ANAFORE: A stand-scale process-based forest model that includes wood tissue development and labile carbon storage in trees

A stand-scale forest model has been developed that dynamically simulates, besides carbon (C) and water (H₂O) fluxes, wood tissue development from physiological principles. The forest stand is described as consisting of trees of different size cohorts (for example, dominant, co-dominant and suppressed trees), either of the same or of different species (deciduous or coniferous). Half-hourly C and H₂O fluxes are modeled at the leaf, tree and stand level. In addition to total growth and yield, the model simulates the daily evolution of tracheid or vessel biomass and radius, parenchyma and branch development. From these data early and latewood biomass, wood tissue composition and density are calculated. Simulation of the labile C stored in the living tissues allows for simulation of trans-seasonal and trans-yearly effects, and improved simulations of long-term effects of environmental stresses on growth. A sensitivity analysis was performed to indicate the main parameters influencing simulated stem growth and wood quality at the tree and stand level. Case studies were performed for a temperate pine forest to illustrate the main model functioning and, more in particular, the simulation of the wood quality. The results indicate that the ANAFORE model is a useful tool for simultaneous analyses of wood quality development and forest ecosystem functioning.     

A new method for detecting pollution effects on marine macrobenthic communities

A method is described by which the pollution status of a marine macrobenthic community may be assessed without reference to a temporal or spatial series of control samples. Theoretical considerations suggest that the distribution of numbers of individuals among species should behave differently from the distribution of biomass among species when influenced by pollution-induced disturbance. Combined k-dominance plots for species biomass and numbers take three possible forms representing unpolluted, moderately polluted and grossly polluted conditions, one curve acting as an internal control against which the other can be compared. Field data from unpolluted communities and from a well documented temporal pollution gradient support the model, but further empirical testing is required.     

山西工矿区土壤二氧化硫与多环芳烃复合污染对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以小麦为供试植物,山西工矿区生黄土为供试土壤,进行了土壤中二氧化硫(SO2)与多环芳烃(PAHs)单一及复合污染对小麦种子萌发率及小麦幼苗株高、根伸长和地下生物量影响的研究,以期考察复合污染的生态毒性效应。结果表明,小麦种子萌发对SO2与PAHs单一及复合污染均不敏感;SO2和PAHs单一污染时,小麦幼苗的株高与根伸长均受到一定程度的影响,低浓度SO2或PAHs处理对小麦生长起促进作用,高浓度则为抑制作用;小麦幼苗株高与SO2浓度呈显著负相关(r=-0.954,P<0.05),但与PAHs浓度的相关性不显著;SO2与PAHs复合污染条件下,对小麦幼苗株高或根伸长的联合作用多体现为协同作用,在低浓度情况下(SO2<500mg·kg-1)表现为协同促进;当SO2达到500～1000mg·kg-1时,对小麦幼苗株高或根伸长的联合作用均体现为协同抑制。SO2和PAHs单一污染时,小麦幼苗地下生物量与SO2、PAHs浓度均为显著负相关(rPAHs=-0.953,rSO2=-0.916,P<0.05);复合污染条件下,在SO2浓度为10mg·kg-1时,对地下生物量的联合作用多体现协同促进作用;而在SO2浓度为1000mg·kg-1,PAHs为50～100mg·kg-1时,对地下生物量的联合作用均体现为协同抑制作用。多元逐步回归分析进一步表明,SO2与PAHs复合污染条件下,小麦幼苗株高、根伸长都受到了SO2及PAHs的共同影响,而SO2是影响小麦幼苗地下生物量的主要因素。     

Modelling the response of tree growth to temperature and CO2 elevation as related to the fertility and current temperature sum of a site

A methodology for simulating climate change impacts on tree growth was introduced into a statistical growth and yield model in relation to variations in site fertility and location implemented with current temperature sum. This was based on a procedure in which the relative enhancement in stem volume growth was calculated from short-term runs of a physiological simulation model for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) stands. These simulations were made for a set of stands with species-specific variations in stand characteristics, location and fertility type first in current climatic conditions and then in different combinations of CO₂ and temperature elevations. Based on these simulations, the relative enhancement of volume growth induced by the climate change (relative scenario effect, RSEv) was calculated and modelled in relation to: (i) CO₂ and temperature elevation, stand density and the competition status of the tree in its stand, and (ii) variations in site fertility type and current temperature sum of a stand. Finally, these transfer functions for RSEv were applied to adapt the stem volume growth in the statistical growth and yield model to reflect the response to climate change.     

几种不同更新的森林群落碳储量结构特征分析

森林更新是维持和扩大森林资源的主要途径,也是森林结构调整、森林可持续经营和构建多功能高效的森林生态系统的过程。在安徽南部的岭南林场,选择了马尾松（Pinus massoniana Lamb）人工林（MP）、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林（CF）、阔叶混交天然次生林（MB）和针阔混交人工次生林（MN）等4种具有典型代表性的森林群落类型,研究了不同更新方式形成的森林群落的碳储量结构特征。结果表明：（1）针阔混交次生林树干生物量密度最大,为（67.32±56.57）mg.hm-2,杉木人工林生物量密度最小,为（43.79±9.13）mg.hm-2,而马尾松树干生物量所占比例最大,为（64.04±1.49）%。阔叶混交次生林碳储量最高,为（126.47±90.75）mg.hm-2;（2）4种群落类型中,阔叶混交林与马尾松群落碳密度最大,分别为95.67和98.21mg.hm-2,杉木群落碳密度最小,为55.41 mg.hm-2。阔叶混交林中的灌木层生物量碳密度最大,为（17.438±24.627）mg hm-2,马尾松林的草本层和枯落层生物量碳密度最高,分别为（1.326±0.431）、（5.517±2.846）mg.hm-2;（3）阔叶混交林群落的地下碳储量最高,为（10.5±9.8）mg.hm-2,群落地下碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉杉木林〉马尾松林。相应的群落地上碳储量从大到小的顺序是阔叶混交林〉针阔混交林〉马尾松林〉杉木林。杉木林根茎比（R/S）最大,为0.21±0.01,杉木林群落中的灌木层根茎比（R/S）最大,为1.61±0.11;（4）在阔叶混交林中,株数密度与乔木层、草本层的碳比例正相关。在杉木林群落中,平均胸径、株数密度与乔木层碳所占比例成负相关。除杉木林群落外,灌木层碳含量之比与胸径及密度等调查因子都呈负相关。     

Effects of pollution on hormone content of ornamental trees

Elm and black locust samples were collected in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece from a number of locations with different pollutant concentrations and the hormonal content was determined using radioimmunoassay tests. In both tree species, a considerable decrease in endogenous cytokinins was detected in symptomless leaves from the polluted city center, suggesting latent senescence and thus latent injury. Similarly, cytokinin content was found to be lower in seedlings exposed to SO₂‐O₃ fumigation than in controls. Thus cytokinin levels may serve as useful indicators of the onset of pollution stress and/or of the degree of stress experienced by urban trees.

Several environmental stresses were reported to promote an ABA increase. An increased ABA content in black locust samples from the polluted city center was also detected. This observation did not hold in elm, where comparable ABA levels were detected in trees in the city center, the suburbs, and in controls grown in filtered air. Hence ABA content cannot serve as an unequivocal indicator of pollution‐induced latent plant senescence.     

Interactions between nutritional status and long-term responses to ultraviolet-B radiation stress in a marine diatom

Influences of nutritional status on the photoinhibitory effects of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVBR: 290 to 320 nm) on the specific growth rates (_obs) and biomass of Phaeodactylum tricornutum were determined using nutrient-replete batch cultures and nutrient-limited continuous cultures. P. tricornutum cultures were exposed to UVBR doses representative of current mid-latitude and ozone-depletion intensities. Specific growth rates and biomass were inhibited from 2 to 16% by UVBR during nutrient-replete growth. However, no effect of UVBR on _obs or biomass was detectable when nutrient limitation exceeded the potential for limitation by UVBR. Thus, a competitive interaction appears to occur between macronutrient stress and UVBR stress, such that _obs and biomass will be determined by the most limiting factor. Our results suggest that measurable decreases in phytoplankton _obs and biomass from UVBR are most likely in nutrient-rich areas of the ocean, while these parameters may not be appropriate for measuring UVBR stress in regions of nutrient limitation.     

Physiological responses of Nodularia harveyana to osmotic stress

The effects of salinity stress on biomass yield, photosynthetic O₂ evolution and nitrogenase activity were investigated using axenic cultures of Nodularia harveyana (Thwaites) Thuret originally isolated from a salt marsh at Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire, UK in 1971 and studied in this laboratory in 1983. Biomass yields, as chlorophyll a per culture, were highest in the 0 to 100% seawater (0 to 35 sea salt) range with negligible growth in 200% seawater; growth on NH ₄ ⁺ was greater than on N₂ and NO ₃ ^- , which did not differ significantly from each other. In short-term experiments, photosynthetic O₂ evolution remained high at salinities up to 150% seawater (52.5 sea salt); nitrogenase activity remained high at salinities up to 100% seawater (35 sea salt). The major internal low molecular weight carbohydrate which accumulated in response to increased salinity was sucrose, the levels of which fluctuated markedly and rapidly in response to salinity change.     

Cu、Cd污染背景下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应

在重金属污染加重及多样化的背景下,入侵植物对本地植物种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应可能发生改变甚至增强。因此,本文探究了Cu和Cd单污染及其复合污染下入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对其本地近缘种莴苣种子萌发和生长的生态毒理效应。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液处理及3种重金属污染类型和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液复合处理均显著降低莴苣种子发芽指数,表明重金属和加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液均对莴苣的种子萌发和生长产生明显生态毒理效应。Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗株高产生的生态毒理效应显著大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,而在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣幼苗发芽速度指数产生的生态毒理效应也大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应(未达到显著水平)。这表明在Cu和Cd复合污染下加拿大一枝黄花叶水提液对莴苣种子萌发产生的生态毒理效应大于在Cu和Cd单污染下的生态毒理效应,即Cu和Cd复合污染可能对加拿大一枝黄花对本地植物种子萌发和生长产生的生态毒理效应具有一定的叠加效应。     

Atmospheric deposition may affect northern hardwood forest composition by altering soil nutrient supply.

In the northeastern United States, the input of reactive nitrogen (N) via atmospheric deposition has increased rapidly since the onset of the industrial revolution. During the same period of time, acid precipitation and forest harvest have removed substantial quantities of base cations from soil. Because of the dominance of base-poor soils and the low rates of atmospheric base cation deposition, soils throughout the northeastern United States may be increasingly rich in N but poor in calcium (Ca). We studied the consequences of a change in soil N and Ca availability on forest composition by transplanting seedlings of four tree species into replicate plots in the understory and in canopy gaps amended with N and Ca in factorial combination. In this paper, we report on the growth and survivorship of seedlings over a four-year period. Relative to control plots, fertilization with N increased red maple growth by an average of 39% whereas fertilization with Ca decreased survivorship in the understory by 41%. In sugar maple, fertilization with Ca increased growth by 232% and 46% in the forest understory and in canopy gaps, respectively, and significantly increased high light survivorship. Fertilization with N decreased white pine survivorship by 69% in the understory whereas high Ca availability significantly increased survivorship. Fertilization with N or Ca alone reduced red oak growth but had no effect on survivorship. The results of this study suggest that historical losses of soil Ca and the continuing effects of atmospheric-N deposition on N availability are likely to alter the composition of northeastern North American forests because of the positive effects of N enrichment on the growth of red maple and the negative effects of Ca loss on the growth and survivorship of sugar maple and white pine.     

Microprofiles of oxygen in epiphyte communities on submerged macrophytes

Mussels (Mytilus edulis) transferred in net bags from clean to chronically mercury polluted water readily accumulated mercury during an exposure period of three months. Growth of the transplanted mussels had a diluting effect on the mercury concentration, but the absolute weight of mercury uptake increased throughout the entire period, though there was a tendency for decreased efficiency of the removal of mercury per liter of water filtered by the mussels. Mussels were also translocated from polluted to clean (laboratory) water to depurate mercury. The biological half-lives of mercury was 293 d for M. edulis from the chronically polluted area in contrast to only 53 d for mussels from a temporary massive mercury polluted area near a chemical deposit. In both cases about 75% of the total mercury in the mussels was inorganic, and it is suggested that both inorganic and organic mercury species were immobilized in mussels from the long-term mercury polluted area, whereas the immobilization capacity was exceeded in the short-term mercury exposed mussels near the chemical deposit. Very slow elimination of mercury was observed in the deposit-feeding bivalve Macoma balthica from the chronically polluted area, and about 6% of the total mercury was methyl-+phenyl-mercury. This is more than three times lower than found in M. edulis from the same collecting site. A pronounced difference in the mercury speciation (i.e., total mercury, total organic mercury, methyl-mercury and phenyl-mercury) in M. edulis from the two mercury polluted areas is thought to reflect the different character of the mercury pollution in the two areas.     

Introducing effects of temperature and CO2 elevation on tree growth into a statistical growth and yield model

Impacts of elevated temperature and CO₂ on tree growth were introduced into a statistical growth and yield model for Finnish conditions based on corresponding predictions obtained from a physiological growth model. This one-way link between models was made by means of species-specific transfer functions describing the increase in stem volume growth of trees as a function of elevated temperature and CO₂, stand density and the tree's competition status in a stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), silver birch (Betula pendula) and Norway spruce (Picea abies). This method allows the inner dynamics of the statistical model to be followed when the impacts of temperature and CO₂ elevation on tree growth are introduced into the calculation of volume growth and further allocated between diameter and height growth. In this way compatibility with previous predictions of tree growth by means of statistical models and related model systems under current climatic conditions could be retained.The performance of the statistical model with species-specific transfer functions was evaluated by comparing its predictions with corresponding predictions given by a physiological model under conditions of elevated temperature and CO₂. These calculations revealed that the growth response of individual trees to elevated temperature and CO₂ can be introduced into the statistical model from a physiological growth model with an outcome that results in fairly satisfactory growth responses at the stand level as well.     

镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米幼苗及其根际微生物的毒性效应

通过温室盆栽实验,研究了镉在北京褐潮土中对玉米(品种郑单958)幼苗的毒性效应及其生物富集特性,并通过聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,探讨了镉对玉米根际微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明,高浓度(>100mg·kg-1)镉对玉米幼苗的生长发育有明显的抑制作用,北京褐潮土中镉引起玉米幼苗株高下降1/2的效应浓度(EC50)为654.6mg·kg-1,引起玉米根部和地上部干质量下降1/2的EC50分别为323.6和110.2mg·kg-1,玉米幼苗地上部生物量(干质量)可作为评价重金属生态毒性的适宜终点。玉米幼苗对镉有一定的吸收累积效应,镉在玉米幼苗各组织中的浓度分布为根>茎>叶,其中根部对镉有一定的富集作用(生物富集系数BAF>1)。镉污染可引起玉米根际微生物群落结构发生改变,高浓度(1000mg·kg-1)镉可导致部分微生物种群数量减少甚至完全消失,表明镉污染可对植物幼苗、植物根际微生物以及植物-微生物之间的相互作用造成重要的干扰和威胁。     

Effects of kraft-mill effluents on benthic macrophyte assemblages in a shallow-bay system (Apalachee Bay,North Florida,USA)

A 14-month study was carried out to determine the impact of kraft-mill effluents on the offshore benthic macrophyte distribution in a shallow north Florida Bay (USA). A polluted river drainage system was compared to an adjoining (unpolluted) one. The affected area was characterized by elevated levels of color and turbidity. Inshore areas associated with high levels of KME were characterized by severely reduced benthic macrophyte biomass, reduced numbers of species/unit area, and altered species composition when compared to control stations. Areas of chronic impact also had reduced levels of biomass, although the total number of species taken were not significantly different from the controls. In polluted areas, red and brown algae were proportionately more abundant than chlorophytes and spermatophytes. Dominance generally was reduced in areas of the Bay affected by KME. Except for areas of acute impact, there was no significant difference in species diversity (H) between polluted and unpolluted portions of the Bay. There were uniform increases in the total number of species on either side of the affected drainage system. Such areas were considered to be transition zones between the polluted and unpolluted parts of Apalachee Bay. Benthic macrophyte distribution, in terms of biomass and species (community) composition, was considered an important indicator of the impact of KME on the shallow coastal systems in question. The pattern of macrophyte species composition reflected various water-quality parameters. Species normally inhabiting deeper water were found in areas of increased turbidity and color. It was postulated that reduction of normal dominants such as Thalassia testudinum and Halimeda incrassata allowed the colonization of such areas by opportunistic species. This would explain the maintenance of comparable (total) numbers of species in polluted areas and the lack of effect of KME on species diversity even though biomass was severely restricted. These parameters were analogous to the epibenthic fish distribution in the respective drainage areas. Near-shore coastal systems in Apalachee Bay thus were affected by gradients in water quality in addition to natural (seasonal) fluctuations in key physical and chemical parameters. The benthic plant assemblages reflected variations in dominance, the occurrence of opportunistic species, and ecological diversity that resulted in a continuum of disturbance phenomena ranging from sparsely distributed groups in grossly polluted systems to well developed plant assemblages in areas that remain unaffected by KME.     

Ökotoxikologische Wirkungen von Teeröl-imprägnierten Holzpfählen

Aim and Scope

This study was aimed at evaluating environmental effects of tar-oil impregnated (tanalized) tree stakes using simple and efficient biotests to obtain results of its ecological impacts during the tar-oil breakdown in the stake.

Results

1. Soil respiration was measured in-situ as an indication of soil microbial activity in two field trials. Soil respiration was measured in a 20 year-old apple orchard at various distances from the tar-oil impregnated tree stakes and also on soil mixed with chippings from pine stakes with tar-oil impregnation of different ages.
2. Cress germination tests were employed to evaluate tar-oil phytotoxicity in a field and laboratory trial. Cress was seeded close to tree stakes in the same 20 year-old apple orchard and germination rates related to tar oil-impregnation. Cress was also seeded in trays in sand mixed with pine chippings from stakes with tar-oil impregnation of different ages.
3. The portion of the carcinogenic benzoapyrene (BaP) ranged between 0.0015% in freshly tar-oil impregnated to 0.4% in tar-oil impregnated 20-year old trees stakes, i.e. irrespective of the overall PAK concentration and its degradation.
4. Kinetic analysis using DIXON plots showed a 50% breakdown of overall PAHs after ca. 2.7 years, i.e. km or Ki values of less than 3 years.

Conclusion

Germination tests of cress and endogenous seeds as well as soil respiration proved sensible indicators of the phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity of tar-oil impregnated tree stakes in fruit orchards. Soil respiration proved particularly sensitive to tar-oil ageing. Its combination with kinetic inhibition models resulted in parameters suitable for the interpretation of results.     

Exposure-response of Cr(III)-organic complexes to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</Emphasis>

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] bioreduction produces soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. The Cr(III)-organic complexes are relatively stable once they are formed, and no data about their toxicity were reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bioavailability and toxicity of the soluble Cr(III)-organic complexes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae L-1 wild type yeast strain was chosen as the model organism and Cr(III)-citrate was selected as the representative compound of the Cr(III)-organic complexes. The short-term chronic aquatic toxicity tests of the Cr(III)-citrate was explored by measuring growth inhibition, direct viable cell count, dry biomass, biosorption, and the amount of CO₂ production. Cr(III)-citrate exerted a toxicity of 51 mg/L with an EC ₅₀, which was calculated from the percent growth inhibition. These toxicity data would be helpful to define the toxic potential of the organo-chromium-III compounds in the environment.     

Temperature and metabolic rate in sedentary fish from the Antarctic,North Sea and Indo-West Pacific Ocean

Resting metabolic rate was measured in demersal stages of the teleostNotothenia neglecta Nybelin from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, from 1985 to 1987. The relationship between and body mass (Mb) conformed to the general relationship , wherea is a proportionality constant andb is the scaling exponent. (mg O₂ h^–1) was found to scale toMb ^{(0.82±0.011)} in the summer (November to April, 1.6 to 1 850 g,n=56) and toMb ^{(0.76±0.013)} in the winter (May to October, 0.9 to 1 850 g,n=57) (values ofb are means ± SD). Although the scaling exponents were significantly different (P<0.01), was similar in the juvenile stages of summer- and winter-caught fish matched for body mass. The effects of activity on oxygen consumption was studied using a Brett respirometer. Adult stages had a factorial aerobic scope for activity of 5.7, which is similar to that reported for demersal fish from temperate latitudes. The effects of temperature on resting metabolism was investigated in fish with similar sedentary lifestyles from the North Sea (Agonus cataphractus andMyoxocephalus scorpius) and the Indo-West Pacific (Paracirrhites forsteri, P. arcatus, Neocirrhites armatus andExallias brevis). Extrapolated values of for the tropical species approached zero at 5 to 10°C. For a standard 50 g fish, for the tropical species at 25°C was in the range 3.4 to 4.4 mg O₂ h^–1, compared with 1.3 mg O₂ h^–1 forNotothenia neglecta at its acclimation temperature. Thus, the maximum metabolic rate of sedentary tropical species at 24°C is likely to be 2 to 4 times higher than inN. neglecta at 0°C. This suggests that the energy available for sustained activity is significantly lower in cold- than in warm-water fish.     

Growth,condition and specific dynamic action in the mussel Mytilus edulis recovering from starvation

Juvenile Mytilus edulis were grown individually in plastic racks in a tidal salt marsh for 72 d in 1984, starved in the laboratory for 130 d, and then fed the alga Isochrysis galbana daily for 64 d. Oxygen consumption was measured at various times during the course of starvation and recovery. The effects of both size (tissue dry weight) and condition (tissue size relative to shell size) on the rate of oxygen consumption during the course of starvation and recovery were analyzed by multiple regression. Weight-specific preprandial rate was inversely correlated with both size and condition. Weight-specific active rate (measured shortly after feeding) was correlated with size but not condition. Relative Scope for Activity was inversely correlated with size and positively correlated with condition. Relative Specific Dynamic Action (RSDA; the integrated physiological and mechanical response to a meal) was initially correlated negatively with size and subsequently positively with condition. Glycogen content was shown to be positively correlated with condition in mussels before starvation and during recovery. During recovery, experimental mussels returned to 90% of their estimated dry weight prior to starvation, and from 53% after starvation. At weekly intervals during recovery, oxygen consumption was measured following a meal until it returned to the preprandial rate. Both pre- and postprandial volumes (l at STP) of oxygen consumed per hour ( O _2pre and O _2post , respectively) increased significantly during recovery. The postprandial rise in oxygen consumption increased significantly from 15% to 23% of O _2pre . At the end of the recovery period, RSDA [( O _2post – O _2pre )/ O _2pre ] was independent of final dry weight, but was significantly correlated with percent dry weight recovered (r ²=0.44; df=10; P<0.02). The increase in RSDA may reflect increased utilization of food and its conversion to soma during recovery from starvation, as distinct from mechanical energy expenditure (feeding activity) following a meal.     

Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the polychaete Nereis virens: influence of ventilation activity and starvation

The influence of ventilation activity and starvation on O₂ uptake and CO₂ production in the polychaete Nereis virens Sars was investigated during September 1986 using worms collected on intertidal flats outside the Nærå Strand estuary, Denmark. The activity level, measured as ventilation rate, , was linearly related to active O₂ uptake, , for worms inhabiting artificial burrows (i.e. tubes) in the laboratory. at 16°C was two and four times the extrapolated standard O₂ uptake ( =0) when was 100 and 500 ml g^-1 h^-1, respectively. The use of tubes had no significant effect on N. viren's temporal ventilation pattern, D_v, compared to natural burrows in sediment. The ventilation rate, , however, was 2 to 3 times higher in tubes than in burrows. Starvation affected both ventilation and gas exchange. increased slightly during the first six days remaining constant thereafter. D_v, on the othe hand, decreased during the first six days followed by a gradual increase to Day 20. The observed decrease in D_v (%) from Day 0 to 1 was attributed to insufficient acclimation of the worms. The time integrated ventilation rate, × D_v, increased gradually throughout the 20 d starvation period. and declined rapidly during the first days of starvation. After 10 d the gas exchange reached steady levels at about 50% of the initial rate. The observed decrease in metabolic rate during starvation was explained by a rapid initial reduction in specific dynamic action (SDA) followed by a gradual exhaustion of readily available metabolic reserves, e.g. glycogen and lipids.     

铝胁迫下马尾松幼苗有机酸分泌和根际pH值的变化

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,选用砂培法研究铝胁迫对马尾松根际pH值、有机酸分泌以及植株中铝累积变化的影响。结果表明,高浓度铝导致根际pH值增加,当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,根际pH值则趋于平稳。在测试的5种有机酸(草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、琥珀酸、乙酸)中,当铝浓度由0升至300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸根系分泌量随之升高,与根际pH值呈正相关关系;而当铝浓度高于300μmol.L-1时,草酸和苹果酸分泌量则趋于平稳,草酸和苹果酸的分泌影响根际pH值的变化。其次,活性铝通过根系进入植株后,由于营养作用和运输机制,出现分布差异,根部铝积累量明显高于茎和叶。当根系接触的铝浓度低于300μmol.L-1时,植株铝积累量与根际pH值,以及草酸、苹果酸分泌量呈显著正相关。