选择性吸附法处理含表面活性剂和多环芳烃的土壤淋洗液研究

比较研究了H103树脂、活性炭、沸石、硅藻土和膨润土等5种吸附剂对土壤淋洗液中TX-100与PAHs的吸附性能.批实验结果表明,H103树脂、活性炭、沸石、硅藻土和膨润土吸附后,淋洗液中T-PAHs及TX-100浓度分别为0.03和0 mg·L~(-1)、0.16和3623 mg·L~(-1)、15.21和6175 mg·L~(-1)、15.98和6555 mg·L~(-1)、9.49和4332 mg·L~(-1),选择性吸附系数排序依次为活性炭膨润土沸石硅藻土H103树脂.其中,活性炭能够去除淋洗液中99%的PAHs,同时保留51.33%的TX-100回收再利用,选择吸附系数达到109.5.活性炭固定床实验中,由淋洗液溶质的穿透曲线计算出物质的吸附容量.当空隙体积为2.5-7PV时,活性炭能够去除淋洗液中72%的PAHs,同时保留81%的TX-100,平均选择吸附系数为10.08.由此可见,活性炭固定床可有效处理含表面活性剂土壤淋洗液中的多环芳烃,同时实现表面活性剂的回收再利用.     

活性炭固定床吸附分离多环芳烃研究

分析了柱长、浓度、流量和多溶质等因素对分离效果的影响,实验显示不同的溶质具有不同的穿透时间,表明了可以利用活性炭固定床回收表面活性剂。流量越低、活性炭用量越多、表面活性剂浓度越高、多环芳烃浓度越低越有利于表面活性剂的回收和多环芳烃的去除。     

活性炭吸附有机蒸气性能的研究

吸附法在油气回收技术中运用很广泛.吸附剂的选择对吸附分离效果起到了决定性作用.选用3种商用活性炭,以正己烷和正庚烷为吸附质,在温度为293.15 K下进行了静态和动态吸附实验,并研究了活性炭孔结构对其吸附性能和吸附能的影响,同时利用Logistic模型的回归公式对活性炭的吸附穿透曲线进行拟合.结果表明,活性炭的比表面积和孔容是其吸附性能主要影响因素;正己烷和正庚烷的吸附行均符合Langmuir吸附等温模型;3种活性炭对正己烷和正庚烷的吸附能都随其比表面积变大而变大;Logistic模型拟合曲线与实验结果具有高度相似性,可用于活性炭吸附穿透曲线的预测.     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.     

颗粒活性炭对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的吸附特性

研究了颗粒活性炭(GAC)对水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的静态与动态吸附特性.结果表明,Freundlich和Langmuir等温线模型可以较好的拟合GAC对DMP的吸附.GAC对DMP的吸附容量较大,溶液初始浓度为200mg/L时,GAC对DMP的动态和最大静态吸附容量分别为484.60,450.89mg/g.考察了不同流速条件下(0.65～4.00mL/min)GAC吸附DMP的穿透特性,Yoon-Nelson模型能很好地拟合DMP在GAC柱中的穿透曲线,根据试验数据和Yoon-Nelson模型计算出穿透参数K′、T和穿透点t1以及平衡点t2.在建立了进水流量与Yoon-Nelson穿透模型的参数之间的关系基础上,得到了活性炭柱出水浓度与进水流量和穿透时间之间的动态关系模型.     

十二烷基硫酸钠和Triton X-100淋洗菲污染砂土研究

比较研究了阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚Triton X-100(TX100)及其混合表面活性剂(SDS-TX100)对菲污染砂土的柱淋洗作用.表面活性剂质量浓度为1000、1750、2500和3250mg·L-1,混合表面活性剂的质量配比SDS∶TX100(S∶T)分别为1∶1、1∶2和1∶4.结果表明,单一SDS对土柱中菲的淋洗曲线规律不明显,呈锯齿状波动;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲淋洗规律明显,随淋洗液孔隙体积数增大,淋洗液中菲浓度呈先增大,达到峰值,然后逐渐降低的趋势,且随表面活性剂浓度的增大,淋洗液中菲浓度峰值增大,所需淋洗液的累积孔隙体积数减小.在淋洗液累积孔隙体积数相同时,同种表面活性剂对菲的去除率与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关;TX100和SDS-TX100对土柱中菲的去除效果与表面活性剂浓度和配比有关,且均远远大于SDS.当表面活性剂浓度为1000、1750和2500mg·L-1时,TX100和SDS-TX100对菲的累积去除率均可达95%以上,但SDS-TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数小于TX100;当表面活性剂浓度为3250mg·L-1时,5种表面活性剂(SDS、TX100、S∶T=1∶1、S∶T=1∶2和S∶T=1∶4)对菲的累积去除率均达到最大,分别为70.8%、99.9%、99.9%、98.7%和99.2%,而TX100所需的累积孔隙体积数最小.在表面活性剂淋洗修复有机污染土壤时,表面活性剂种类、浓度和配比等因素对修复效果影响显著.     

几种表面活性剂对柴油及多环芳烃的增溶作用

研究表面活性剂在多种柴油HOCs(疏水性有机物)组分共存条件下对PAHs(多环芳烃)的增溶作用.选用阴离子表面活性剂LAS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠)和SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠),非离子表面活性剂TX 100(曲拉通X-100)和TW 80(吐温80)及生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂和烷基糖苷,评价表面活性剂对柴油的增溶效果,并筛选出LAS,TX 100和鼠李糖脂,进行柴油中PAHs的增溶试验.结果表明,表面活性剂对柴油增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 >烷基糖苷> TW 80> LAS>SDS.在多种柴油组分共存条件下,PAHs的表观溶解度与表面活性剂浓度具有良好的线性关系.表面活性剂对柴油中PAHs的增溶作用顺序为鼠李糖脂> TX 100 > LAS.鼠李糖脂具有较低的临界胶束浓度和较复杂的分子结构,能够形成更多、更大的胶束,有利于柴油及PAHs的增溶.      

固定床中好氧颗粒污泥动态吸附结晶紫染料

针对印染废水色度高,脱色难度大的问题,通过固定床工艺利用灭活的好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)对水中结晶紫(CV)进行动态吸附.通过对固定床高度、CV初始浓度和和流速对穿透曲线的影响进行探讨,采用Thomas模型和BDST模型对动态吸附试验所得数据拟合并获得了相应参数.试验结果表明,随着固定床高度的增加,穿透时间和饱和吸附时间延长;当CV初始浓度和流速增加时,穿透时间和饱和吸附时间急剧缩短.Thomas模型能够很好地描述AGS对CV的动态吸附动力学.当CV浓度为100mg/L,流速为8.3mL/min,固定床高度为20cm时AGS对CV的吸附动力学与Thomas模型拟合程度最好,相关系数为0.9813.BDST模型能准确预测穿透时间,平均误差小于10%.吸附CV染料后AGS可用无水乙醇进行再生.     

一般性问题

简要介绍了光气水解塔的设计要点。图3表lX7012以X幻1574低浓度甲苯在固定床活性炭上的吸附及其数值模拟/宁平(昆明理工大学)…//化工环保/中国石化集团公司北京化工研究院环保所一1999,19(5).一259一263环图X一32 对气体中低浓度甲苯在固定床活性炭上的吸附作了系统研究,测定了甲苯一空气一活性炭系统的吸附等温线及必360 x 14(X) mm活性炭固定床的穿透曲线,并在低浓度范围建立了固定床活性炭吸附甲苯的数学模型。计算结果与实验结果吻合良好,所建模型可用于预测其它条件下的穿透曲线。图7表l参5X701 X382:12(X)(X) 1577美国治理燃煤电…     

PDMS基涂层活性炭对甲苯、苯和丙酮吸附研究

活性炭疏水性改性是提高其对含水VOCs选择性吸附的重要手段,然而这种改性方法对活性炭吸附不同VOCs的效果研究较少.采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)对活性炭进行改性处理,并利用BET、Boehm滴定等方法对活性炭进行表征.采用动态吸附法,利用Yoon-Neslon吸附理论模型研究了不同相对湿度条件下,PDMS改性活性炭对VOCs(甲苯、苯、丙酮)吸附穿透曲线、饱和吸附量的影响及关键影响因素.结果表明:PDMS改性活性炭BET比表面积、微孔容积和表面酸碱官能团含量均有减少;经PDMS改性后,活性炭表面疏水性增大.动态吸附实验结果表明:PDMS改性前后活性炭吸附甲苯、苯、丙酮穿透曲线均符合Y-N模型;随着相对湿度增大,未经改性的活性炭(Bare-AC)对甲苯、苯和丙酮吸附速率降低、平衡吸附量减少,PDMS改性活性炭对甲苯、苯分子吸附速率和选择吸附能力提高,其中PDMS改性的活性炭(PDMS/AC-250)对甲苯、苯吸附量为相同条件下Bare-AC的1.86(甲苯)、1.92(苯)倍,但对丙酮分子提高不明显;结合表征结果分析,PDMS改性活性炭对VOCs分子吸附主要依靠化学吸附,同时与VOCs分子极性有关.     

活性炭吸附VOC穿透曲线的研究

利用GC1102气相色谱分析仪测定正构烷烃及苯在活性炭吸附剂C1、C2固定床层上的多次吸附穿透曲线,将所得实验数据在Origin软件中进行分析处理,得到透出浓度(C/C0)与时间(t)之间的函数关系,通过线性相关系数R判断回归公式的精度,得出适用于描述活性炭吸附剂固定床层吸附正构烷烃及苯的穿透曲线的通式,为正构烷烃及苯吸附过程的设计提供了参考。     

Gas phase trichloroethylene removal at low concentration using activated carbon fiber

The breakthrough adsorption behaviors of gas phase trichloroethylene in a packed bed of activated carbon fibers(ACF) were investigated. The specific surface area of the ACF was 600 m^2/g, 1400 m^2/g and 1600 m^2/g, respectively, and the concentration of trichloroethylene ranged from 270 mg/m^3 to 2700 mg/m^3 . Results showed that the capacity of adsorption increased with increasing specific surface area, the relationship between the logarithms of 10% breakthrough time and concentration was approximately linear over the experimental range, the breakthrough time decreased with increasing temperature and humidity. The breakthrough curves at different inlet concentration or different temperature can be predicted by several simple theoretical models with good agreements.     

Silver impregnated carbon for adsorption and desorption of elemental mercury vapors

The Hg0 vapor adsorption experimental results on a novel sorbent obtained by impregnating a commercially available activated carbon (Darco G60 from BDH) with silver nitrate were reported. The study was performed by using a fundamental approach, in an apparatus at laboratory scale in which a synthetic flue gas, formed by Hg0 vapors in a nitrogen gas stream, at a given temperature and mercury concentration, was flowed through a fixed bed of adsorbent material. Breakthrough curves and adsorption isotherms were obtained for bed temperatures of 90, 120 and 150°C and for Hg0 concentrations in the gas varying in the range of 0.8–5.0 mg/m3. The experimental gas-solid equilibrium data were used to evaluate the Langmuir parameters and the heat of adsorption. The experimental results showed that silver impregnated carbon was very effective to capture elemental mercury and the amount of mercury adsorbed by the carbon decreased as the bed temperature increased. In addition, to evaluate the possibility of adsorbent recovery, desorption was also studied. Desorption runs showed that both the adsorbing material and the mercury could be easily recovered, since at the end of desorption the residue on solid was almost negligible. The material balance on mercury and the constitutive equations of the adsorption phenomenon were integrated, leading to the evaluation of only one kinetic parameter which fits well both the experimentally determined breakthrough and desorption curves.     

水气氛下活性炭固定床对二硫化碳的吸附动力学行为

研究了二硫化碳于水气氛下在５种国产活性炭固定床上的吸附动力学行为。用直线平衡体系的穿透曲线公式对实验结果进行拟合（用误差函数求解）。根据实验数据计算出水气氛条件下各活性炭吸附二硫化碳的穿透性能参数并与干燥条件下二硫化碳吸附做了比较。     

CTAC改性活性炭去除水中砷(V)的柱实验吸附和再生研究

为了开发一种能有效去除水中砷的吸附材料, 研究了十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)改性活性炭后, 活性炭对水中五价砷As(V)的去除效果.研究中利用动态小柱实验(Rapid small-scale column test, RSSCT)探讨了CTAC改性后活性炭对砷的吸附能力、影响吸附能力的因素和活性炭再生方法.结果表明, CTAC改性能有效提高活性炭对As(V)的吸附.活性炭对As(V)的吸附受溶液pH、空床接触时间、进水中砷浓度及水中其他离子存在的影响.另外, 1 mol·L^-1的盐酸能有效对吸附穿透后的活性炭进行再生,再生后的活性炭可以重复使用.同时,柱实验中对出水CTAC的检测结果表明, CTAC和活性炭的结合非常稳定.     

Adsorption of mixed cationic-nonionic surfactant and its effect on bentonite structure

The adsorption of cationic-nonionic mixed surfactant onto bentonite and its effect on bentonite structure were investigated. The objective was to improve the understanding of surfactant behavior on clay mineral for its possible use in remediation technologies of soil and groundwater contaminated by toxic organic compounds. The cationic surfactant used was hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB), and the nonionic surfactant was Triton X-100 (TX100). Adsorption of TX100 was enhanced significantly by the addition of HDPB, but this enhancement decreased with an increase in the fraction of the cationic surfactant. Part of HDPB was replaced by TX100 which decreased the adsorption of HDPB. However, the total adsorbed amount of the mixed surfactant was still increased substantially, indicating the synergistic effect between the cationic and nonionic surfactants. The surfactant-modified bentonite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller specific surface area measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric-derivative thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Surfactant intercalation was found to decrease the bentonite specific surface area, pore volume, and surface roughness and irregularities, as calculated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The co-adsorption of the cationic and nonionic surfactants increased the ordering conformation of the adsorbed surfactants on bentonite, but decreased the thermal stability of the organobentonite system.