Deep-diving dinosaurs

Dysbaric bone necrosis demonstrated in ichthyosaurs may be the result of prolonged deep diving rather than rapid ascent to escape predators. The bone lesions show structural and anatomical similarity to those that may occur in human divers and in the deep diving sperm whale, Physeter macrocephalus.     

Vegaviidae,a new clade of southern diving birds that survived the K/T boundary

The fossil record of Late Cretaceous–Paleogene modern birds in the Southern Hemisphere includes the Maastrichtian Neogaeornis wetzeli from Chile, Polarornis gregorii and Vegavis iaai from Antarctica, and Australornis lovei from the Paleogene of New Zealand. The recent finding of a new and nearly complete Vegavis skeleton constitutes the most informative source for anatomical comparisons among Australornis, Polarornis, and Vegavis. The present contribution includes, for the first time, Vegavis, Polarornis, and Australornis in a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. This analysis resulted in the recognition of these taxa as a clade of basal Anseriformes that we call Vegaviidae. Vegaviids share a combination of characters related to diving adaptations, including compact and thickened cortex of hindlimb bones, femur with anteroposteriorly compressed and bowed shaft, deep and wide popliteal fossa delimited by a medial ridge, tibiotarsus showing notably proximally expanded cnemial crests, expanded fibular crest, anteroposterior compression of the tibial shaft, and a tarsometatarsus with a strong transverse compression of the shaft. Isolated bones coming from the Cretaceous and Paleogene of South America, Antarctica, and New Zealand are also referred to here to Vegaviidae and support the view that these basal anseriforms were abundant and diverse at high southern latitudes. Moreover, vegaviids represent the first avian lineage to have definitely crossed the K–Pg boundary, supporting the idea that some avian clades were not affected by the end Mesozoic mass extinction event, countering previous interpretations. Recognition of Vegaviidae indicates that modern birds were diversified in southern continents by the Cretaceous and reinforces the hypothesis indicating the important role of Gondwana for the evolutionary history of Anseriformes and Neornithes as a whole.     

长征国家文化公园红色旅游资源网络关注度及其旅游流网络结构分析

长征国家文化公园建设面临着的现实需求和复杂问题,迫切要求开展相应的系统性研究工作。以长征国家文化公园内154处重点红色旅游资源为研究对象,基于“虚拟”与“现实”相结合的视角,使用GIS、Gephi等研究方法,对其网络关注度和旅游流网络结构进行分析。研究表明：（1）红色旅游资源网络关注度普遍偏低、差异明显,5A级景区和重要人物是最受网络用户关注的资源类型;（2）旅游流网络结构松散、小世界效应显著,在湖南、贵州、陕西省内分别形成了“△”“网状”“双核”结构模式;（3）网络关注度与旅游流网络具有关联性和差异性,据此识别了湘中、黔川、陕北等重点红色旅游区,以及川陕、闽赣等红色旅游发展潜力区。基于以上分析,长征国家文化公园建设应以重点红色旅游资源为基础,实施分类施策、分段开发、扬长补短的发展策略。围绕高高、高低、低高、低低四种不同类型资源制定相应的发展策略,并结合不同区域的发展情况分别采取“节点”“斑块”“廊道”相结合的发展模式。     

Unexpected skeletal histology of an ichthyosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia: implications for evolution of bone microstructure among secondary aquatic tetrapods

During the Mesozoic, one of the most significant evolutionary processes was the secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water. Several non-related lineages invaded from the terrestrial realms and from the oceans of the entire world. Among these lineages, ichthyosaurs were particularly successful. Advance parvipelvian ichthyosaurs were the first tetrapods to evolve a fish-shaped body profile. The deep skeletal modifications of their bodies, as well as their biology, depict advance ichthyosaurs as the paradigm of secondary adaptation of reptiles to marine life. Functional inferences point to them as off-shore cruising forms, similar to a living tuna, and some of them were capable of deep diving. Bone histology of some genera such as Temnodontosaurus, Stenopterygius, Ichthyosaurus, and Caypullisaurus, characterized by overall cancellous bone, is consistent with the idea of a fish-shaped ichthyosaurs as fast and far cruisers. Here, we provide histological examination of the ribs of the Middle Jurassic parvipelvian Mollesaurus. Contrasting with the bone histology of other parvipelvian, Mollesaurus ribs are characterized by a compact and thick cortex. Our data indicate that the rib cage was heavy and suggest that not all advanced ichthyosaurs were fast cruisers. The compact and dense ribs in these parvipelvian show that advance ichthyosaurs were ecologically more diverse than previously thought and that the lightening of the skeleton reversed, as also occurred in the evolution of cetacean, at least once along the evolutionary history of ichthyosaurs.     

北京典型土壤剖面中饱和烃的组成及垂向分布特征

分析了北京地区不同环境功能区具有代表性的10个土壤剖面样品中饱和烃污染物的含量和组成特征.结果表明,不同剖面饱和烃的浓度差别明显,其变化范围为1.5～54.1 μg·g-1,其中城区(B7)、污灌农田(B9)和工业区(B10)浓度较高.所有的剖面均检出了正构烷烃、类异戊间二烯烷烃、烷基环己烷和甾、萜类等饱和烃污染物,大部分剖面中各类化合物的相对含量为正构烷烃＞类异戊间二烯烷烃＞甾萜类＞烷基环己烷,而且在表层土中正构烷烃的含量明显占优势.不同剖面中饱和烃浓度随深度增加而降低,在表层30 cm内饱和烃含量随深度增加而明显降低,40 cm以下含量基本保持恒定,且与有机碳含量的变化趋势基本一致,地球化学参数(如CPI1、CPI2、甾萜类生物标志物参数等)分析表明,城区表土(B7)主要受化石燃料污染,而其它剖面表土正构烷烃主要来源于高等植物,但也受不同程度的化石燃料及其燃烧产物的污染;剖面深部土样中正构烷烃来源与表层土不同,其来源与土壤本身或成土母岩中所含的有机质的地球化学演化有关,而甾萜类化合物和烷基环己烷与表层土中的来源可能基本相同.     

Biochemical and ecological similarities in marsh plants and diving animals

Higher plants which can survive flooding have certain ecological and biochemical similarities with diving reptiles, birds, and mammals. The ecological similarities arise from the fact that these wet-land plants and diving animals are all terrestrial organisms which have re-entered the aquatic habitat as a retreat or ecological refuge free from interference by dry-land species. To survive in the wet-land or aquatic habitat species of terrestrial origin have to restrict their metabolic rate in the absence of oxygen and exploit a wide range of metabolic products to aid proton disposal and avoid the dangers of cell toxicity due to the accumulation of an excessive oxygen debt. In some plants metabolic adaptation to anoxia (low oxygen supply) resembles that found in animal parasites. It is a striking example of metabolic co-evolution that the retreat of so many terrestrial species of both plants and animals back to the low-oxygen habitat has been made possible by the exploitation of similar biochemical control mechanisms and pathways.     

菇渣和鼠李糖脂联合强化苜蓿修复多环芳烃污染土壤

采用植物生物量、多环芳烃含量、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物功能多样性等多个指标,通过菇渣、鼠李糖脂和植物的单独及联合作用的盆栽试验,评价了菇渣和鼠李糖脂联合强化苜蓿修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的效果.结果表明,60d内,苜蓿单独修复(AL)的降解率仅为14.43%,菇渣、鼠李糖脂联合苜蓿修复(GZ+RH0.5+AL和GZ+RH1.0+AL)显著提高了PAHs降解率,达到了32.64%和36.95%,比AL处理提高了115.45%和156.06%.与AL相比,GZ+RH1.0+AL对植物生物量提高程度最大,地上和地下生物量分别达到了1.05g/盆和0.20g/盆.在修复过程,GZ+RH1.0+AL显著提高了土壤细菌和真菌的数量,分别达到了31.37×106CFU·g-1和5.86×106CFU·g-1,特别是多环芳烃降解菌数量达到了39.57×105MPN·g-1,分别是对照(CK)和植物单独处理(AL)的29倍和4倍.就土壤脱氢酶活性而言,菇渣和苜蓿联合作用(GZ+AL)处理的活性最高,GZ+RH0.5+AL和GZ+RH1.0+AL的活性次之,分别为90.57、67.56和21.02μg/(g·d).此外,与对照(CK)相比,菇渣、鼠李糖脂和苜蓿的联合作用(GZ+RH1.0+AL)显著提高了土壤微生物群落的功能多样性.因此,菇渣和鼠李糖脂联合强化苜蓿修复PAHs污染土壤达到了比较理想效果,大面积田间试验有待进一步验证该方法的可行性.     

Adaptations for marine habitat and the effect of Triassic and Jurassic predator pressure on development of decompression syndrome in ichthyosaurs

Decompression syndrome (caisson disease or the “the bends”) resulting in avascular necrosis has been documented in mosasaurs, sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, and turtles from the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, but it was unclear that this disease occurred as far back as the Triassic. We have examined a large Triassic sample of ichthyosaurs and compared it with an equally large post-Triassic sample. Avascular necrosis was observed in over 15?% of Late Middle Jurassic to Cretaceous ichthyosaurs with the highest occurrence (18?%) in the Early Cretaceous, but was rare or absent in geologically older specimens. Triassic reptiles that dive were either physiologically protected, or rapid changes of their position in the water column rare and insignificant enough to prevent being recorded in the skeleton. Emergency surfacing due to a threat from an underwater predator may be the most important cause of avascular necrosis for air-breathing divers, with relative frequency of such events documented in the skeleton. Diving in the Triassic appears to have been a “leisurely” behavior until the evolution of large predators in the Late Jurassic that forced sudden depth alterations contributed to a higher occurrence of bends.     

浙江江郎山丹霞地貌地质成因分析及景观保护

江郎山以“壁立万仞”的三神峰而闻名于世。其中 ,郎峰被誉为“神州丹霞第一峰”。一线天被认为是中国丹霞一线天之最。本文从区域地质背景、地层、岩性、构造及风化作用等方面对江郎山丹霞地貌的成因作了分析并对江郎山景观的保护从成因方面作一阐述。对江郎山旅游资源的可持续性开发和利用有一定的指导作用     

Prioritization of climate change adaptation approaches in the Gambia

Adaptation to climate change has been recognized as very important in developing countries that face the greatest threats from global warming. In proposing various adaptation approaches, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change required nations to prepare adaptation plans of action. However, the areas of priority in climate change adaptation have not been considered. This study has developed a new prioritization methodology for climate change adaptation in developing countries. Five categories and 25 approaches in climate change adaptation were adopted through a thorough and detailed analysis of pertinent literature related to the National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) in the Gambia. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process-based questionnaire survey was designed and presented to 12 experts chosen from the committee members of the Gambia’s NAPA. The survey was made to determine the relative importance of the strategies for climate change adaptation. The results indicate that the five most important adaptation categories are health (0.223), forestry (0.213), water (0.210), food (0.181), and energy (0.174), with health as the number one priority in climate change adaptation. Further findings show that the prioritization order of the adaptation approaches to climate change in the Gambia is as follows: “Health education,” “public sensitization,” “water supply infrastructure development,” “microfinance,” and “infrastructure and technology enhancement.”     

炼油厂污水回用处理研究

研究表明，炼油厂外排污水采用悬浮载体生物接触氧化、砂滤和臭氧生物活性炭工艺深度处理，主要污染物都有良好的去除效果，总出水清澈、无色，可以满足多种回用要求。分析表明，大部分还原性污染物通过生物深度处理而去除，而微量有机物主要由臭氧生物活性炭去除。工艺系统具有除污染效率高、运行稳定、抗冲击能力强等优点。     

Artificial neural networks models for predicting effective drought index: Factoring effects of rainfall variability

Though most factors that trigger droughts cannot be prevented, accurate, relevant and timely forecasts can be used to mitigate their impacts. Drought forecasts must define the droughts severity, onset, cessation, duration and spatial distribution. Given the high probability of droughts occurrence in Kenya, her heavy reliance on rain-fed agriculture and lack of effective drought mitigation strategies, the country is highly vulnerable to impacts of droughts. Current drought forecasting approaches used in Kenya are not able to provide short and long term forecasts and they fall short of providing the severity of the drought. In this paper, a combination of Artificial Neural Networks and Effective Drought Index is presented as a potential candidate for addressing these drawbacks. This is demonstrated using forecasting models that were built using weather data for thirty years for four weather stations (representing 3 agro-ecological zones) in Kenya. Experiments varying various input/output combinations were carried out and drought forecasting network models were implemented in Matrix Laboratory’s (MATLAB) Neural Network Toolbox. The models incorporate forecasted rainfall values in order to mitigate for unexpected extreme climate variations. With accuracies as high as 98 %, the solution is a great enhancement to the solutions currently in use in Kenya.     

Hydrological setting of infertile species-rich wetland--a case study in the warm temperate Japan

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｐｅａｔｌｅｓｓｍｉｒｅ(Ｗｏｌｅｊｋｏ ,1986;Ｆｉｇ .1ａ)ｉｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅａｂａｎｄｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ,ｉｎｆｌｏｗｏｆｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｄｗａｔｅｒ,ｆｉｒｅ,ｍｏｗｉｎｇ ,ｒｅｃｌａｉｍｉｎｇａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｉｍｐａｃｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｌａｎｄｓｃａｐｅｏｆｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｅｒｎＪａｐａｎ(Ｆｕｊｉｗａｒａ ,1979) .Ｍｉｒｅｏｆｔｈｉｓｔｙｐｅｉｓｎｏｗ…     

几种安全利用措施对成都平原镉污染农田风险管控效果比较

采用田间小区试验方法,研究了换种、深耕、施加土壤修复剂、有机肥调控等常见农用地安全利用措施对成都平原镉污染农田的风险管控效果。结果表明:各项措施实施3 d后,除换种和施加蚯蚓粪外,各组土壤pH均较实施前显著升高（p<0.05,下同）,除换种、施加蚯蚓粪和施加土壤修复剂外,各组土壤有效态镉含量均较实施前有所下降;单独采取换种措施时,试验所选换种水稻品种糙米镉含量无法达到;单项措施中降镉效果最好的为深耕,其次为施加土壤修复剂,最后为施加生石灰和改性膨润土,单独施加蚯蚓粪反而会导致糙米镉含量显著增加;各种组合措施处理后糙米镉含量均基本能够达标,其中采取组合4（深耕+施加生石灰+施加土壤修复剂+种植“和两优1号”）措施后的平均糙米镉含量最低,较对照组糙米镉含量显著降低了95.52%。     

中国原油的地球化学特征——兼论中国原油的有机与无机来源

中国大庆、辽河、大港、新疆等油区原油的地球化学组成显示以下特征 :含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,如Re、In、Cd、Ag、Au等 ;含有生物质平均成分不见的元素 ,如Be、Ga、Zr、Nb、Sb、Te、Hf、Ta、W、Tl、Bi、Th等 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,如Ca、Mg、K、Na、V、Li、Be、B、Ti、Cr、Mn、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Cs、Ba、Hf、Ta、W、Th、U等 ;原油的正烷烃结构具有奇偶优势与不显奇偶优势的特征 ,不显奇偶优势的原油沿基底断裂分布。地球化学特征是矿产资源形成途径的示踪标志。中国原油中含有生物质中不见的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自非生物成因的油源 ;含有地壳稀少而地球深部丰富的元素 ,说明原油可能有来自地球深部成因的油源 ;含有较多的亲石元素 ,说明原油可能不是从生油岩中排出的 ,而是从非岩石结构的地球深部流体中分异后聚集在岩石结构的孔隙中而形成油层的。原油的正烷烃结构显示的奇偶优势被认为系生物成因的油源 ,而不显奇偶优势被认为是甲烷石油 (即来自地球深部的无机成因油源 ) ,不显奇偶优势的油样均沿基底断裂分布 ,正旁证了地球深部来源的可能性。     

Larval host plant origin modifies the adult oviposition preference of the female European grapevine moth <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lobesia botrana</Emphasis>

According to the 'natal habitat preference induction' (NHPI) hypothesis, phytophagous insect females should prefer to lay their eggs on the host species on which they developed as larvae. We tested whether this hypothesis applies to the breeding behaviour of polyphagous European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, an important pest in European vineyards. We previously found that different grape cultivars affect several life history traits of the moth. Because the different cultivars of grapes are suspected to provide different plant quality, we tested the NHPI hypothesis by examining oviposition choice of L. botrana among three Vitis vinifera cultivars (Pinot, Chasselas and Chardonnay). In a choice situation, females of L. botrana that had never experienced grapes were able to discriminate between different grape cultivars and preferentially selected Pinot as an oviposition substrate. This 'naive' preference of oviposition could be modified by larval environment: Females raised on grapes as larvae preferred to lay eggs on the cultivar that they had experienced. Furthermore, experience of the host plant during adult emergence could be excluded because when pupae originating from our synthetic diet were exposed to grapes, the emerging adults did not show preference for the cultivar from which they emerged. The NHPI hypothesis that includes the two sub-hypothesis "Hopkins host selection principle" and "chemical legacy" may thus be relevant in this system.     

某污灌区污水-土壤-地下水污染物分布特征

通过对某污灌区灌溉水、土壤及地下水的取样分析,研究了灌区污染物的分布特征。结果表明:灌区主要污染物为重金属Zn、多环芳烃和农残六六六。不同污染物分布特征不同。重金属主要富集于土壤表层,如Zn大部分富集于耕植层中(0～30cm),但浓度过高,其可向深部迁移。多环芳烃按分子量可分为三类,小分子量芳烃迁移过程中降解转化显著;中分子量芳烃迁移至深部土壤和地下水,土壤各深度吸附量几乎相同;大分子量芳烃化学性质稳定,易吸附沉积于表层土壤和底泥中。农残六六六迁移深度至少可达50m。     

喀斯特洞穴滴水Ca、Mg离子特征与降雨、温度相关研究——以贵州安顺石将军洞为例

为了分析洞穴滴水Ca2+、Mg2+和降雨、气温内在联系、进一步帮助解译周围地区地表环境,我们从2011年6月至2012年5月对贵州石将军洞滴水Ca2+、Mg2+等地球化学特征和周围气候进行了为期一年的监测,发现7个滴水点Ca2+、Mg2+年际变化趋势具有明显一致性,分为波动区、高值区及低值区,滴水点Mg/Ca比值与月降雨量没有明显一致性变化,但波动区,高值区及低值区均值与月降雨量具有很好的相关性,能够反应外界降雨量变化。并且研究发现,在低值区由于温度和土壤CO2的影响,造成滴水Ca2+、Mg2+在1月份突变性降低,成为年际变化的波谷期。     

基于MODIS_C061的长三角地区AOD与Angström指数时空变化分析

以长三角为研究区,利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据,验证了基于MODIS_C061深蓝算法(DB)的AOD产品适用于长三角地区.并利用2000～2018年MOD04_L2产品,分析研究区AOD和Angstr?m指数(AE)的时空变化特征.结果表明,长三角地区AOD呈现东部和北部平原地区高、南部和西部山区低的空间分布,AE呈现南部地区高北部地区低的空间分布. 2003～2007年,AOD年均值增长显著,增长率为23%, 2011年以后逐渐下降; 2001～2003年,AE年均值增长迅速, 2012年以后逐渐下降.AOD在长三角地区呈现夏季最高、冬季最低的显著季节性变化,月均值6月最高达0.84, 8月最低为0.40;AE呈现秋季最高,春季最低的季节性变化,月均值9月最高达1.47, 3月最低为1.08.根据AOD与AE的关系,对长三角地区气溶胶类型进行了研究,结果表明人为产生的城市工业气溶胶是该地区主要的气溶胶类型,其次为混合型和清洁大陆型.     

Sustainable tourism development in the Red Sea of Egypt threats and opportunities

Egypt is looking into the possibilities for diversifying its tourism opportunities throughout the country. The main target for expanding the tourism sector is nature-based tourism. The coral reefs and rich marine life in South Sinai and the Red Sea coast have made these two areas among the premier scuba diving destinations in the world. Many beach resorts are now in operation and there are still hundreds to be constructed. However, previous tourism development in Egypt has resulted in a series of negative environmental impacts. The ambitious development plans to receive 16 million tourists by 2017 should take into consideration sustainability concepts. The government and developers have significant roles to play in adopting and implementing environmentally sound policies and practices to avoid the degradation of the natural heritage of Egypt for the sake of the current as well as future generations.