently reduced adverse erosion effects downslope the eroding site. They are cheap and can easily be created with on-farm machinery. Their efficiency is improved where they are combined with an on-site erosion control like mulch tillage because sediment and runoff input are reduced. Ponds had to be dredged only after the first year when on-site erosion control was not fully effective.     

PAM对不同坡度坡地产流产沙及氮磷流失的影响

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一种高效土壤改良剂,能影响土壤入渗、产流及溶质迁移、淋失.通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究了5°、15°和25°3个坡度水平下PAM对黄土高原沟壑区黑垆土坡地土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失情况的影响.结果显示:施加PAM后增加了5°和15°坡面的总产流量却减少了25°坡面的总产流量;PAM组初始产沙量较大,8 min以后,施加PAM组与对照组产沙速率出现差异并开始降低,表明施用PAM的起作用时间约为8~10 min,5°、15°和25°3个坡度的减沙率分别为38.2%、3.7%和53.9%.PAM对3个坡度径流中磷浓度有减小作用且不受坡度变化的影响,对5°和15°坡面铵态氮浓度影响不明显,但对25°坡面铵态氮浓度有明显减小作用,此外,PAM的施用能降低铵态氮初始流失浓度.施加PAM能影响土壤水分的再分配过程并减少3个坡度坡面硝态氮和磷的向下淋失.施加PAM后,5°、15°和25°坡面磷流失总量显著减少,减小幅度分别为77.6%、64.5%和85.1%;径流硝态氮流失总量随着坡度的增加先增加后减少,在15°~20°之间存在改变PAM对硝态氮影响作用的转折坡度值,PAM处理后的硝态氮流失量与径流量在0.05水平上显著相关,相关系数为0.998;PAM能够显著减少陡坡25°坡面溶解态铵态氮的流失量,减少幅度为60.1%.该项研究结果可为当地PAM的合理有效施用和提高水分及养分利用率提供科学指导.     

不同雨强下黄土裸坡水-沙-氮磷流失耦合模拟

采用室内人工模拟降雨试验研究6种雨强3种坡度下黄土裸露坡面水沙及氮磷养分流失规律.结果表明：1）降雨强度与土壤入渗速率,坡面产流产沙量的线性拟合决定系数均大于0.8,有较好的正相关关系;2）25°黄土坡面下：NO₃^--N初始浓度较高,随降雨历时呈波动性减少,具有明显的初期冲刷效应;NH₄⁺-N初始流失浓度由90mm/h雨强下0.6057mg/L增至120mm/h的1.3076mg/L,但其浓度随降雨历时均不断减小;TN流失浓度在雨强为90,105和120mm/h时分别为0.6056,0.8011和1.3076mg/L,随雨强增大而增大;TP初始流失浓度在105mm/h时最大,90mm/h时最小,且不同雨强下TP流失浓度相互交错,不稳定;3）养分流失与坡面产流量具有较强的线性相关性,与产沙量呈显著的幂函数关系.15°坡面时,氮素流失在6种雨强下均以颗粒态为主,平均约占72%,但在雨强增大过程中,颗粒态所占比例先减少后增加;而磷素流失颗粒态所占比例均大于90%,与降雨强度和坡度均没有直接关系.     

黄土丘陵区坡面水蚀对降雨和下垫面微观格局的响应

黄土高原严重的土壤侵蚀是降雨和复杂脆弱的下垫面共同作用的结果.以微型小区尺度上(1.2 m×1.2 m;2 m×1.2m)模拟降雨技术为基本研究手段,定量刻画了降雨量和降雨强度等基本降雨特征值对定西安家沟自然坡面上荒草、沙棘中位、沙棘下位、沙棘上位、结皮裸地和裸地等不同植株微观格局及其处理下的水蚀过程的影响.主要取得以下结果:①雨强和雨量对水蚀的发生均能产生显著影响,但以雨强的影响力更大;②前期土壤含水量与产流时间显著负相关,而与径流量和侵蚀量显著正相关.前期含水量相同时,不同植株微景观格局对产流时间发挥了关键作用;③不同植株及其微观格局遏制地表径流的能力迥异.在50～60 mm.h-1的大雨强作用下,有沙棘覆盖的小区径流系数仅为5%～8%,荒草地为25%,结皮裸地为45%,而裸地则高达63%;④有沙棘覆盖的小区中,沙棘在小区中所处的具体位置对于水土流失效应又极为重要,以沙棘下位的水土保持效果最好.     

稻草覆盖对赣南稀土尾渣坡面产流产沙的影响

生物覆盖措施能显著降低敏感脆弱带及裸露坡地水土流失,且具有成本低、见效快等特点,适合在矿区推广.为研究稻草覆盖对稀土尾渣坡面水土流失过程的影响,采用人工模拟降雨试验,对比研究不同雨强（60和90 mm/h）和不同稻草覆盖度（0%、50%和100%）条件下稀土尾矿地表产流、产沙情况.模拟降雨试验在位于江西省九江市德安县的江西省水土保持生态科技园开展,不同雨强采用西安清远测控技术有限公司设计的QYJY-503人工模拟降雨系统进行控制.结果表明:雨强为60 mm/h时,50%和100%稻草覆盖度处理坡面径流开始时间分别比0%稻草覆盖度坡面延迟46%和91%;雨强为90 mm/h时,延迟幅度分别为3.0和4.8倍.0%、50%和100%稻草覆盖度条件下稀土矿渣坡面单位时间产流量分别在产流开始后6、31和41 min达到稳定值.60 mm/h雨强条件下稀土矿渣坡面1 h总产流量呈现0%稻草覆盖度> 100%稻草覆盖度> 50%稻草覆盖度（P < 0.05）,而90 mm/h雨强条件下则为0%稻草覆盖度> 50%稻草覆盖度> 100%稻草覆盖度（P < 0.01）.雨强为60 mm/h时,50%和100%稻草覆盖度稀土矿渣坡面土壤侵蚀量分别比0%稻草覆盖度坡面降低73.46%和84.53%;而雨强为90 mm/h时,2种措施土壤侵蚀量降幅分别为54.83%和72.14%.研究显示,稻草覆盖措施可以有效降低矿区土壤坡面径流、泥沙产量.      

Runoff and sediment losses from 27 upland catchments in Southeast Asia: Impact of rapid land use changes and conservation practices

Rapid changes in upland farming systems in Southeast Asia generated predominantly by increased population pressure and ‘market forces’ have resulted in widespread land degradation that has been well documented at the plot scale. Yet, the links between agricultural activities in the uplands and downstream off-site effects remain largely unknown because of the difficulties in transferring results from plots to a larger scale. Many authors have thus pointed out the need for long-term catchment studies. The objective of this paper is to summarize the results obtained by the Management of Soil Erosion Consortium (MSEC) over the last 5 years from 27 catchments in five countries (Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam). The purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of cultivation practices on annual runoff and erosion rates. Initial surveys in each catchment included topography, soils and land use. Monitoring included climatic, hydrologic and erosion (total sediment yield including bed load and suspended sediment load) data, land use and crop yields, and farmers’ income. In addition, new land management options were introduced through consultations with farmers and evaluated in terms of runoff and erosion. These included tree plantations, fruit trees, improved fallow with legumes, maize intercropped with legumes, planted fodder, native grass strips and agro-ecological practices (direct sowing and mulch-based conservation agriculture). Regressions analyses showed that runoff during the rainy season, and normalized runoff flow coefficient based on erosive rainfall during the rainy season (rainfall with intensity exceeding 25 mm h⁻¹) increase with the percentage of the catchment covered by maize. Both variables decrease with increasing soil depth, standard deviation of catchment slope (that reflects terrain roughness), and the percentages of the catchment covered by fallow (regular and improved), tree plantations and planted fodder. The best predictors of sediment yield were the surface percentages of maize, Job's tears, cassava and footpaths. The main conclusions generated from this study were: (i) soil erosion is predominantly influenced by land use rather than environmental characteristics not only at the plot scale but also at the catchment scale; (ii) slash-and-burn shifting cultivation with sufficiently long rotations (1 year of cultivation, 8 years of fallow) is too often unjustly blamed for degradation; (iii) in its place, continuous cropping of maize and cassava promotes high rates of soil erosion at the catchment scale; (iv) conservation technologies are efficient in reducing runoff and total sediment yield at the catchment scale; (v) the adoption of improved soil management technologies by upland farmers is not a function of the degree of intensification of their farming system and/or of their incomes. The results suggest that if expansion of maize and cassava into already degraded upland systems were to occur due to increased demand for biofuels, there is a risk of higher runoff and sediment generation. A failure to adopt appropriate land use management strategies will result in further rapid resource degradation with negative impacts to downstream communities.     

Phosphorus export by runoff from agricultural field plots with different crop cover in Lake Taihu watershed

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＷａｔｅｒｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ,ａｎｄａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｎｏｎｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｇｉｖｅｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ (Ｓｈａｒｐｌｅｙ ,1994 ;Ｈａｒｒｉｓ ,1995;Ｔｉｅｓｓｅｎ ,1995;Ｔｏｎｄｅｒｓｋｉ,1996;Ｄａｎｉｅｌ,1998) .Ｌａｋｅｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄａｓａｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｓｕｒ…     

典型黄土塬区不同植物措施水土保持效应分析

基于黄土高原典型黄土塬区2014-2016年的自然降雨数据及5种植被措施（乔木、灌木、撂荒、人工种草、耕地）下的坡面产流、产沙情况的观测数据,系统分析了不同植被覆盖措施下的黄土坡地水土流失对不同类型侵蚀性降雨的响应机制,结果表明：（1）降水集中于4-10月份,其中引发水土流失的侵蚀性降雨集中于7月、8月。（2）根据最大30分钟降雨强度I₃₀及降雨总量可将侵蚀性降雨分为5种类型,其中小雨量、小雨强类型的降雨是当地发生频率最多的侵蚀性降雨类型;降雨强度最大的Ⅴ雨型降雨侵蚀力最大,降雨量最大的Ⅰ雨型降雨侵蚀力次之,而Ⅱ雨型降雨侵蚀力最低;Ⅴ雨型在观测期内产流产沙量最大。（3）5种植被措施在不同降雨类型下均有明显的水土保持效应,在不同类型降雨下不同植物措施减沙率和减流率变化规律不同。研究结果对于黄土高原地区水土保持及资源可持续利用具有重要的指导意义。     

澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型地表径流氮、磷的流失特征

根据径流小区观测, 对澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型地表径流中氮、磷的流失特征进行了研究. 结果表明:灌草丛和次生林都有较好的调节径流和减少土壤流失的作用,在相同的降水量下,坡耕地总产流量分别是人工林、次生林、灌草丛的1.58,12.45和5.52倍;而从产沙量来看,坡耕地的产沙量也远大于其余几种土地利用类型,坡耕地的总产沙量分别是人工林、次生林和灌草丛的8.41,53.06和41.90倍. 不同土地利用类型径流中的总氮、总磷的输出量差异显著,总氮、总磷输出趋势都表现为坡耕地＞人工林＞灌草丛＞次生林;不同土地利用类型径流小区侵蚀泥沙中的总氮、总磷输出量同样为坡耕地＞人工林＞灌草丛＞次生林,且坡耕地的输出量远大于其余几种土地利用类型. 相关分析表明,径流中带走的总氮量大于泥沙,磷的输出主要是以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙是磷的主要载体.      

黄土高塬沟壑区砚瓦川流域水沙关系及其对流域治理的响应

选取黄土高塬沟壑区砚瓦川流域作为研究对象,分析综合治理前后年水沙关系及次降雨水沙关系变化及其对流域治理的响应,研究结果表明：1997年为砚瓦川流域减水减沙作用明显生效的转折年。治理期（1998-2009年）与基准期（1981-1997年）相比,无论年尺度还是次降雨尺度上,径流深与输沙模数间的关系均发生显著变化,其单位径流输沙量显著降低。其中在次降雨尺度上水沙关系趋于稳定的临界径流深为3 mm;当降雨量<50 mm、雨强<4 mm/h或历时>3 h 时,治理期较基准期水沙关系变化显著。水土保持综合治理是造成年尺度和次降雨尺度上水沙关系变化显著的原因,并且可以显著降低中低降雨量、中低雨强和中长历时降雨的单位径流输沙量。     

雨强和坡度对裸地径流颗粒物及磷素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强（0~100mm/h）和坡度（0°~10°）条件下,北方砂壤土裸地降雨径流中颗粒物（SS）、总磷（TP）、颗粒态磷（PP）的流失量及径流污染物之间的相关关系,并分析了雨强和坡度对污染物流失量的影响.研究结果表明,雨强和坡度越大,SS和TP流失量越大;径流中SS与TP、TP与PP的单位面积流失量呈显著线性相关关系（R²>0.946）;在实验条件范围内,雨强对颗粒物及磷素流失量的影响比坡度更显著;径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量与雨强、坡度及场降雨径流总量之间均有明显的线性关系,相关系数大于0.911,由于0°裸地和有坡度裸地的下渗及产流情况差异较大,在模拟雨强和坡度对颗粒物及磷素流失量影响时需分别考虑.结果可为我国北方砂壤土裸地径流中颗粒物及磷素单位面积流失量的估算提供计算方法和科学依据.     

洛河流域非点源污染负荷不确定性的影响因素

以黄河流域下游的洛河流域为研究区,利用1998年实测径流量、泥沙负荷和非点源污染资料,对非点源污染模型中的水文模型、土壤侵蚀模型与污染负荷模型进行了参数率定.并以此为基础,针对非点源污染负荷计算的影响因素,采用摩尔斯分类筛选法,分析它们对径流量、泥沙负荷、吸附态氮和溶解态氮模拟计算的敏感性.结果表明,在湿润、半湿润地区对径流量、泥沙负荷、吸附态氮和溶解态氮影3个因子分别是土壤可利用水量、土壤蒸发补偿量、SCS曲线系数.其中,土壤可利用水量产生负效应影响.坡度、坡长和作物管理因子对泥沙负荷和吸附态氮影响也比较显著.吸附态氮与泥沙负荷影响因子一致,说明吸附态氮污染主要与泥沙流失有关.     

北京城区绿地土壤渗透性能及其对降雨产流的影响分析

土壤渗透性是影响雨水入渗的关键因素之一,是分析土壤蓄积雨水能力的重要前提条件。针对目前城市绿地土壤渗透性能实测数据缺失、评估方法单一、指标选取较少的现状,采取实测法获取北京不同城市功能区的绿地土壤渗透速率、孔隙比、含水率等数据,并采用相关性、因子分析和多元线性回归分析法,分析影响城市建筑小区土壤渗透性的主要因素,探索建立精度更高、数据需求量更少、计算时间更短的土壤渗透模型。运用该模型得到北京市城市绿地雨水入渗能力水平,建立土壤-降雨产流之间的联系,得到以实测数据为基础,更贴近实际产流过程的径流系数。结果表明:试验样地内3种功能区土壤渗透性能排序为:居住区 > 文教区 > 商业区,实测入渗曲线均符合霍顿渗透模型;土壤内部因素中孔隙比、初始含水率和初始入渗速率三者相互关系紧密,外部因素中植被覆盖度与人为干扰情况呈强负相关,考虑到内外部因素共同作用,初始入渗速率可与初始含水率和植被覆盖度建立初步线性关系式（R2>0.9）;入渗量对雨量径流系数的影响随着降雨量和不透水区域面积比例的增大而减小,入渗量占年径流总量控制率对应的降雨量的比值为37.6%~58.2%,并与降雨量呈负相关。研究结果可为海绵城市建模和下垫面优化设计提供理论参考。     

A distributed non-point source pollution model: calibration and validation in the Yellow River Basin

The applicability of a non-point source pollution model-SWAT(soil and water assessment tools) in a large river basin with high sediment runoff modulus(770 t/km^2 in the Yellow River) was examined. The basic database,which includes DEM, soil and landuse map, weather data, and land management data, was established for the study area using GIS. A two-stage “Brute Force” optimization method was used to calibrate the parameters with the observed monthly flow and sediment data from 1992 to 1997. In the process of calibration automated digital filter technique was used to separate direct runoff and base flow. The direct runoff was firstly calibrated, and the base flow, then the total runoff was matched. The sediment yield was calibrated to match well. Keeping input parameters set during the calibration process unchanged, the model was validated with 1998-1999‘s observed monthly flow and sediment. The evaluation coefficients for simulated and observed flow and sediment showed that SWAT was successfully applied in the study area: relative error was within 20%, coefficient of determination and Nash-Suttcliffe simulation efficiency were all equal to or above 0.70 during calibration and validation period.