国外石化巨头碳减排做法之鉴

2011年11月28日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第十七次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第七次缔约方会议在南非德班开幕,会议持续至12月11日。德班气候大会的结果不能算完美。《京都议定书》第二承诺期的期限问题仍然待定。     

德班大会：解振华出席高级别会议并发表致辞

2011年12月7日．德班气候大会中国代表团团长、国家发展改革委副主任解振华出席了《联合国气候变化框架公约》第17次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第7次缔约方会议高级别会议并发表致辞。     

德班:激烈交锋博弈 艰难达成决议

经过近两周"马拉松式"的谈判,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)第17次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第7次缔约方会议于当地时间11日凌晨在南非德班闭幕,大会通过决议,建立德班增强行动平台特设工作组,决定实施《京都议定书》第二承诺期并启动绿色气候基金.     

期待德班——德班须为全球气候公约指明方向

“又到气候谈判时”。 近年来。每个岁末时节．联合国都会在不同的国家召开联合国气候变化谈判大会暨《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议,如2008年波兹南气候大会（第14次缔约方会议）、2009年根本哈根气候大会（第15次缔约方会议）、2010年坎昆气候大会（第16次缔约方会议）以及即将于11月28日至12月9日在南非德班召开的气候大会（第17次缔约方会议）。     

期待德班

“又到气候谈判时”.近年来,每个岁末时节,联合国都会在不同的国家召开联合国气候变化谈判大会暨《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议,如2008年波兹南气候大会( 第14次缔约方会议)、2009年根本哈根气候大会(第15次缔约方会议)、 2010年坎昆气候大会(第16次缔约方会议)以及即将于11月28日至12月9日在南非德班召开的气候大会(第17次缔约方会议).     

《京都议定书》承诺在德班获“艰难”延长

《联合国气候变化框架公约》(下称《公约》)第17次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》(下称《议定书》)第7次缔约方会议于当地时间12月11日清晨在南非德班落幕。大会坚持了巴厘路线图,最终大会通过了《议定书》工作组和《公约》之下的"长期合作行动特设工作组"的决议,建立德班增强行动平台特设工作组,取得积极成     

“德班会议”前景分析

与过去类似,即将在南非德班举行的《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议,将是全球范围内最重要的气候变化盛会.根据坎昆会议的决定,这次会议应该就包括《京都议定书》第二承诺期发达国家温室气体减排义务、全球温室气体排放峰值及时间表、坎昆协议确定的相关机制的运行尤其是绿色气候基金的运行等,做出全面部属和安排.由于会议东道国龅处非洲,本次会议被认为是非洲会议,非洲集团更希望发达国家向发展中国家提供稳定的、可预期的和长期的资金支持机制以及适应气候变化机制等能够得到落实和实施.     

应对气候变化:中国的地位、挑战与战略

《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称公约)第十八次缔约方大会(COP 18)暨《京都议定书》(以下简称议定书)第八次缔约方会议(CMP8)已于2012年12月8日晚在卡塔尔多哈落下帷幕.作为《议定书》第一承诺期内最后一次气候大会,各国代表齐聚中东就贯彻"德班平台"规划、制订减排新框架、协商《议定书》修正案和运转绿色气候基金等一系列议题展开了热烈地讨论与磋商.     

留给经济转型的时间不多了

在曲折的延期、假草案闹剧之后,最终,南非德班会议通过了《京都议定书》工作组和《联合国气候变化框架公约》之下的“长期合作行动特设工作组”的决议,宣布继续《京都议定书》第二承诺期,从2013年开始实施。同时,不晚于2015年制定一个适用于所有缔约方的法律工具或法律成果,从2020年开始共同承担有法律约束的降低温室气体排放的责任。与此同时,绿色气候基金正式在德班启动。     

南非:经济也可以是绿色的

当2011年11月的太阳在南非德班东方的印度洋缓缓上升时,全世界的目光也将聚集到这里,因为《联合国气候变化框架公约》第17次会议（简称为COP17）届时将在这座城市召开。从1995年开始,《联合国气候变化框架公约》各缔约国每年召开一次缔约方会议,评估气候变化状况,共商应对之计。     

Klimaschutz

2 -reduction target for 2005 will be missed. Therefore, it is paramount that at the first Conference of Parties in Berlin in March 1995 a protocol be signed with binding CO ₂-emission reduction targets.     

美国温室气体减排努力现状及近期动向

美国作为全球温室气体排放大国之一,在国际气候谈判中的立场至关重要。本文从州政府和地方政府角度总结了美国已采取的减排努力措施,分析了德班会议前后其应对气候变化动向,探讨了对我国采取温室气体减排行动和措施的借鉴意义和启示。美国由于受到持续低迷的经济环境,缓慢的国际气候谈判进程,以及2012年总统大选的影响,国内温室气体减排行动和措施实质进展缓慢,我国应总结和借鉴美国已采取减排行动措施的经验教训,从加快建立健全国内气候立法体系,推动国内碳市场建立出发,积极应对国内外气候变化制度中存在的不确定性,不断提高我国在国际气候谈判中的地位。     

碳交易市场发展现状与未来走势分析

自《京都议定书》生效以来,国际碳市场取得了长足的发展,并在推动各国低碳转型方面发挥了积极作用。由于受国际气候制度演变带来的政策不确定性影响,以及欧洲主权债务危机的冲击,当前国际碳市场的发展陷入停滞。未来国际碳市场将何去何从？本文立足主要国家国内碳市场发展、国际气候谈判进程以及德班气候变化会议成果,对国际碳市场的未来发展走势进行了系统分析,提出2012年后的国际碳市场将由联合国气候公约缔约方会议相关决定和议定书第二承诺期两个框架同时驱动,同时还将在很大程度上受到主要国家国内政策取向的影响。本文同时还介绍了中国国内碳交易市场的建设进展及其面·临的主要挑战,最后针对环境保护部门在国内碳市场建设中可发挥的作用提出了相应的建议。     

Financing for innovative technologies and best practices to reduce persistent organic pollutants

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) threaten human health and the global environment. Recognizing their dangers many countries began to limit or ban POPs production, use, and release in the 1990s. Eventually the Stockholm Convention on POPs, was adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provides financial support to developing country Parties for the implementation of the Stockholm Convention. The GEF’s POPs investment portfolio focuses on: 1) strengthening the capacity of developing country Parties to implement the Stockholm Convention; 2) establishing and supporting partnerships to develop and implement National Implementation Plans (NIPs), and 3) demonstrating and deploying best technologies and practices to reduce POPs emission, including development of safe alternatives. Since 2001 the GEF has committed US$568.8 million to POPs projects and leveraged some US$1474.5 million in co-financing from partners in the public and private sectors, bringing the total value of the GEF POPs portfolio to over US$2 billion. With GEF support, 108 developing country Parties have developed their NIPs. The GEF also financed 109 projects for the implementation of the Convention. Upon completion, these GEF POPs investments will contribute to the disposal of more than 70,000 tons of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) oil, contaminated equipments, and waste, more than 40,000 tons of obsolete POPs pesticides and associated waste, and reducing dioxin/furan and mercury emission by introducing environmentally sound technologies and best practices. This paper summarizes: 1) direct and indirect GEF investments to support the goals of the Stockholm Convention; 2) investment case studies on PCB, DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane and mirex, medical waste, obsolete POPs and engaging civil society; and 3) lessons learned in terms of GEF financing strategies, best technologies and environmental practices to address POPs.     

Harnessing the climate commons: an agent-based modelling approach to making reducing emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD)+work

Humans have created a worldwide tragedy through free access to the global common atmosphere. The Conference of the Parties (COP) on climate change increased political commitment to reduce emission from deforestation and degradation and to enhance carbon stocks (REDD+). However, government sectors, political actors, business groups, civil societies, tree growers and other interest groups at different levels may support or reject REDD+. The paper used Arena-Actor-Institution concept to understand REDD+and provides agent-based modeling approach to harnessing its processes. The model explores: (a) how providers are likely to decrease or increase carbon stocks on their landscapes under ‘business as usual’ institutions; (b) how they are likely to negotiate with potential buyers with regards to the involvement of brokers (governments or nongovernmental organizations); and (c) how altruism and collaboration can affect the affectivity of REDD+. The model was developed as a spatially explicit model to consider the complexity of REDD+target landscapes. The simulation results are examined against the 3E+criteria, i.e. effectiveness in carbon emission reduction, cost efficiency and equity among involved stakeholders and co-benefit of other activities. This study took the Jambi landscape in Indonesia as a case. The results explain how REDD+agreement areas increase with higher carbon prices, e.g. US$25 or US$35. However, the simulation also shows that even with low carbon prices GHG emissions will decrease if the altruism degree and collective actions of the actors increases. The paper describes institutional arrangements which would help to harness the global commons of climate change.     

The differing capabilities to respond to the challenge of climate change across Annex Parties under the Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol marks the beginning of a new global effort to combat climate change. By constructing GDP and CO₂ emissions as two counteracting performance criteria on a per capita basis, this paper aims to advance the understanding of performance variation among different Annex groups under pressure from climate change. This differs from the traditional application of evaluation and aims to identify inherent efficiency differences across systems rather than separately based on the potential inefficiency of individual countries. The ‘world frontier’ for Annex Parties consists of three layers: Annex II forms the first layer, EIT and Annex III form the second layer, and Annex IV forms the third layer. The inferior performance observed in other non-Annex II Parties (EIT, Annex III, and Annex IV Parties) or the existence of a multi-frontier structure is due to an inherent system affiliation rather than poor performance on the part of the individual country. Annex IV Parties can be particularly vulnerable to controls on an emission intensity basis. By not only serving as a reference for future allocation schemes, the results can shed light on the function of a flexible reduction mechanism for countries that cooperate based on their common but differentiated responsibilities.     

The impact of the Clean Development Mechanism on developing countries’ commitment to mitigate climate change and its implications for the future

The objective of this paper is to examine the mitigation of climate change using the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) from the perspective of developing countries. The effects of the CDM on developing countries’ efforts to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) pledged under the Paris Agreement (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC], 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris, France) are investigated. Data analysis reveals that the intensive hosting of CDM projects and the resultant higher marginal abatement costs led to fewer efforts by developing countries to mitigate climate change. A theoretical model from the literature of “low-hanging fruits” is applied to determine if rising prices of the CDM can be expected in the future. The results indicate that the benefits for developing countries must increase so as to keep the CDM attractive for them in an environment where they also have reduction commitments. To further ensure the effectiveness of the CDM under the Paris Agreement, policy should ensure that developing countries actually charge higher prices and, at the same time, contribute adequately to the global goal of GHG reductions. To this end, developing countries should be permitted to demand benefits that lie outside the current scope of the CDM, and non-compliance with their climate targets should also be sanctioned. In addition, fostering sustainable development should become more attractive for developed countries without the CDM, e.g., through sustainability labels, so as to reduce the trade-off for developing countries between the benefits of the CDM and compliance with their commitments to mitigate climate change.

     

室内环境前沿研究动态

综述了第11次室内环境国际大会的专题报告会、主题发言和热点论坛的内容,梳理分类了专题报告会和热点论坛,指出值得关注的焦点问题、新理念、新动向。     

Pledges for climate mitigation: the effects of the Copenhagen accord on CO2 emissions and mitigation costs

The UN Framework Convention of Climate Change 15th Conference of the Parties Copenhagen Accord has been followed up by national pledges of greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the year 2020 without specifying measures to enforce actions. As a consequence, the capacity of parties to fulfil their obligations is of basic interest. This article outlines the effects of full compliance with pledges on greenhouse gas emissions, economic growth, and trade. The study is based on the global computable general equilibrium model global responses to anthropogenic changes in the environment (GRACE) distinguishing between fossil and non-fossil energy use. Global emissions from fossil fuels in 2020 turn out to be 15 % lower than in a business as usual scenario and 3 % below the global emissions from fossil fuels in 2005. China and India increase their emissions to 1 % and 5 % above business as usual levels in 2020. India and Russia increase their net export of steel corresponding to around 30 and 45 % of their production levels in 2020. In spite of some leakage of energy intensive production also to China, we find that structural change remains the dominant factor behind the rapid reduction of CO₂ emission intensity in China towards 2020.     

基于帕累托改进的闽江流域生态补偿标准研究

为了消除生态环境保护活动的外部性,借助流域边际价值的概念,得出了使流域实现帕累托最优改进,需要对上游流域保护区进行生态补偿的结论.分析了3种实现帕累托改进的方法:政府对上游补偿、对下游征税同时补偿上游、上下游之间进行谈判.以闽江流域为例,对1999~2013年流域上、下游的区市流域生态环境保护投入和流域相关地区生产总值的数据进行数据统计并分析,结果显示:通过对上游给予补偿同时对下游征税,可以实现流域的帕累托改进,上、下游地区达到各自的效用最大化,即对下游征税额应高于26.026亿元;上下游再用谈判或者达成协议等方式对净收益进行分配.以此实现各自利益最大化,最终达到帕累托最优状态.