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1.
This study examined the associations between dissolved organic matter(DOM) characteristics and potential nitrification occurrence in the presence of chloramine along a drinking water distribution system. High-performance size exclusion chromatography(HPSEC) coupled with a multiple wavelength detector(200–280 nm) was employed to characterise DOM by molecular weight distribution, bacterial activity was analysed using flow cytometry, and a package of simple analytical tools, such as dissolved organic carbon, absorbance at 254 nm, nitrate,nitrite, ammonia and total disinfectant residual were also applied and their applicability to indicate water quality changes in distribution systems were also evaluated. Results showed that multi-wavelength HPSEC analysis was useful to provide information about DOM character while changes in molecule weight profiles at wavelengths less than 230 nm were also able to be related to other water quality parameters. Correct selection of the UV wavelengths can be an important factor for providing appropriate indicators associated with different DOM compositions. DOM molecular weight in the range of 0.2–0.5 k Da measured at210 nm correlated positively with oxidised nitrogen concentration(r = 0.99), and the concentrations of active bacterial cells in the distribution system(r = 0.85). Our study also showed that the changes of DOM character and bacterial cells were significant in those sampling points that had decreases in total disinfectant residual. HPSEC-UV measured at210 nm and flow cytometry can detect the changes of low molecular weight of DOM and bacterial levels, respectively, when nitrification occurred within the chloraminated distribution system.  相似文献   

2.
This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics(on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.  相似文献   

3.
This study investigated the partitioning behavior of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in liquid and ice phases, as well as the changes in the optical properties and chlorine reactivity of DOM during the freezing processes of water. DOM was rejected from the ice phase and accumulated in the remaining liquid phase during water freezing. Moreover, the decrease in freezing temperature, as well as the increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of feed water, caused an increase in DOM captured in the ice phase. The ultraviolet-absorbing compounds, trihalomethane precursors, as well as fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescent materials, were more liable to be to be rejected from the ice phase and were more easily retained in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing, as compared with organics (on average) that comprise DOC. In addition, it was also found a higher accumulation of these organics in the unfrozen liquid phase during water freezing at higher temperature. The freeze/thaw processes altered the quantity, optical properties, and chlorine reactivity of DOM. The decrease in ultraviolet light at 254 nm as well as the production of aromatic protein- and soluble microbial byproduct-like fluorescent materials in DOM due to freeze/thaw were consistently observed. On the other hand, the changes in DOC, trihalomethane formation potential, and fulvic acid- and humic acid-like fluorescence caused by freeze/thaw varied significantly between samples.  相似文献   

4.
High performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) is used in water quality research primarily to determine the molecular weight distribution of the dissolved organic matter (DOM), but by applying peak fitting to the chromatogram, this technique can also be used as a tool to model and predict DOM removal. Six low specific UV absorbance (SUVA) source waters were treated using coagulation with alum and both the source and treated water samples were analysed using HPSEC. By comparing the molecular weight profiles of the source and treated waters, it was established that several DOM components were not effectively removed by alum coagulation even after high dosage alum treatment. A peak-fitting technique was applied based on the concept of linking the character (molecular weight profile) of the recalcitrant organics in the treated water with those of the source water. This was then applied to predict DOM treatability by determining the areas of the peaks which were assigned to removable organics from the source water molecular weight profile after peak fitting, and this technique quantified the removable and non-removable organics. The prediction was compared with the actual dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal determined from jar testing and showed good agreement, with variance between 2% and 10%. This confirmed that this prediction approach, which was originally developed for high SUVA waters, can also be applied successfully to predict DOC removal in low SUVA waters.  相似文献   

5.
A stormwater management system utilizing the mechanisms of sedimentation and filtration/infiltration was developed and constructed for the immobilization of suspended solids and heavy metal constituents (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni) in runoff. Monitoring took place between May 2010 and November 2012 on a total of 24 storm events. This research on the fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater system provided insight on the actual efficiency of the system and determined the implications for treatment of the particulate-bound and dissolved heavy metals in runoff. Results revealed that the partitioning of heavy metal load in runoff in either dissolved or particulate-bound were influenced by flow rate and total suspended solids load, and evident in high-intensity storm (rainfall-runoff event). On the other hand, the partitioning of heavy metal load discharge from the stormwater system was more apparent during the early period of discharge having higher variability in dissolved than particulate-bound heavy metal. Findings revealed that fractionation of heavy metals played an important role in the performance of the stormwater system; thus, must be considered in designing stormwater systems. For the stormwater system to be effective, it is recommended to design the system treating not only the early period of a storm (first flush criteria) rather until the peak part of the hydrograph (high flow rate where partitioning was greatest) from a load basis.  相似文献   

6.
Photo-production of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is an important transformation process in marine carbon cycle, but little is known about this process in Chinese coastal systems. This study investigated an estuarine water sample and a coastal seawater sample from the subtropical waters in southeast of China. Water samples were exposed to natural sunlight and the absorption and fluorescence of CDOM as well as the DIC concentration were measured in the summer of 2009. The estuarine water had higher CDOM level, molecular weight and proportion of humic-like fluorescent components than the seawater that exhibited abundant tryptophan-like fluorescent component. After a 3-day irradiation, the CDOM level decreased by 45% in the estuarine water and 20% in the seawater, accompanied with a decrease in the molecular weight and aromaticity of DOM which was inferred from an increase in the absorption spectral slope parameter. The photo-degradation rates of all the five fluorescent components were also notable, in particular two humic-like components (C4 and C5) were removed by 78% and 69% in the estuarine water and by 69% and 56% in the seawater. The estuarine water had a higher photo-production rate of DIC than the seawater (4.4 vs. 2.5 μupmol/(L.day)), in part due to its higher CDOM abundance. The differences in CDOM compositions between the two types of waters might be responsible for the higher susceptibility of the estuarine water to photo-degradation and hence could also affect the photo-production process of DIC.  相似文献   

7.
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a major role in ecological systems and influences the fate and transportation of many pollutants. Despite the significance of DOM, understanding of how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence its composition and characteristics is limited, especially in urban stormwater runoff. In this article, the chemical properties (pollutant loads, molecular weight, aromaticity, sources, and molecular composition) of DOM in stormwater extracted from three typical end-members (traffic, residential, and campus regions) were characterized by UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). There are three findings: (1) The basic properties of DOM in stormwater runoff varied obviously from three urban fields, and the effect of initial flush was also apparent. (2) The DOM in residential areas mainly came from autochthonous sources, while allochthonous sources primarily contributed to the DOM in traffic and campus areas. However, it was mainly composed of terrestrial humic-like components with CHO and CHON element composition and HULO and aliphatic formulas. (3) The parameters characterizing DOM were primarily related to terrestrial source and aromaticity, but their correlations varied. Through the combination of optical methods and UPLC-Q-TOF spectrometry, the optical and molecular characteristics of rainwater are effectively revealed, which may provide a solid foundation for the classification management of stormwater runoff in different urban regions.  相似文献   

8.
It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.  相似文献   

9.
Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients (TN and TP). Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. However, organic-chemical pollution (petroleum and volatile phenolics) was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.  相似文献   

10.
Storing reclaimed water in lakes is a widely used method of accommodating changes in the consumption of reclaimed water during wastewater reclamation and reuse. Solar light serves as an important function in degrading pollutants during storage, and its effect on dissolved organic matter(DOM) was investigated in this study. Solar light significantly decreased the UV_(254) absorbance and fluorescence(FLU) intensity of reclaimed water.However, its effect on the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) value of reclaimed water was very limited. The decrease in the UV_(254) absorbance intensity and FLU excitation–emission matrix regional integration volume(FLU volume) of reclaimed water during solar light irradiation was fit with pseudo-first order reaction kinetics. The decrease of UV_(254) absorbance was much slower than that of the FLU volume. Ultraviolet light in solar light had a key role in decreasing the UV_(254) absorbance and FLU intensity during solar light irradiation. The light fluence-based removal kinetic constants of the UV_(254) and FLU intensity were independent of light intensity. The peaks of the UV_(254) absorbance and FLU intensity with an apparent molecular weight(AMW) of 100 Da to 2000 Da decreased after solar irradiation, whereas the DOC value of the major peaks did not significantly change.  相似文献   

11.
在太子河本溪城市段7个点位采集表层水样,应用多元数理统计法研究其DOM的来源、组成、结构及腐殖化水平.推导出9个紫外光谱指数(SUVA254、E_2/E_3、E_2/E_4、E_4/E_6、S_(275~295)、S_(350~400)、A_2/A_1、A_3/A_1和A_3/A_2)用于研究DOM的组成与结构特征,进一步评估DOM的腐殖化水平.研究表明:太子河本溪城市段水体中DOM的腐殖化程度呈现城市河段及工业废水排放分布特征,本溪钢铁厂排放废水所含的DOM为聚合程度低且相对分子质量较小的有机物;E_2/E_3与E_2/E_4呈现极显著性正相关(P0.01),与S_(275~295)、S_(350~400)和A2/A1呈显著负相关(P0.05),表明太子河本溪城市段水体DOM腐化程度不仅与有机物分子缩合度有关,同时与富里酸和胡敏酸比值密切相关;DOM组成结构特征与A_2/A_1、SUVA_(254)和S_(275~295)呈显著正相关,而与E_2/E_3和E_2/E_4呈显著负相关;得分图显示7个采样点分别位于3个35%置信度的椭圆内,进一步验证太子河本溪城市段水体中DOM组成与结构、腐殖化水平呈现城市河段及工业废水排放分布特征,表明太子河本溪城市段DOM深受人类活动的影响.  相似文献   

12.
使用XAD-4和XAD-8树脂对宜兴3个水源原水中DOM进行亲疏水性分类,采用优化方法测定分类水样的DBPFP,并进行DBPFP与DOM量化指标之间的相关性分析,以确定实际生产过程DBPs生成量的主要影响因素.由三维荧光光谱图得到3个水源原水DOM组成差异较大,水质区别明显.由亲疏水性分类分析发现原水中疏水性和亲水性DOM含量较高,疏水性DOM水样的DBPFP大于原水,得到水样的DBPFP主要取决于DOM与消毒剂反应产生DBPs的效率,而不是DOM的量.引入UV_(254)/DOC这个指标,发现不同分类水样UV_(254)/DOC的差异情况与其DBPFP相吻合,对两者进行回归分析,发现水样THMFP和DHAAFP与UV_(254)/DOC之间存在明显的线性关系,线性可决系数R2分别为0.89和0.85.因此研究减小原水UV_(254)/DOC的技术工艺对于控制给水中DBPs浓度具有重要意义.  相似文献   

13.
为了探究蘑菇湖水体中DOM(溶解性有机物)的组成和结构特征、识别来源及表征腐殖化程度,采用UV-Vis(紫外-可见吸收光谱)和紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析方法对蘑菇湖水体DOM进行表征.结果表明:①蘑菇湖水体DOM腐殖化程度由滨湖区向深湖区递减,DOM主要以脂肪链和酯类等非极性官能团及相对分子质量较大的外源胡敏酸为主. ②皮尔逊相关性分析发现,A250 nm/A365 nm、A240 nm/A420 nm与A3/A2(600~700 nm与460~480 nm波段下的积分面积之比)之间呈显著正相关,A465 nm/A665 nm、SR〔光谱斜率比,Sg(275~295 nm)/Sg(350~400 nm)〕、A2/A1(460~480 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比)与A3/A1(600~700 nm与260~280 nm波段下的积分面积之比)之间也均呈显著正相关,而二者之间呈负相关,表明蘑菇湖水体中DOM的腐殖化水平与有机质的相对分子质量、芳香度以及苯环碳骨架的聚合程度等密切相关. ③CCA(canonical correspond analysis,典范对应分析)结果发现,蘑菇湖水体采样点与DOM的芳香度、腐殖化程度存在一定的相关性,与皮尔逊相关性分析结果相似.研究显示,UV-Vis、紫外吸收光谱指数、多元统计分析能够在一定程度上表征蘑菇湖水体DOM的分子量、芳香度以及腐殖化程度.   相似文献   

14.
Correlations between raw water characteristics and pH after enhanced coagulation to maximize dissolved organic matter (DOM) removal using four typical coagulants (FeCl3, Al2(SO4)3, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and high performance polyaluminum chloride (HPAC)) without pH control were investigated. These correlations were analyzed on the basis of the raw water quality and the chemical and physical fractionations of DOM of thirteen Chinese source waters over three seasons. It was found that the final pH after enhanced coagulation for each of the four coagulants was influenced by the content of removable DOM (i.e. hydrophobic and higher apparent molecular weight (AMW) DOM), the alkalinity and the initial pH of raw water. A set of feed-forward semi-empirical models relating the final pH after enhanced coagulation for each of the four coagulants with the raw water characteristics were developed and optimized based on correlation analysis. The established models were preliminarily validated for prediction purposes, and it was found that the deviation between the predicted data and actual data was low. This result demonstrated the potential for the application of these models in practical operation of drinking water treatment plants.  相似文献   

15.
应用紫外-可见光吸收光谱研究白塔堡河丰水期沉积物孔隙水中水溶性有机物(DOM)的来源、结构及腐殖化程度.采集白塔堡河干流13个沉积物孔隙水样品,分析DOM紫外光谱特性,推演出9个紫外光谱指数(SUVA254、E2/E4、E4/E6、E2/E3、S275~295、S350~400、A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2),研究DOM的组成与结构特征,评价DOM的腐殖化水平.白塔堡河沉积物孔隙水中DOM组成、机构及腐殖化水平呈现沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段递变,农村河段DOM分子量大于城镇与城市河段的,农村河段的DOM分子的聚合度、芳化度、腐殖化水平高于城镇与城市河段的,而DOM中富里酸的含量沿农村河段向城镇与城市河段增加.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2和其它6个指标呈负相关,表明DOM的腐殖化水平随着A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2的值增大而升高,而随着其它指标的增大而降低.A2/A1、A3/A1和A3/A2更加精确地评价DOM腐殖化水平,辨识不同采样点DOM腐殖化进程.  相似文献   

16.
陈昭宇  李思悦 《环境科学》2019,40(12):5309-5317
研究城镇化对河流溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)组分和化学结构、来源与迁移规律的影响,对水生态系统保护及生物地球化学循环研究具有重要意义.运用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱技术,研究三峡库区不同城镇化程度的典型河流(桃花溪、南河和普里河)的DOM光谱学特征.结果表明,河流城镇化程度越高,DOM和有色溶解性有机质(chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)浓度越大,河流DOM的腐殖化程度和芳构化程度越小,疏水性组分越少,DOM中类蛋白物质相对浓度越高,DOM的新近自生源特性越强.河流DOM均以富里酸类为主(E3/E4均值 3. 5),CDOM浓度与DOM浓度显著正相关(P 0. 01),各河流DOM腐殖化程度(SUVA254)、芳构化程度(SUVA280)和疏水组分(SUVA260)极显著正相关(P 0. 01).桃花溪、南河、普里河的荧光指数均值为1. 715 7~1. 757 1,DOM的腐殖质来源均为外源输入和微生物、藻类生产两种方式混合,且以内源产生为主.  相似文献   

17.
运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)以及紫外-可见光谱技术,对周村水库夏秋季降雨不同相对分子质量雨水的溶解性有机物(DOM)光谱特征和来源进行分析.结果表明,夏秋季降雨不同相对分子质量DOM的紫外-可见吸收光谱并无明显特征峰,吸收系数的变异系数在75%~469%之间,表明其性质在不同季节和相对分子质量上存在差异;a254和E3/E4变化说明DOM的相对浓度和富里酸所占DOM的比例随着季节由夏入秋而增加;三维荧光通过PARAFAC解析出4种组分,分别为类腐殖质(C1、C2)、可见区富里酸(C3)和类蛋白(C4);对4个组分进行相关性分析,结果显示C1与C2、C3以及C4具有显著的相关性(P0.01),C2与C3具有显著的相关性(P0.01);夏秋季降雨DOM总荧光强度以及各组分荧光强度差异明显(P0.05),类腐殖质(C1+C2)是其主要成分、富里酸的荧光强度和所占比例随着季节由夏入秋而增加、类蛋白随着季节由夏入秋而减少;夏秋季降雨有机物来源都呈现以自生源为主的特征,夏季降雨具有自生源特征更强、类蛋白物质含量和占比更多的特点;PCA分析显示夏秋季降雨中不同相对分子质量雨水荧光特征差异明显,并且组分C1、C2和C3与DOM特征参数[HIX、Fn(355)、Fn(280)、E3/E4、a254]以及水质参数(硝氮、氨氮、总氮以及有机碳)显著相关性(P0.01).通过对夏秋季不同降雨相对分子质量的DOM光谱特征研究,可以进一步分析水库大气沉降型外源输入的有机物污染特征,并为水库水质管理提供技术支持.  相似文献   

18.
利用三维荧光光谱手段,结合紫外-可见吸收光谱,分析了涪江(FJ)、嘉陵江(JLJ)及两江交汇处(FJ-JLJ)溶解性有机质(DOM)在太阳辐照下的光漂白过程.结果表明,在夏季短期太阳辐射作用下,所有样品的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)浓度[a(280)]和荧光峰A、C、M、T均发生了较明显光漂白,降解程度大小顺序为JLJ>FJ-JLJ>FJ.3个采样河段DOM光漂白性质因采样水域周边土地利用类型不同、江水汇合的稀释作用等影响而存在一定差异.以森林系统为陆源输入的JLJ样本光漂白活性最高,城市输入占主导的FJ最低,两江汇合样本居中.DOM经日光辐照后,光谱斜率S和吸光度比值A250/A350增大,腐殖化指数HIX减小,它们可作为光漂白过程中DOM性质变化指标.光漂白过程中,几乎所有样本呈现出陆源特征向自生源特征转化的趋势,尤其IT/IC先降低后显著增加,因此光漂白过程可能会夸大DOM的内源贡献,同时对利用IT/IC评估水体人为影响程度时产生干扰.另外,吸收和荧光光谱参数在评估DOM光漂白过程中结构组分变化的一致性,进一步证明了采用两种互补的光谱手段对DOM地化特征进行辨析的可行性.  相似文献   

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