荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿（Artemisia desertorum）群落、赖草（Leymus secalinus）群落、甘草（Glycyrrhizauralensis）群落和冰草（Agropyron crisatum）群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RS＋L）、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率（RS）,利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率（RL）及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论：（1）4种群落的RS＋L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉甘草群落〉沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS＋L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。（2）RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落〉甘草群落。（3）RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落〉甘草群落〉赖草群落〉沙蒿群落;对RS＋L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落〉冰草群落〉沙蒿群落〉赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS＋L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS＋L的平均贡献量（以CO2计）在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

荒漠草原4种典型植物群落夏季土壤呼吸及枯枝落叶分解释放CO2贡献量

采用动态密闭气室分析法测定了沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum)群落、赖草(Leymus secalinus)群落、甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)群落和冰草(Agropyron crisatum)群落4种典型荒漠草原植物群落土壤呼吸和枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RS+L)、土壤呼吸CO2释放速率(RS),利用推导法估算得到了枯落物分解的CO2释放速率(RL)及其对总释放的贡献。得到了如下结论:(1)4种群落的RS+L差异较大,其平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>赖草群落>甘草群落>沙蒿群落,且各群落的RS+L在1 d中是不稳定的,均表现为不对称的单峰曲线形式;土壤基础呼吸大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落,且土壤基础呼吸高的土壤,其土壤养分状况较好。(2)RS相对于气温具有时滞性,4个群落的平均值大小为冰草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落>甘草群落。(3)RL平均值大小排序分别为冰草群落>甘草群落>赖草群落>沙蒿群落;对RS+L的贡献率大小排序为甘草群落>冰草群落>沙蒿群落>赖草群落,表明RL值大的,其对RS+L的贡献率不一定大,两者之间不存在正相关关系。不同植物群落枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献与枯落物量、温度因子的相关关系并未表现出一致性,但与15 cm处的地温相关性最高。夏季RL对RS+L的平均贡献量(以CO2计)在0.05~0.16 g.m-2.h-1之间,平均贡献率在12.88%~35.33%,是大气CO2的一个重要的排放源。     

宁夏荒漠草原枯落物分解过程中植物营养元素变化特征

以宁夏荒漠草原优势植物赖草(Leymus secalinus)、胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)及二者混合物为研究对象,采用分解袋法研究了不同处理间植物枯落物营养元素残留率变化特征,旨在揭示荒漠草原优势植物枯落物分解过程中营养元素变化规律。结果显示,(1)随着分解时间变化,P在3种处理植物枯落物中均呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律;K在胡枝子和混合枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在赖草枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象;N在赖草和胡枝子枯落物中呈"释放-富集-释放"的规律,而在混合枯落物中则仅表现为释放现象。(2)经过640d分解,P和K残留率表现为胡枝子枯落物赖草枯落物混合枯落物,N残留率表现为赖草枯落物混合枯落物胡枝子枯落物。(3)经过640 d分解,植物枯落物P、K和N在3种处理间整体上呈净释放状态。研究表明,宁夏荒漠草原植物枯落物营养元素变化特征与植物种的差异性密切相关;混合植物枯落物P和K释放率高于单一种植物枯落物,而N释放率表现为胡枝子枯落物高于赖草及二者混合枯落物。     

八达岭林场不同密度油松人工林枯落物水文效应

研究不同林分密度对枯落物水文效应的影响,可为增强水源涵养、提升水文生态功能和优化生态系统服务提供理论依据。以北京八达岭林场4种密度(900、1 260、1 460和1 660 plant·hm~(-2))的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林为研究对象,采用样地调查和室内浸泡法,分析不同密度下未分解层和半分解层枯落物蓄积量、枯落物持水特征、枯落物持水量和吸水速率及其与浸水时间的关系。结果表明,(1)4种密度油松人工林枯落物蓄积量为14.94-25.74 t·hm~(-2),厚度为20.63-33.37 mm,不同密度林分枯落物蓄积量和厚度表现为1 260 plant·hm~(-2)1 660 plant·hm~(-2)1 460 plant·hm~(-2)900 plant·hm~(-2)。(2)枯落物最大持水量为33.03-51.88 t·hm~(-2),最大拦蓄量为29.98-47.04 t·hm~(-2),有效拦蓄量为25.03-39.25 t·hm~(-2),其中以1 260 plant·hm~(-2)林分最大。(3)枯落物及其各分解层的持水量均随浸水时间呈对数增加,其半分解层枯落物持水量均高于未分解层。(4)枯落物持水速率与浸水时间之间存在明显的幂函数关系,半分解层相对未分解层具有更强的持水能力。综合比较八达岭林场4种密度油松人工林枯落物的持水性能,认为1 260 plant·hm~(-2)的持水能力较好,可较好地涵养水源。     

云南高原不同林分类型枯落物储量及持水特性

在退化山地生态系统的恢复过程中,枯落物是联系植被和土壤物质循环与能量流动的重要中间环节,且发挥着重要的水文生态功能。以云南高原退化山地头塘小流域人工林地为研究地点,通过对5种主要林分类型人工林标准地林下枯落物归还量、贮量和土壤持水能力和过程的定量测定,比较分析了不同林分林下枯落物的水文生态功能。结果表明,(1)5种林分类型枯落物归还量为1 785.69~3 869.42 kg·hm-2·a-1;枯落物层总蓄积量为4.68~12.0 t·hm-2,枯落物归还量和贮量都表现出从针阔混交林到针叶林到阔叶林逐渐降低的总体趋势。(2)最大持水量为11.49~41.02 t·hm-2;有效拦蓄量为9.92~41.71 t·hm-2。(3)初始1 h内不同林分类型不同层次枯落物持水量均迅速增大,半分解层枯落物浸泡8 h已基本达到饱和,而未分解层10h基本达到饱和,持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系。(4)枯落物在浸水的0.5 h内吸水速率最大,2 h后速率明显减缓。枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系。综合分析得出,华山松(P.armandi)+云南松(P.yunnanensis)+马桑(Coriaria nepalensis)混交林枯落物持水量最大,涵养水源的能力最强,其水文生态效应是5种林分类型中最好的。     

气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应影响的模拟

为了揭示气温变化对西南山区流域森林水文效应的影响,用生物物理/动态植被模型SSiB4/TRIFFID与流域地形指数水文模型TOPMODEL的耦合模型SSiB4T/TRIFFID模拟了西南山区长江上游梭磨河流域森林水文效应对气温变化的响应,分析了气温变化对植被不同演替阶段的流域总径流和总蒸发以及冠层截流蒸发、植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发的影响。结果表明,（1）梭磨河流域森林（常绿针叶林）蒸腾与草和灌木差异小,森林蒸腾潜热比草和灌木仅高1~4 W.m-2,森林冠层截留蒸发高于草和灌木,但土壤蒸发明显低于草和灌木覆盖,森林覆盖流域总蒸发低于草和灌木覆盖甚至低于裸土蒸发,因此增加了流域总径流量,但森林增加径流的作用随土壤蒸发的减小而减小。（2）气温减小1℃将通过减小森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加流域总径流量的作用增加;相反,气温增加将增加森林冠层截留蒸发和蒸腾而使森林增加总径流量的作用减小。（3）当温度增加4℃,由于森林总蒸发较草和灌木明显增加,对于较高的土壤蒸发,森林增加总径流量的作用已不明显;对于较低的土壤蒸发,森林减小了流域总径流量。     

汉江上游不同林龄麻栎林枯落物的水文功能评价

麻栎林普遍存在于汉江上游,其涵养水源能力的发挥对维持汉江上游流域生态平衡具有重要的作用.于2020年12月对汉江上游天柱山3个不同林龄(15 a、25 a、33 a)的麻栎林样地进行了枯落物厚度和蓄积量调查,利用浸泡法测定了枯落物各水文功能指标,运用熵权法对3个林龄麻栎林枯落物的水源涵养能力进行了综合评价.结果表明:麻...     

森林生态系统的水文调节功能及生态学机制研究进展

森林水文调节功能是森林所实现的重要服务功能之一,可是由于森林资源被无节制的开采利用,导致人们不断遭受森林破环所带来的洪旱灾害。因此关于森林生态水文功能研究已成为生态学和水文学的研究重点之一。近年来,国内外对森林水文调节过程及其生态学机制进行了广泛深入的研究,所以文章从森林的水文过程出发,对林冠截留、树干流、凋落物层截留、林地水分涵养和蒸发蒸腾及其影响因子的国内外研究现状进行了归纳分析,研究认为林地各冠层均能够截留降雨,降低雨水动能,从而减少地表径流的产生和对地表的冲击;凋落物层能蓄留水分、抑制蒸散、减缓地表径流;而树干流改变降雨水平空间格局,影响水分入渗以及土壤水源涵养。森林结构复杂,明显改变了降雨分配过程,而森林水文过程及调节功能又受到森林结构的制约,因此定量定性探讨森林生态系统的结构、过程与水文调节功能之间关系,是未来森林生态水文功能研究的重点。     

库布齐沙漠人工防护林林下枯落物及土壤水文效应研究

在库布齐沙漠东北缘采用样地调查和室内浸泡法对库布齐沙漠防风固沙林林下枯落物及土壤层水文效应进行了初步研究,比较分析不同防风固沙林下枯落物及土壤的水文差异,以期为库布齐沙漠防护林的建设与养护提供参考。研究发现,杨树(Populus popular)林的枯落物蓄积量高于同期沙柳(Salix psammophila)林、沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)林及樟子松(Pinus sylvestris)林,杨树林枯落物覆盖下的土壤容重、持水量、孔隙度等物理性状与其他3种林分相比变化显著。不同林龄的4种防风固沙林林下枯落物的厚度介于0.70—2.10 cm,枯落物蓄积量介于7.71—34.37 t·hm~(-2),最大持水量总和介于20.86—59.59 t·hm~(-2),最大拦蓄量总和介于19.27—45.23 t·hm~(-2),有效拦蓄量总和介于16.14—36.29 t·hm~(-2),自然含水率介于19.44%—87.15%。枯落物下土壤容重介于1.44—1.50 g·cm~(-3),土壤最大持水量介于228.80—284.59 g·kg~(-1),土壤总孔隙度介于37.30%—45.08%。回归分析表明,枯落物持水量与浸水时间符合关系式Q=alnt+b,相关系数R2均大于0.881;吸水速率与浸水时间符合关系式V=ktn,相关系数R2均大于0.986。通过对研究区枯落物水文功能参数与土壤性质进行相关分析发现,枯落物的水文功能参数对土壤容重及土壤总孔隙度的影响作用较大。综合研究发现在同林龄不同林分的防护林中,杨树林枯落物的水源涵养能力优于其他3种林分。     

疏伐对不同林龄云杉人工林地被层水源涵养能力的影响

以川西亚高山暗针叶林区主要的人工林——云杉人工林为研究对象,通过在四川省理县米亚罗镇设置固定样地,进行群落调查、地被层(枯落物和苔藓)取样测定,探讨不同疏伐处理(S0:对照;S1:疏伐10%;S2:疏伐20%)对不同林龄云杉人工林(幼龄林:25年;中龄林:35年;近熟林:50年)地被层水源涵养能力的影响.结果表明:林分成熟前,云杉人工林地被层持水能力随林龄增加而显著提高;从4年短期效应看,疏伐对云杉人工林地被层持水能力无显著影响.地被层蓄积量组成中,枯落物大于苔藓,占比达55.64%-67.21%,且随着林龄的增加先升高后降低;地被层最大持水量组成中,枯落物占比为45.56%-52.26%,且随着林龄的增加逐渐升高.枯落物蓄积量及最大持水量占比均随疏伐强度的增加先升高后降低,苔藓的贡献逐渐增加;枯落物蓄积量、最大持水率及最大持水量组成均表现为叶片大于枝干.叶片蓄积量占比为53.02%-60.89%,最大持水量占比为64.27%-71.25%,且占比均随林龄增加逐渐升高,随疏伐强度增加先升高后降低.因此,枯落物为地被层水源涵养功能的主要承担者,叶片则是枯落物水源涵养功能的承担主体,且两者的持水能力随着林龄的增加而升高,随着疏伐强度的增加先升高再降低;同时,林龄和疏伐强度的增加还逐步提高了苔藓的持水能力.如何通过提高地被层中枯落物叶片及苔藓的蓄积量来提高地被层水源涵养能力,进而提高云杉人工林水源涵养能力将是今后其结构功能调整和可持续经营研究的重点.(图5表8参45)     

Response of Avian Communities to Historic Habitat Change in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract: Throughout much of the northern Chihuahuan Desert, the grasslands that were widespread at the time of European settlement have been replaced by desert shrublands. Little is known about the effects of this change on avian communities. We analyzed historic U.S. Government Land Office records to assess large-scale changes in vegetation cover from the 1880s to the present day. We studied vegetation and avian communities in one grassland habitat type and four desert shrubland habitat types to examine (1) how breeding-bird communities may have changed in response to habitat conversion from grassland to desert shrubland and (2) whether breeding-bird communities differ among the four desert shrubland habitat types that compose Chihuahuan Desert scrub in this region. To estimate the characteristics of 1880s black grama (    Bouteloua eriopoda ) grassland, we focused on plots located within extensive patches of present-day black grama and compared the avian communities found there with those in desert shrubland. Species richness was higher in desert shrubland than grassland. Among the desert shrubland habitat types, species richness was consistently highest in mesquite. Avian abundance patterns differed among the four desert shrubland habitat types. At least 30% of the avian community in each habitat pair was distinct. Conversion of grassland to shrubland in south-central New Mexico has likely been accompanied by a major turnover in the avian community. Remaining tracts of black grama provide habitat for species that may be uniquely adapted to the northern Chihuahuan Desert and should be protected.     

新疆博格达山北坡表土花粉散布特征

基于博格达山北坡68个表土样品花粉组合特征,对比植物群落样方调查结果,借助聚类分析、主成分分析方法,探讨了表土花粉组合与现代植被分布的关系。研究表明,(1)博格达山北坡表土花粉可划归5个不同植被带,湿度是影响其分布的主要因素,藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia)、云杉属(Picea)花粉分布受气流影响显著,忽略它们对其他植被带花粉组合的干扰,表土花粉与现代植被分布对应良好。各植被带均有其特有的花粉组合方式,山地荒漠带藜科-蒿属组合占绝对优势,山地草原带演替为蒿属-藜科-禾本科(Poaceae)-蔷薇科(Rosaceae)组合,山地森林带以云杉属-桦木属(Betula)-蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,高山草甸带以蒿属-云杉属-藜科-莎草科(Cyperaceae)组合为特征,高山垫状植被带表现为蒿属-藜科-蔷薇科-云杉属组合。(2)草本植物花粉含量(62.7%)优势明显,乔、灌木(37.3%)次之。蒿属(23.1%)、藜科(21.5%)、云杉属(18.1%)、莎草科(9.4%)、禾本科(8.6%)、桦木属(5.7%)、蔷薇科(5.3%)等科(属)含量高、变幅大,为最主要的花粉类型,可作为古气候研究的重要依据,藜科、蒿属产量大、易传播,表现出超代表性,云杉属代表性较好,莎草科则受自身结构及保存条件等多重因素影响呈低代表性。(3)蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值不仅能将山地荒漠带、山地草原带区分开,还能指示研究区域湿度变化,古环境重建时可作为区域有效湿度的代用指标。     

锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落特征及物种多样性分析

内蒙古高原草原区湿地具有不同于典型湿地的特征,同时还兼具草原的一些特征,在保持生物多样性和珍惜物种资源方面具有不可替代的重要作用.通过样方调查,以重要值为数量特征,采用指示种分析法和多样性指数测定,对内蒙古高原典型内陆河流——锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了系统分析和研究.结果表明:(1)锡林河中游河漫滩湿地植被依微地形由高河漫滩向低河漫滩可分为芦苇+羊草,黄花苜蓿+无茫雀麦,灰脉苔草+早熟禾,水甜茅群落,小糠草+蒙古扁穗草等5个群落,以禾本科、菊科、豆科三大草本为主,建群种有别于典型湿地和典型草原群落.(2)植物水分生态类型以湿生、中生为主且无水生类型,具有典型湿地和草原的双重特征;(3)湿地植物群落物种多样性、均匀性和丰富度表现出相似的变化趋势,多样性和丰富度较草甸草原低但高于典型草原;(4)锡林河河漫滩湿地植物群落是典型河流湿地和典型草原之间的过渡类型.表6,参28.     

草原不同沙化地段蝗虫与植物群落多样性的变化及相互关系的数值分析

通过对植物和蝗虫种群生物量的调查，研究了宁夏盐池县干草原沙化过程中植物和蝗虫群落结构、多样性与丰富度的变化，以及其相互关系．结果表明，植物和蝗虫群落随着草地的沙化程度表现出序列性演替过程，蝗虫群落多样性直接受植物群密结构变化的影响，但二者的变化趋势并不完全平行．草地沙化对蝗虫群落多样性和丰富度是一种灾变性影响：沙化导致植被结构与土壤硬度的变化，造成蝗虫产卵地条件的改变．     

Vegetation dynamics in succession process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica in the Ordos Plateau北大核心CSCD

Shrub invasion has a serious effect on the structure and function of grassland ecosystems and understanding vegetation dynamics is of great significance to control shrub invasion and recover shrub invaded grassland. In the Ordos Plateau, we selected representative communities in transition process from Stipa bungeana to Artemisia ordosica. By sampling, cutting, and root-drilling methods, plant coverage, density, biomass, litter, root, and species diversity of different communities were investigated and analyzed. The results showed the following: (1) the succession process had six vegetation types, S. bungeana communities, S. bungeana + Cleistogenes squarrosa communities, S. bungeana + Artemisia ordosica communities, A. ordosica + C. squarrosa communities, A. ordosica + Lespedeza davurica communities, and A. ordosica communities. (2) The community coverage decreased initially, and then increased. Whereas, the total density decreased initially, then increased, and then decreased. The aboveground, underground, and total biomasses, and the dry weight of litter showed an increasing trend. (3) The coverage, density, and biomass of S. bungeana decreased gradually, whereas A. ordosica showed an opposite trend. (4) With the increase in soil depth, the dry weight of root showed a decreasing trend. The roots were mainly distributed in the 0-30 cm soil layer. At VI stage, the root distribution of Artemisia community initially increased, and then decreased, and the root depth reached 80-90 cm. (5) The species richness, Simpson, Shannon-Winner, and Pielou evenness indexes initially increased, and then decreased. In summary, shrub encroachment is severe in the Ordos Plateau. Although the community coverage, biomass, and biodiversity during the moderate shrub encroachment stage were high, the shrub-invaded grassland should be restored to S. bungeana grassland due to the decreased grazing value of grassland after shrub invasion. Keywords. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

宁夏荒漠草原恢复演替过程中物种多样性与生产力的变化

荒漠草原一直是生态学者关注的焦点。文章以宁夏灵武的荒漠草原区为研究对象,对围栏条件下退化群落的物种多样性、生产力和群落演替及其生态机制进行探讨,为荒漠草原的植被恢复和重建提供理论基础。结果表明:群落生产力除受物种多样性的影响外,也受物种本身特征和环境资源的影响。在荒漠草原中功能群盖度与群落初级生产力无显著的相关关系。荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数在时间尺度上的变化表现为随着围栏时间的延续逐渐增加,而生态优势度变化趋势则相反。在不同年份年降水量直接影响植物群落物种数的多少、丰富度和生产力。     

Patterns of litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest invaded by exotic earthworms.

A field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exotic earthworm invasions on the rates of leaf litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest in southcentral New York, USA. Specifically, we assessed whether differences in litter quality and the species composition of exotic earthworm communities affected leaf litter disappearance rates. Two forest sites with contrasting communities of exotic earthworms were selected, and disappearance rates of sugar maple and red oak litter were estimated in litter boxes in adjacent earthworm-free, transition, and earthworm-invaded plots within each site. After 540 days in the field, 1.7-3 times more litter remained in the reference plots than in the earthworm-invaded plots. In the earthworm-invaded plots, rates of disappearance of sugar maple litter were higher than for oak litter during the first year, but by the end of the experiment, the amount of sugar maple and oak litter remaining in the earthworm-invaded plots was identical within each site. The composition of the earthworm communities significantly affected the patterns of litter disappearance. In the site dominated by the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris and the endogeic Aporrectodea tuberculata, the percentage of litter remaining after 540 days (approximately 17%) was significantly less than at the site dominated by L. rubellus and Octolasion tyrtaeum (approximately 27%). This difference may be attributed to the differences in feeding behavior of the two litter-feeding species: L. terrestris buries entire leaves in vertical burrows, whereas L. rubellus usually feeds on litter at the soil surface, leaving behind leaf petioles and veins. Our results showed that earthworms not only accelerate litter disappearance rates, but also may reduce the differences in decomposition rates that result from different litter qualities at later stages of decay. Similarly, our results indicate that earthworm effects on decomposition vary with earthworm community composition. Furthermore, because earthworm invasion can involve a predictable shift in community structure along invasion fronts or through time, the community dynamics of invasion are important in predicting the spatial and temporal effects of earthworm invasion on litter decomposition, especially at later stages of decay.     

河西走廊中部荒漠植被的生态学研究

根据对河西走廊中部荒漠植被的调查，对荒漠植被进行了分类及生态学描述，重点讨论了荒漠植被对改善河西走廊中部农村生态环境的作用，提出了保护和利用荒漠植被的措施及改善生态环境的途径。     

Cattle Grazing Impacts on Annual Forbs and Vegetation Composition of Mesic Grasslands in California

Abstract:   Livestock grazing represents a major human alteration of natural disturbance regimes in grasslands throughout the world, and its impacts on plant communities have been highly debated. We investigated the impact of cattle grazing on the California coastal prairie plant community with a focus on native annual forbs, a number of which are of conservation concern. In spring 2000 and 2001, we surveyed the vegetation community composition, vegetation structure, and soil chemical parameters at 25 paired grazed and ungrazed sites over a 670-km range of the ecosystem. Native annual forb species richness and cover were higher in grazed sites, and this effect was concomitant with decreased vegetation height and litter depth. Soil properties explained less of the variation. Exotic annual grass and forb cover were higher in grazed sites. Native grass cover and species richness did not differ in grazed and ungrazed sites, but cover and species richness of native perennial forbs were higher in ungrazed sites. Our results suggest that cattle grazing may be a valuable management tool with which to conserve native annual forbs in the ecosystem we studied but that grazing differentially affects the various life-history guilds. Therefore, land managers must focus on creating a matrix of disturbance regimes to maintain the suite of species native to these mesic grasslands. The results of this and other studies highlight the importance of considering the adaptation of vegetation communities to disturbance in making recommendations for grazing management.     

庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落特征

分别于2013年5月、8月和11月对庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落分布进行调查,收集芦苇群落、狗尾草群落、圆柏群落、针叶松群落、柳树群落以及裸地土壤样本,采用淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,并应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征与差异。研究期间鉴定出44个属,共5895条土壤线虫。研究显示,线虫的生态指数与土壤理化指标呈显著相关,其中土壤pH值和盐度的影响最为显著,整体上呈显著负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫的群落结构均有所差异,圆柏群落样地pH值最小,且土壤线虫群落最丰富。圆柏、针叶松和柳树为人工种植的植被群落,具有相对稳定pH值,相较于其他3个群落盐度较低,所以线虫群落更加丰富。四大营养类群中捕食/杂食类群的比例高达50.6%,食真菌类群比例只有8.1%。有研究表明酸性土壤有利于食真菌线虫生长,而整个研究区域的 pH 在6.08~7.11之间,并不利于食真菌线虫生长。随着季节的变化,土壤线虫在夏季最多春季最少,分别约占总数的44.9%和23.0%。结果表明,不同季节和不同的土地利用方式对庄河口湿地土壤线虫群落有显著影响,其中不同植被所形成微环境中的pH值和盐度是影响线虫群落分布最主要的因素,为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。