科技简讯

石棉废石尾矿的利用 我国石棉资源丰富,种类齐全。全国许多地方都有石棉及其制品的厂矿。石棉在矿石中含量少,一般在2—4％,所以在石棉生产过程中,有大量废石尾矿被抛弃。废石尾矿不仅占用大片土地,而且在排放中造成对环境的污染,危害人们的身体健康。因此,防治石棉废石尾矿的污染,大力开展综合利用是防止污染的有效途径。     

高度关注石棉污染逐步推进石棉禁用政策

石棉是被国际癌症研究组织(IARC)认定的1类致癌物质,目前已被许多国家禁用。但我国依旧是石棉的第一消费大国和第二生产大国,对石棉行业的发展缺少政策指导和行政管理,难以解决该行业产能低效、污染严重、处置无规的问题。本研究建议逐步推动石棉产业禁用政策,科学评估我国温石棉的使用立场;加强石棉行业管理,加强石棉尾矿处理方式的管理和研发;开展石棉环境污染监测与调查,制定石棉的环境质量标准。     

石棉废石尾矿的综合利用

一、前言四川、新康两个大矿在大规模开采石棉中,年产矿石量200多万吨,含棉品位2～3%,经粗选后石棉得到富集,含棉品位提高到3～5%,每年进入选矿厂的粗精矿达100万吨左右。这100万吨粗精矿经破碎筛分提取4.5万吨石棉后,其余占95%以上(约95.5万吨)都当作废石尾矿排入南桠河、大渡河中,严重地污染了河水。据了解,五十     

石棉尾矿渣在土壤重金属及农药污染治理中的应用

石棉尾矿渣具有良好的孔道结构、较大的孔体积和较高的比表面积,是一种理想的吸附材料,在重金属和和有机污染等治理方面表现出巨大潜力。本文在对石棉尾矿渣的矿物组成、晶体结构、化学基团及理化性质进行分析的基础上,对其在重金属污染治理、农药污染治理、农药缓释助剂等方面的应用进行了汇总分析,并对应用中实际存在的问题进行了分析与探讨。指出天然石棉尾矿渣吸附能力不足、功能单一,对土壤结构、理化性质、微环境扰动较大的问题,应加强石棉尾矿渣酸浸改性及高温热解处理,以制备出吸附能力更强、功能更加丰富的石棉尾矿渣基功能材料;并指出了石棉尾矿渣在应用中的研究方向。     

石棉湿法纺纱新工艺防尘效果的评价

石棉对环境的污染日趋严重,它对人体的危害,除呼吸道慢性炎症和石棉肺外,肺癌与间皮瘤的报导日益增多。因此,国际上对石棉的卫生标准要求也更加严格。重庆市石棉制品厂共有石棉肺患者36人,累计患病率3.34％,五年来已死亡10例,其中经病理证实石棉肺合并肺癌2例,合并恶性胸膜间皮瘤1例。余均为石棉肺并发肺心病等。过去干法生产时,车间粉尘浓     

单细胞凝胶电泳法测定三种化合物对石棉DNA链断裂效应的抑制作用

 为了探讨3种化合物对温石棉致人胚肺（HEL）细胞DNA链断裂的影响，用不同浓度的柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠溶液浸泡温石棉1h后，再将其与HEL细胞共同孵育，利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术，测定了HEL细胞的DNA链断裂程度．结果显示，温石棉可致HEL细胞DNA链断裂，并呈明显的剂量反应关系（r＝0.992，P＜0.01），其中80μg/mL石棉所致DNA链断裂为对照组的7倍．与未处理温石棉组相比，经3种化合物预处理的温石棉所致HEL细胞DNA链断裂均明显减少，其中用等量柠檬酸铝、混合稀土或亚硒酸钠处理过的石棉，其所致DNA链断裂分别降低了38.3％、61.5％、30.1％，这表明，用上述3种化合物预处理温石棉，有可能减轻温石棉对人类的致癌危害性．     

乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及重金属溶出的淋溶实验研究

利用淋溶实验，研究了乐昌铅锌尾矿的酸化及其对重金属溶出的影响。结果表明：高硫和中硫尾矿因含很高的有效硫（分别为２０．４％和１５．９％），在尾矿的堆放过程中会发生酸化，发生酸化的时间在第５１周左右，低硫尾矿（有效硫为７．２％）在短期内不会发生酸化。尾矿发生酸化后，将促进其中盐份的溶解，从而使得Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｕ等重金属的溶出增高。本研究可为铅锌尾矿的环境管理提供科学依据     

石棉污染现状及处理动向

世界石棉消费量每年约400万吨,其中半数为苏联所消费,日本石棉消费量,1984年为2.4万吨,1988年增至3.2万吨。石棉纤维柔软富有弹性,具有纺织、耐蚀、耐热及电气绝缘等优良性能,因而被广泛用作各种制品的原料。石棉制品约3000多种,用于房屋建筑材料占77.8％,其余多用于产业机械、化工设备、船舶及汽车行业。由于石棉的广泛应用,因而对环境带来严重污染,危害人体健康。近期发现石棉能引发多种癌症,引起了世界各国的严重关注,开展了大量调查研究,采取消除措施,并明令禁止使用石棉制品,着力开发石棉代用品。 1.大气环境石棉污染现状日本环境厅于1975年,对空气中石棉污染现状开展了调查,1981年召开了石棉发生源对策研究会,1985年开展了石棉监测业务,在25个地区共58个点,进行夏冬二期采样,用光学显微镜计数分析。结果背景区最小     

改性PVA纤维代石棉生产水泥制品

一、前言水泥和沙石等材料经配水混合制成的建筑建材具有很高的抗压强度、耐磨性好、不燃、价恪便宜等优点。但这类材料的抗张强度,抗折力和耐冲击性差,通常都要借助其它增强纤维来改善其性能,传统的水泥增强材料系使用石棉纤维,使用量一般占总量的15～30％。二、石棉水泥制品急需寻求代用增强纤维石棉水泥制品急需寻求代用增强纤维,这是因为: (1)石棉是一种致癌物质。世界卫生组     

石棉湿纺废水的闭路循环

一、前言石棉是重要的耐火材料,广泛应用于化学、钢铁、建筑、机械、电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业以及其它国防科学尖端工业部门。但是,石棉又是一种致癌物质,长期吸入石棉粉尘的人有患石棉肺之虞。上海石棉制品厂在1978年研制成功石棉纺织制品流水线的湿法生产新工艺后,大大降低了石棉粉尘的污染。但是,改用湿法工艺后产生的石棉湿纺废水,其石棉含量高达数百     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.