天山北坡城市群气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征

为探究天山北坡城市群大气气溶胶光学特性时空分布特征,本文利用卫星遥感MCD19-A2气溶胶产品分析了2000~2019年研究区气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）时空分布特征及变化趋势,针对AOD较为稳定的2016~2019年,利用多波段太阳光度计地基遥感技术,对AOD及Angström波长指数（α）等参数进行特征分析.结果表明：①空间上,研究区AOD空间分布与地形呈现较好的一致性,高值现象主要分布在低海拔地区;AOD空间分布表现出较强烈季节变化,春季（0.15±0.03） > 秋季（0.14±0.03） > 夏季（0.14±0.02）;②时间上,2000~2019年间研究区AOD年均值为0.12,年增幅1.03%,整体呈现增加趋势;AOD月均值的年际变化表现为双峰型,5月和11月为第一峰值和第二峰值,自然尘源粉尘的释放和传输以及人类社会燃煤供暖是造成AOD增加的主要原因;③受沙尘天气的影响,春季AOD的变化幅度较为剧烈,气溶胶主控粒子粒径及变化幅度均大于夏季;研究区AOD高值主要受粗模态粒子气溶胶的影响,细模态粒子吸湿增长会引起AOD的波动,但不易导致AOD高值.     

1990～2017年中国地区气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布及其主要影响类型

为准确了解中国地区气溶胶光学特性,通过1990~2017年的MERRA2数据集中的气溶胶光学厚度数据,采用Man-Kendall趋势检验法和Sen''s slope变化趋势分析法,从不同的时空尺度和气溶胶类型上分析中国地区AOD值的时空变化特征.结果表明：①从年际尺度上看,1990~2017年AOD年均值整体呈波动上升趋势;从季节尺度上看,月均值整体呈春夏秋依次递减,冬季有所提升的趋势,地形和气候环境是其主要影响因素.②在空间上,AOD年均值呈现东南高西北低的特征,西南部四川盆地、西北的塔里木与吐鲁番盆地等为AOD值的高值区,青藏高原地区为AOD值的低值区,同时AOD的MK值和Sen''s slope值也呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势.③沙尘气溶胶和硫酸盐气溶胶影响分布具有明显的区域差异.与地形、气候变化以及人类活动强度有着密切联系.     

中国气溶胶光学厚度时空演变特征分析

利用2005-2012年MODIS气溶胶产品分析了中国区域气溶胶光学厚度(aerosol optical depth,AOD)的变化趋势和空间分布特征。分析结果表明,与2005-2007三年均值相比,绝大部分省份2008-2010年期间AOD下降趋势非常明显,而在2011-2012年期间AOD又有所回升,但大部分地区2011-2012两年均值仍低于2005-2007三年均值,因此2005-2007年是我国气溶胶污染最严重的时期;从AOD的空间分布来看,气溶胶污染较重的地区主要集中在京津冀、长三角、华中、成渝等人口密集和工业发达地区;从典型城市AOD变化趋势来看,2005-2012年期间北京、石家庄、保定、邢台市AOD历年均值均明显高于全国平均值,京津冀城市群气溶胶污染异常严重。     

基于MODIS数据的山东省近十年AOD时空变化特征

利用2010~2019年的MOD04_3K气溶胶光学厚度产品数据,从时间和空间角度分析山东省气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）变化特征.结果表明：2010~2019年山东AOD年均值在0.545~0.851波动,平均值为0.706,10年间山东AOD年均值整体呈现下降趋势,至2019年下降了0.269,下降幅度高达33%;山东AOD有明显的季节变化特征,呈夏季高峰,冬季最低,采暖期AOD均值整体上低于非采暖期;山东AOD高值区集中在北部环渤海、鲁西地区及济宁市,而山东中部及东北部沿海地区为低值区.AOD高值区总体分布在低海拔地区,而AOD较低的区域主要位于高海拔地区,且AOD时序变化趋势率与年均AOD空间分布特征基本保持一致.     

西北地区气溶胶光学特性的时空变化特征

利用2003—2018年的Aqua-MODIS C6.1气溶胶产品对西北地区气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）和Angstrom波长指数（AE）的时空分布特征进行研究，并结合当地站点气象要素资料，分析了气象要素对AOD的影响.结果表明，西北地区AOD的高值区位于塔克拉玛干沙漠和陕西关中地区；青海南部及新疆北部等是AOD的低值区.AE指数从西到东逐渐增大，其低值区位于塔里木盆地及青海北部.从季节变化上看，西北地区春季AOD最高，而AE值最低，主要受沙尘气溶胶的影响较大；最低平均AOD和最高平均AE均出现在秋季.西北地区的AOD年均值为0.219，2006年后AOD呈明显下降趋势；AE指数在2009—2017年期间呈现微弱的上升趋势.西北地区AOD和AE的月均变化特征较为明显，这主要与沙尘天气出现的时间有关.2003—2018年期间西北地区各省AOD年均值呈现缓慢下降趋势，且2012年之后，内蒙古、陕西和宁夏等地月平均AOD的峰谷差值均有所减少.不同地区的气象要素对其AOD的影响不同.     

2006-2017年四川盆地MODIS气溶胶光学厚度时空变化特征

四川盆地地形复杂、气候特殊,是我国颗粒物污染高发地.为探究四川盆地气溶胶分布和周期变化特征,深入认识气溶胶污染特性及其气候效应,结合卫星遥感探测方法,利用2006-2017年MODIS C006 3 km AOD（气溶胶光学厚度）产品,分析了四川盆地AOD的时空特征.结果表明:①MODIS AOD（MODIS数据反演的气溶胶光学厚度）与太阳光度计CE318观测的AOD、ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（PM₁₀）线性相关系数分别为0.78、0.77、0.75,表明MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品适用于四川盆地颗粒物污染研究.②四川盆地AOD平均值范围为0.1~1.3,其中,成都平原和四川盆地东南部地区是AOD高值（AOD值>1.0）中心,四川盆地周边高海拔区AOD均小于0.3.③2006-2017年AOD年均值范围为0~2.5,整体呈"倒N型"曲线下降,其峰值和谷值分别出现在2013年和2017年;2013年AOD大于1.0的区域占四川盆地的34.1%,是12 a中颗粒物污染最重的一年;2017年AOD小于0.3的面积占57.1%.④AOD季节性变化呈春季最大、夏季次之、秋季最小的特征.⑤AOD月变化呈"双峰型"波动特征,AOD月均值范围为0~2.5,其中,2-5月AOD月均值均大于0.7,8月AOD月均值为0.6,11-12月AOD月均值均小于0.5.研究显示,四川盆地颗粒物污染防治应以成都平原城市群和四川省南部城市群为主,应重点控制细颗粒物排放,合理安排工业企业的周期性生产强度.      

北京市近地层颗粒物浓度与气溶胶光学厚度相关性分析研究

利用2009年北京市大气颗粒物质量浓度和气溶胶光学特性的同步观测研究发现,北京市城区颗粒物污染严重.PM2.5、PM10年平均浓度分别为(65±14)、(117±31)μg·m-3,均超出国家2016年拟执行环境空气质量二级标准,PM2.5、PM10日均值超标率分别为35%、26%.细粒子PM2.5污染与可吸入颗粒物PM10污染呈显著性相关,相关系数R约为0.90(P<0.001),二者相关性伴随PM2.5在PM10中所占比重自春季到冬季逐渐增大而增强,年均PM2.5占PM10比重为61%.气溶胶光学厚度AOD(500 nm)与气溶胶波长指数(α)年均值分别为(0.55±0.10)、(1.12±0.08).PM2.5、PM10与AOD间全年及各季节均呈显著线性相关,相关系数R≥0.50;但其相关系数与相关函数存在着显著的季节差异,夏秋季节相关性显著高于春冬季节,且全年相关会掩盖较大的季节性系统差异.对PM2.5、PM10数据进行湿度订正,对AOD进行混合层高度订正,PM2.5、PM10与AOD之间的相关性得到一定提升,且更适合指数相关.     

新疆典型城市气溶胶光学厚度变化特征

利用2006~2017年Aqua-MODIS C006气溶胶日产品数据,选取新疆地区11个代表性城市进行分类,分析典型城市的AOD近12a变化趋势及特征.结果表明：2006~2017年间,除乌鲁木齐市AOD小幅度上升外,其余10个城市AOD均出现不同程度下降,北疆城市年均降幅较小,吐鲁番市12a间AOD下降了0.13,为哈密、焉耆等同纬度城市群中的最大降幅,南疆城市AOD年均降幅最为显著,阿克苏、喀什、和田和若羌地区AOD分别下降了0.18、0.16、0.16和0.09;AOD空间分布上,南疆为AOD峰值中心,年均值达0.50以上,北疆和东疆地区AOD年均值维持在0.20~0.22;同时,AOD具有典型的季节变化特征,春季为AOD峰值季节,夏季次之,秋、冬季AOD较低;此外,12a间新疆全区AOD出现不同程度降低,其中南疆沙尘源区为AOD下降的典型区域,减少区域呈现出沿昆仑山脉自南向北的带状分布.     

基于太阳光度计的天津城区气溶胶光学特性

利用2013~2014年天津大气边界层观测站的CE318太阳光度计观测资料,分析天津气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和波长指数(α)的分布特征.结果表明,天津地区AOD_(440nm)和AOD_(500nm)均值分别为0.99±0.34和0.87±0.30,波长500nm下AOD月均最高值为1.41±0.79,出现在2013年6月,最低值为0.49±0.92,出现在2013年11月.AOD的季节变化特征为春季受沙尘天气影响,α最低(0.85±0.32),夏季受高温天气条件影响,新生小粒子占比较多,α最高(1.16±0.29),根据α分布特点,影响天津地区的主要气溶胶类型为城市—工业气溶胶.造成春季AOD高值(AOD≥2)情况出现是受粗、细模态气溶胶粒子共同影响,夏季AOD高值出现主要是受细模态粒子影响,同时细粒子吸湿增长特性对AOD增长有较大影响.冬季AOD高值出现同样主要受细模态气溶胶粒子影响,其气溶胶粒子粒径高于夏季.对比沙尘、霾及非污染天气条件下AOD和α的差别,发现霾天气下AOD和α最高,分别为1.41±0.68和1.17±0.29,沙尘天气下AOD为0.99±0.62,α最低,为0.55±0.22.非污染天气下AOD最低,为0.53±0.46.不同天气条件下,随AOD增长α均有先升高后降低的特征.     

长江三角洲大气气溶胶光学厚度分布和变化趋势研究

利用2000～2005年MODIS Level 2气溶胶产品分析了长江三角洲区域气溶胶光学厚度的分布和季节变化特点.结果显示,近年来长江三角洲气溶胶光学厚度值较高的区域逐年增加,光学厚度大于1.0的区域面积增加最快.根据城市气溶胶季节变化特征研究,发现长江三角洲地区各主要城市近年气溶胶有逐渐增加的趋势.统计结果表明,平原城市群气溶胶年峰值出现在夏季;山区城市群气溶胶年峰值出现在春季.平原城市群光学厚度增加速度大于山区城市群.     

Evaluation of phytoextracting cadmium and lead by sunflower, ricinus, alfalfa and mustard in hydroponic culture

Soil contaminated with heavy metals cadmium(Cd)and lead(Pb)is hard to be remediated.Phytoremediation may be a feasible method to remove toxic metals from soil,but there are few suitable plants which can hyperaccumulate metals.In this study,Cd and Pb accumulation by four plants including sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.),mustard(Brassica juncea L.),alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.), ricinus(Ricinus communis L.)in hydroponic cultures was compared.Results showed that these plants could phytocxtract heavy metals, the ability of accumulation differed with species,concentrations and categories of heavy metals.Values of BCF(bioconcentration factor)and TF(translocation factor)indicated that four species had dissimilar abilities of phytoextraction and transportation of heavy metals.Changes on the biomass of plants,pH and Eh at different treatments revealed that these four plants had distinct responses to Cd and Pb in cultures.Measurements should be taken to improve the phytoremediation of sites contaminated with heavy metals,such as pH and Eh regulations,and so forth.     

Oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by potassium permanganate

The oxidation of As(Ⅲ) with potassium permanganate was studied under conditions including pH, initial As(Ⅲ) concentration and dosage of Mn(Ⅶ). The results have shown that potassium permanganate was an effective agent for oxidizing of As(Ⅲ) in a wide pH range. The pH value of tested water was not a significant factor affecting the oxidation of As(Ⅲ) by Mn(Ⅶ). Although theoretical redox analyses suggest that Mn(Ⅶ) should have better performance in oxidization of As(Ⅲ) within lower pH ranges, the experimental results show that the oxidation efficiencies of As(Ⅲ) under basic and acidic conditions were similar, which may be due to the adsorption of As(Ⅲ) on the Mn(OH)2 and MnO2 resulting from the oxidation of As(Ⅲ).     

Chlorobenzenes in waterweeds from the Xijiang River （Guangdong section） of the Pearl River

The Xijiang River is the major source of water for about 4.5 millions of urban population and 28.7 millions of rural population. The water quality is very important for the health of the rural population. The concentration and distribution of chlorobenzenes (CBs) in both water and waterweeds collected from 4 stations in the Xijiang River (Gangdong section) of the Pearl River in April and November were determined. The result showed that nearly every congener of CBs was detected. The total contents of CBs (∑CBs) in the river water ranged from 111.1 to 360.0 ng/L in April and from 151.9 to 481.7 ng/L in November, respectively. The pollution level of CBs in the water in April was higher than that in November. The contents of ∑ CBs in waterweeds ranged from 13.53×102 μg/g to 38.27×102μg/g dry weight (dw). There was no significant difference between April and November in waterweeds. The distribution of CBs in roots, caulis, and leaves of Vallisneria spiralis L. showed different patterns. The leaves mainly contained low-molecular-weight CBs(DCBs), whereas the roots accumulated more PCBs and HCBs. The average lgBCFlip (bioconcentration factor) of CBs ranged from 0.64 to 3.57 in the waterweeds. The spatial distribution character of CBs in the Xijiang River was: Fengkai County ＜ Yunan County ＜Yun'an County ＜ Gaoyao County according to the ∑CBs, and the pollution deteriorated from the upstream to the downstream of the Xijiang River. Further analysis demonstrated that the discharge of waste containing CBs may be the main source of CBs pollution in the Xijiang River.     

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol with a novel TiO2/Ti-Fe-graphite felt photoelectrocatalytic oxidation process

Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)was studied in a novel three-electrode photoelectrocatalytic(PEC)integrative oxidation process,and the factors influencing the degradation rate,such as applied current,flow speed of O_2,pH,adscititious voltage and initial 2,4-DCP concentration were investigated and optimized.H_2O_2 was produced nearby cathode and Fe~(2 )continuously generated from Fe anode in solution when current and O_2 were applied,so,main reactions,H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC oxidation and E-Fenton reaction,occurred during degradation of 2,4-DCP in this integrative system.The degradation ratio of 2,4-DCP was 93% in this integrative oxidation process,while it was only 31% in E-Fenton process and 46% in H_2O_2-assisted TiO_2 PEC process.So,it revealed that the degradation of 2,4-DCP was improved greatly by photoelectrical cooperation effect.By the investigation of pH,it showed that this integrative process could work well in a wide pH range from pH 3 to pH 9.     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

Bioconcentration kinetics of PCBs in various parts of the lifecycle of the tadpoles Xenopus laevis

Polychlorinated biphenyls （PCBs） in Xenopus laevis have been reported only for a few congeners. Additionally, there is very little information on the ability of Xenopus laevis to bioconcentrate PCBs. To address these issues, the tadpole Xenopus laevis was exposed to Aroclor 1254 mixtures in water at room temperature for 110 d followed by an additional 110 d of nonspiked PCBs in the water for the control group. During the whole process, bioconcentration factors （BCFs） of PCBs ranged from 1180 to 15670. For most PCB congeners, the highest and lowest bioconcentrations of the kinetic curves were found to be remarkably simultaneous, respectively. All 141 PCB congeners under the same experimental conditions had no linear correlation on the lgBCF versus lgKow relationship. The relationship between lgBCFs and lgKow followed a parabolic pattern indicative of selective bioconcentration, suggesting that the kinetic curves of the PCB congeners observed in the lifecycle of the tadpoles may be concentrated due to the amphibian special species and internal metabolism. In contrast, lgBCFs for PCBs were inversely related to lgKow, suggesting that a metabolism of the higher Kow PCB congeners occurred. These results support the author＇s conclusion that the tadpole Xenopus laevis plays major roles in the bioconcentration of PCB congeners, and demonstrated that the exposure kinetic curves of PCB congeners are complex. Besides the amphibian metamorphous development, the lifecycle of the tadpole Xenopus laevis also may be of importance in determining the bioconcentration of PCB congeners.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Arsenic uptake and transport of Pteris vittata L. as influenced by phosphate and inorganic arsenic species under sand cu｜ture

In order to understand the similarity or difference of inorganic As species uptake and transport related to phosphorus in As-hyperaccumulator, uptake and transport of arsenate (As(Ⅴ)) and arsenite (As(Ⅲ)) were studied using Pteris vittata L. under sand culture. Higher concentrations of phosphate were found to inhibit accumulation of arsenate and arsenite in the fronds of P. vittata. The reduction in As accumulation was greater in old fronds than in young fronds, and relatively weak in root and rhizome. Moderate increases, from 0.05 to 0.3 mmol/L, in phosphate reduced uptake of As(Ⅲ) more than As(Ⅴ), while the reverse was observed at high concentrations of phosphate (≥ 1.0 mmol/L). Phosphate apparently reduced As transport and the proportion of As accumulated in fronds of P. vittata when As was supplied as As(Ⅴ). It may in part be due to competition between phosphorus and As(Ⅴ) during transport. In contrast, phosphate had a much smaller effect on As transport when the As was supplied as As(Ⅲ). Therefore, the results from present experiments indicates that a higher concentration of phosphate suppressed As accumulation and transport in P. vittata, especially in the fronds, when exposure to As(Ⅴ); but the suppression of phosphate to As transport in the root or rhizome may be insignificant when P. vittata when exposure to As(Ⅲ) under sand culture conditions. The finding will help to understand the interaction of P and As during their uptake process in P. vittata.