宝山堇菜多金属吸收特征和耐性策略

宝山堇菜Viola baoshanensis Shu,Liu et Lan是一种Cd超富集植物,但它对不同重金属的吸收和转运能力有待进一步研究。从湖南桂阳宝山多金属矿区中筛选4个宝山堇菜优势分布的小生境,分析这些生境中宝山堇菜及其根区土壤的重金属质量分数。化学分析结果显示,宝山堇菜优势分布土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Fe的平均质量分数（mg/kg）分别为471、15 044、8 273、1 776、4 702和69 054。宝山堇菜地上部Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn和Fe的平均质量分数（mg/kg）分别为387、1 077、1 037、99、379和1 812,其中Cd、Pb超过超富集植物标准,Zn、Cu的平均质量分数大约是Zn、Cu超富集植物标准的10%,Mn的平均质量分数低于Mn超富集植物标准的5%,Fe的平均质量分数高于1 000 mg/kg。上述结果表明,宝山堇菜可以超富集Cd和Pb,富集Zn、Cu和Fe以及低积累Mn。此外,宝山堇菜对不同重金属差别化吸收模式可能也代表了超富集植物适应重金属复合污染土壤的一种策略。     

滇白前(Silene viscidula)对铅、锌、镉的共超富集特征

为了寻找新的重金属超富集植物特别是多金属共超富集植物,调查测定了云南兰坪铅锌矿区北厂矿段生长的8种植物及其根区土壤的重金属质量分数,以及土壤基本理化性质.结果表明:研究区土壤中磷和钾质量分数较低,总氮、总磷、总钾、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷分别占土壤干质量的0.2%、0.03%、0.52%、0.0029%、0.000 12%、0.00068%;有机质质量分数平均为4.81%,pH值平均为6.79,电导率变化范围为11.4～140-3μs·cm-1.该矿区土壤中锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)的质量分数平均值分别为(38 178±23 870)、(18 671±10 143)、(438±345)、(159±:82)mg·kg>-1,除Cu外均超过国家土壤环境质量(GB 15618-1995)三级标准.8种植物地上部Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu质量分数范围分别为271～17 986、51～5 430、1～617、2～26mg·kg-1,尤以滇白前(Silene viscidula Franch)地上部Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数为最高.进一步采集38个滇白前样本对其重金属富集特征进行深人调查,表明其地上部中含zn、Pb和Cd平均为(11 043±3 537)、(1 546±1 044)和(391±196)mg·kg-1,富集系数(地上部和土壤金属质量分数之比)分别为0.35、0.08和1.05,转运系数(地上部和根中金属质量分数之比)均超过1,均值分别为8.21、3.90和8.36.野外调查数据表明,滇白前是一种Pb/Zn/Cd共超富集植物.滇白前对Zn、Pb富集系数小于1,主要是由于其对应土壤中Zn、Pb质量分数太高(平均分别为(45 778±32 819)、(22 512±13 613)mg·kg-1)所致.     

铜陵狮子山矿区尾矿库及周边17种乡土植物重金属含量及富集特征

矿区废弃地定居植物调查与筛选是植物修复研究的重点.通过研究安徽铜陵狮子山尾矿库及周边土壤重金属含量,以及库区乡土植物对Cu、Cd、Zn、Mn、Pb、Ni等重金属的转移特征与富集能力,筛选出适应该地区生态修复的先锋植物.研究结果表明,选择的17种优势植物根系土壤中重金属含量Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Ni、Mn的平均浓度均超过铜陵市土壤背景值.刺槐、苦卖菜、蒲公英、白茅、野茼蒿、野豌豆、刺儿草、葛根、酸模、商陆、苜蓿草、油菜、节节草、黄花菜、鼠鞠草都表现出对2种以上的重金属转移系数大于1,可作为潜在的富集植物予以考虑.刺槐、苦卖菜、野茼蒿、葛根、苜蓿草等5种植物对重金属Cd的富集系数和转运系数都大于1;白茅、刺儿草对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn的转运系数大于1,但富集系数却小于1,说明这两种植物能够将根部吸收的Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn元素转移至植物地上部,从而达到降低土壤重金属污染.     

4种鸢尾属植物对铅锌矿区土壤中重金属的富集特征和修复潜力

通过野外调查和实地修复铅锌矿污染土壤试验,研究了铅锌矿区排污渠污水及底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd含量和分布特征以及4种鸢尾属植物马蔺（Iris lactea var.chinensis）、黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、溪荪（Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.）、花菖蒲（Iris ensata Thunb.）对Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力和土壤修复效率差异。结果表明,离污染源越近,重金属污染越严重。Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd4种重金属均大部分沉积在排污水渠的底泥中,污水中Pb严重污染,超标达120倍,底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数分别超标1.5倍、1.7倍、1.6倍和1.7倍。排污渠岸土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数也明显超过了国家规定的土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准1～5倍。种植4种鸢尾属植物后,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd质量分数有所降低。其中,种植马蔺1个月后土壤Pb、Cu、Cd修复效率分别为8.13%、2.45%和22.3%。黄菖蒲和花菖蒲对Zn的修复效率相对较高。4种鸢尾属植物中马蔺对Pb、Cd的吸收能力最强,马蔺地上部（叶、茎）Pb质量分数达983mg·kg-1,且转运系数大于1,是一种潜在的Pb积累植物,黄菖蒲、溪荪和花菖蒲对Zn的吸收能力较强,且吸收的重金属主要积累在根系。     

矿区周围土壤中重金属危害性评估研究

分别用总量法和连续萃取法对广东大宝山矿周围土壤、植物和沉积物中重金属的总量和化学形态进行了详细分析。结果发现，矿山废水流入的横石河沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的质量分数分别为1841．02、2326．28、1522．61和10.33mg／kg；经此河水灌溉的稻田中重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn)的质量分数也远远超出了土壤环境二级标准值，其中Cu、Cd超标倍数分别为14．01和4．17倍。结果还表明，生长在矿区周围的植物也受到不同程度重金属的污染且不同植物吸收和积累重金属的能力相差很大。用Tessier连续法对土壤中重金属进行萃取发现，虽然重金属主要存在于残余态中，但在Fe-Mn氧化态、有机结合态中的质量分数也很高．说明这些土壤确实受到了有毒有害重金属元素的严重污染。     

铅锌冶炼废渣堆场土壤重金属污染特征研究

在铅锌冶炼过程中产生了大量含重金属的废渣,这些废渣未经有效处置堆放于空旷地,由于风化、淋洗等作用导致废渣中重金属进入废渣堆场及周边土壤中。采用野外取样调查、室内化学分析及污染评价等方法,研究了湖南某铅锌冶炼厂冶炼废渣堆场及周边土壤中重金属的含量和分布规律。研究结果表明:废渣堆场表层土壤中各重金属的质量分数分别为Pb1 889.60 mg·kg-1、Zn 5 682.00 mg·kg-1、Cd 48.40 mg·kg-1和Cu 1 848.60 mg·kg-1,此值已超出国家规定的二级标准值(GB 15618─1995),其中Pb超出5.40倍,Zn超出18.94倍,Cd超出80.67倍,Cu超出18.49倍。距渣场10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为641.01、1 509.61、38.45和1 240.10 mg·kg-1,10 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu相对国家二级标准值的超标倍数分别为2.14、6.04、128.17和12.40倍。1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数分别为309.80、685.71、8.81和875.13 mg·kg-1,1 000 m远处表层土壤中Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu各超标1.03倍、2.74倍、29.33倍和8.75倍。由此可见,废渣堆场周边土壤同样遭受重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu不同程度的污染。纵向上,废渣堆场土壤重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu在表层(0~20 cm)土壤中的质量分数均大于其在表层以下各土层中的质量分数,其中在40~60 cm土层中的质量分数又高于20~40,60~80和80~100 cm等土层,但其分布总体上呈现出随土层深度增加而减少的规律;横向上,废渣堆场各土壤剖层重金属Pb、Zn、Cd和Cu的质量分数均高于渣场外10和1 000 m远处各土层的质量分数,即土壤中重金属含量随距污染源距离的增加而逐渐减少。因此,冶炼废渣的大量堆置已使周围环境遭受了重金属的严重污染,相关部门有必要加强对冶炼废渣的处置和管理。     

煤矸石废弃地中胜红蓟的重金属富集研究

采用粤东明山煤矿煤矸石粉与当地山林的普通黄土按不同比例混合而成的土壤中,4种重金属含量排序为Mn>Zn>Cu>Cd。在这些土壤中进行为期3个月(7、8、9月份)的胜红蓟栽培实验,然后测定植株重金属含量,其地下部分4种重金属含量排序与土壤一致,但地上部分Cu、Cd两者含量相差甚小,7月时Cu含量甚至低于Cd。胜红蓟(Ageratumconyzoides)对4种重金属的富集系数从大至小分别为Cd、Mn、Zn、Cu,且对Cd的富集系数大于3,对Cd显示出较强的富集作用。对Zn、Mn的转移能力较强,转移系数多大于1,对Cd的转移系数接近于1或大于1,但Cu均小于1。在煤矸石粉比例较低的土壤中,Zn、Cu、Mn 3种重金属的富集系数较大。Zn、Cu、Mn 3种重金属的富集系数在煤矸石比例较低的土壤中随生长期延长而升高,在比例较高的土壤中,地上部分的富集系数仍随生长期延长而上升,但地下部分8月至9月反而会有所下降。转移系数在不同月份无明显的规律性变化。胜红蓟虽然并非这些元素的超富集植物,但对于尾矿土壤中Cd、Zn、Mn污染有较好的修复效果,其适应性强、生长快、总体生物量大,可选作矿区土壤的修复植物。     

相思谷尾矿8种定居植物对重金属吸收及富集特性

通过野外调查和室内实验,探讨铜陵市相思谷铜尾矿自然定居的芒(Miscanthus sinensis)、羊蹄(Rumex japonicus)、何首乌(Polygonum multiflorum)、苦荬菜(Ixeris denticulata)、荩草(Arthraxon hispidus)、1年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)、高粱泡(Rubus lambertianus)8种植物对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd吸收与富集特性,为铜尾矿废弃地植被恢复和重金属污染土壤的植物修复提供理论依据。结果表明:铜陵相思谷铜尾矿中全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质等营养成分均极显著低于对照的土壤(P0.01);铜尾矿中的重金属铜质量分数高达2 224.167 mg·kg-1,锌、镉等重金属极显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.01),铅含量显著高于对照土壤的含量(P0.05)。相思谷铜尾矿营养成份低,重金属Cu含量过高是抑制植物定居的主要因子。通过对8种植物体内不同部位的重金属含量分析发现,8种植物对重金属的吸收主要集中在根部。地上部分重金属含量最高的植物为芒,其Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd质量分数分别为314.487、85.710、199.681、2.650 mg·kg-1。通过对转移系数和富集系数分析发现,芒对Cu、Pb和Cd的转移能力最强,分别为0.701、1.797和1.432,羊蹄对Zn的转移能力最强,为1.743。芒的地上部分对重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的富集系数均最高,分别为0.141、0.408、0.239、0.240;芒的地下部分对重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数最高,分别为0.202、0.168。因此,芒不仅可作为铜尾矿植被恢复的植物,同时也用于重金属污染土壤的修复植物。     

铅锌冶炼厂土壤污染及重金属富集植物的研究

对株洲市铅锌冶炼厂生产区进行了植被和土壤调查。结果表明，该厂土壤污染以镉铅锌(Cd、Pb、Zn)最为严重，尤其是重金属镉在土壤中含量超过背景值高达208倍，分析原因主要是由于大气尘降和雨水淋洗等使得污染加重。实验采集并分析测定了9种植物中重金属富集量，首次报道了土荆芥是一种铅超富集植物，其体内Pb质量分数高达3888mg／kg。另一种植物商陆能大量富集镉，具有地下部向地上部转运能力强、生物量大、富集总量高的特点，有很大研究价值和应用潜力。另外，荨麻对Zn有较强富集能力，这3种植物可分别用于铅、镉和锌等3种重金属污染土壤的植物修复。     

衡阳市大羽藓植物及其基质重金属元素含量分析

通过分析衡阳市7个样点的大羽藓植物体及相应土壤样品中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As等6种重金属元素含量,大羽藓植物体内6种重金属元素平均含量分别为:40.86 mg/kg、339.27 mg/kg、19.54 mg/kg、0.32 mg/kg、0.27 mg/kg、4.77 mg/kg,基质中重金属元素平均含量分别为:48.32 mg/kg、160.40 mg/kg、22.35 mg/kg、0.21 mg/kg、0.38 mg/kg、11.62 mg/kg,均未超过国家标准2级标准.富集系数分析表明,大羽藓对Zn和Cd具有富集能力,富集系数分别为:2.12和1.52.植物体和土壤基质中重金属含量的相关性分析表明,除Pb外其它5种重金属都达到显著性差异水平(P0.05).     

2种常规水稻Cd、Zn吸收与器官分配的生育期变化：品种、土壤和Cd处理的影响

Cd在土壤-作物-膳食食物链中的迁移是人类对环境Cd暴露及其健康风险的主要途径,而水稻是子粒Cd积累最强的大宗作物之一.采用全生育期淹水盆栽试验研究了2种常规水稻(高Cd吸收品种“苏香粳1号”和低Cd吸收品种“99-22”)在添加Cd(2mg·kg-1)和不添加Cd处理下对2种土壤(红沙泥田,乌栅土)中Cd、Zn的吸收及其生育期变化.结果表明:1)常规水稻对Cd、Zn的吸收积累受土壤、品种和外源Cd的影响.Cd处理、土壤、品种间的正交互作用(高Cd吸收品种植于高Cd处理且Cd有效性高的红壤中)使常规稻植株Cd/Zn比成数十倍提高,从而使子粒Cd/Zn比产生强烈升高;2)水稻对Cd、Zn的吸收强度因不同生育期而异,Cd吸收的主要时期是分蘖期和成熟期,而Zn吸收的主要时期则是分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期.在整个生育期中,水稻Cd吸收伴随着对Zn的排斥现象,这在高Cd吸收下尤为强烈;3)水稻各器官对Cd、Zn的吸收分配无论是同品种的生育期间抑或同生育期时的不同品种间均有显著差异.Cd积累量为根系>穗粒>茎叶,而Zn却表现为茎叶>根系、穗粒.观察到水稻吸收的Cd在生育后期向穗粒的强烈运移.相对于低Cd吸收品种来说,Cd向穗粒转运较强,而Zn的转运较弱是高Cd吸收品种子粒Cd积累强而Cd/Zn比高的植株因素.     

重金属在土壤-水稻体系中的分布、变化及迁移规律分析

以佛山市南海区小塘镇和高明区杨梅镇的标准农田为研究对象,分析重金属在土壤和水稻植株不同部位的分布及其随时间变化、迁移规律。结果表明:重金属被水稻吸收以后,多数仍滞留在土壤里,只有少量向地上部分迁移。重金属在水稻植株不同部位的质量分数分布由大到小的次序为:根→茎→籽→叶。水稻地上部分中4种重金属元素分布由大到小的次序是:Zn→Cu→Pb→Cd。水稻分蘖期重金属在根、茎和叶的积累量达到最大,随着时间的延续,在根部积累的重金属就越来越少,茎和叶积累的重金属在拔节期降至最小,随后又慢慢上升。4种重金属在水稻植株中的迁移能力由大到小依次为:Cd→Zn→Cu→Pb,但也有个别情况是Cu的迁移能力大于Zn。     

EDTA and citric acid mediated phytoextraction of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd through marigold (Tagetes erecta)

Phytoextraction is an emerging cost-effective solution for remediation of contaminated soils which involves the removal of toxins, especially heavy metals and metalloids, by the roots of the plants with subsequent transport to aerial plant organs. The aim of the present investigation is to study the effects of EDTA and citric acid on accumulation potential of marigold (Tagetes erecta) to Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd and also to evaluate the impacts of these chelators (EDTA and citric acid) in combination with all the four heavy metals on the growth of marigold. The plants were grown in pots and treated with Zn (7.3 mg l(-1)), Cu (7.5 mg I(-1)), Pb (3.7 mg l(-1)) and Cd (0.2 mg l(-1)) alone and in combination with different doses of EDTA i.e., 10, 20 and 30 mg l(-1). All the three doses of EDTA i.e., 10, 20 and 30 mg l(-1) significantly increased the accumulation of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd by roots, stems and leaves as compared to control treatments. The 30 mg l(-1) concentration of citric acid showed reduced accumulation of these metals by root, stem and leaves as compared to lower doses i.e., 10 and 20 mg l(-1). Among the four heavy metals, Zn accumulated in the great amount (526.34 mg kg(-1) DW) followed by Cu (443.14 mg kg(-1) DW), Pb (393.16 mg kg(-1) DW) and Cd (333.62 mg kg(-1) DW) in leaves with 30 mg l(-1) EDTA treatment. The highest concentration of EDTA and citric acid (30 mg l(-1)) caused significant reduction in growth of marigold in terms of plant height, fresh weight of plant, total chlorophyll, carbohydrate content and protein content. Thus EDTA and citric acid efficiently increased the phytoextractability of marigold which can be used to remediate the soil contaminated with these metals.     

Relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China

This paper studied the relationship between heavy metal concentrations of herbaceous plants and soils at four Pb-Zn mining sites in Yunnan, China. 50 herbaceous plant samples of 9 plant species from 4 families and 50 soil samples were collected and then ana1yzed for the tota1 concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn. The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in soil samples were 3772.83, 168.81, and 5385.65 mg/kg, respectively. The average concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn were 395.68, 28.14, and 1664.20 mg/kg in the shoots, and 924.12, 57.25, and 1778.75 mg/kg in the roots, respectively. Heterospecific plants at the same site and conspecific plants at various sites had different average levels of Pb, Cd, and Zn, both in the shoots and the roots. Enrichment coefficients of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 2, 3, and 9 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. Translocation factors of Pb, Cd, and Zn were greater than 1 in 10, 17, and 25 herbaceous plant samples, respectively. In all 50 samples, the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn between the shoots and the roots, the shoots, and the soils, and the roots and the soils had significant positive relationships.     

Ludwigia stolonifera for remediation of toxic metals from simulated wastewater

The present study investigated the phytoremediation of simulated wastewater, mimicking wastewater generated by industrial processes containing significant amounts of toxic heavy metal ions. The wetland plant Ludwigia stolonifera was used to study its efficiency in the removal of the three toxic metals Pb, Cd and Cr. Survivability of the plant has been studied in solutions at different concentrations of three metals separately or as a mixture, and the accumulation of these toxic metals for a prolonged period has been evaluated. The plant performed very successful in eliminating Cd, Cr and Pb as single metals of up to 65%, 97% and 99%, respectively, within four days. In addition, the trend of metal uptake revealed negligible dependence on different masses of plant and on various pH-values. L. stolonifera has high potential in eliminating various toxic pollutants from aquatic environments.     

Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in fifteen wetland plant species from cadmium-polluted water in constructed wetlands

Variations in cadmium (Cd) tolerances and accumulations among fifteen wetland plant species in moderately (0.5 mg·L⁻¹) and heavily (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) Cd-polluted wastewaters were investigated in constructed wetlands. Cd removal efficiencies from the wastewaters were more than 90%, and 23.5% and 16.8% of the Cd in the water accumulated in wetland plants for 0.5 and 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ Cd treatments, respectively. The variations among the plant species were 29.4-fold to 48.7-fold in plant biomasses, 5.4-fold to 21.9-fold in Cd concentrations, and 13.8-fold to 29.6-fold in Cd accumulations. The plant species were also largely diversified in terms of Cd tolerance. Some species were tolerant of heavy Cd stress, and some others were sensitive to moderate Cd level. Four wetland plant species were selected for the treatment of Cd-polluted wastewater for their high Cd accumulating abilities and relative Cd tolerances. Plant Cd quantity accumulations are correlated positively and significantly (P <0.05) with plant biomasses and correlated positively but insignificantly (P >0.05) with plant Cd concentrations. The results indicate that the Cd accumulation abilities of wetland plant species are determined mainly by their biomasses and Cd tolerances in growth, which should be the first criteria in selecting wetland plant species for the treating Cd-polluted wastewaters. Cd concentration in the plants may be the second consideration.     

镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化及其影响因素

重金属镉(Cd)被列为环境污染物中最危险的五种物质之一。因其极易通过食物链在人体内积累并危害人体健康的特性，环境Cd污染尤其是土壤系统的Cd污染已成为国内外环境污染研究的热点，Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化规律备受关注。本文概述了国内外土壤Cd污染研究现状；在已有研究的基础上，总结并阐述了影响Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的几个重要因素：土壤基本理化性质(pH值、有机质等)、Zn元素、P元素、陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-，其中包括尚未被普遍认识的P元素和陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-；并详细论述了各因子对Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的影响及其可能机理。     

Influence of temperature on the heavy metals accumulation of five vegetable species in semiarid area of northwest China

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of temperature on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in five vegetable species collected at different sites (Shuichuan, Beiwan, Dongwan and Wufe) in northwest China. The meteorological data of air and soil temperatures were recorded daily during the period from sowing to harvest for the five vegetables. The air and soil temperatures affected the capacity of pumpkin, cabbage, brassica napus and Chinese cabbage to accumulate Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, photosynthetic and physiological factors all contributed to the soil–plant transfer properties of DTPA-extractable heavy metals. Temperature played a more important role in Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn accumulation in four vegetables in this semiarid area. However, the enormous surface area of spinach was likely to elevate heavy metal loads owing to atmospheric deposits. For most vegetables studied, there was a striking dissimilarity in the uptake and translocation ability of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil, but similar accumulation to translocation for Pb in soil.     

Status of Cadmium Concentration in Soil and Vegetable Irrigated with City Effluent

Cadmium is a toxic and carcinogenic element[1].In the1950s and 1960s,cadmium intoxication was considered to bestrictly an occupational disease.It was not until recognition of thecontribution of cadmium exposure to the etiology of Itai-itai dis-ease.It is …