呼和浩特市城区大气污染物浓度变化特征分析

本文利用呼和浩特市8个国控监测点中CO、NO_2、SO_2、O_3、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)逐时地面观测数据资料,采用聚类分析、相关性分析等方法,综合研究呼和浩特市城区大气污染物浓度时空变化特征.结果表明,2017年呼市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和O_3的污染较为严重,超标天数分别为49 d、52 d和41 d;CO和SO_2整体污染较轻.CO、NO_2、SO_2以及PM_(2.5)浓度表现出冬高夏低变化,O_3表现出夏高冬低变化,PM_(10)则表现为春冬高而夏秋低.O_3和NO_2均呈现单峰型日变化特征,且变化趋势相反;CO、SO_2和PM_(2.5)都呈现出相似的双峰型日变化.小召和工大金川校区监测点污染整体较为严重,小召监测点主要污染物为PM_(2.5)和PM_(10),工大金川校区主要污染物为SO_2.相关性分析表明,O_3浓度与气温呈显著正相关;PM_(2.5)与湿度呈显著正相关;CO、NO_2和SO_2均与风速呈显著负相关;PM_(10)与各气象要素在不同的季节相关性不同.     

北京典型主城区冬季大气污染特征分析

利用布设于北京市典型主城区的在线空气质量监测站2015年12月数据(小时质量浓度),探究北京主城区冬季大气污染特征的影响因素。结果表明,冬季主城区大气中O_3污染较轻,而NO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)污染较为严重。监测期间NO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)最大日均浓度分别是GB3095—2012二级标准浓度限值的2.0、6.4和4.3倍,超标天数分别占总天数的58.1%、48.4%和83.9%;而O_3浓度未超过二级标准限值。相关性分析表明,各污染物及能见度之间都呈现出高度相关性(P0.01)。其中,主城区环境空气中PM_(2.5)与NO_x和NO_2正相关系数分别高达0.752和0.839,O_3与PM_(2.5)、NO_x和NO_2均在P0.01水平上呈负相关关系,其中NO_2与O_3负相关性最大(r=-0.772,P=3.124×10-141);能见度与PM_(2.5)、NO_x和NO_2浓度存在显著负相关关系,其中与PM_(2.5)负相关性最大(r=-0.922,P=3.338×10-294),此外,能见度与O_3在P0.01的水平上呈高度正相关性。工作日NO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)小时浓度整体高于周末,污染物浓度曲线均出现2个峰值(浓度峰Ⅰ、浓度峰Ⅱ),工作日浓度峰Ⅰ受06:00—09:00市民工作早高峰出行影响,周末浓度峰Ⅰ受02:00—05:00外埠货车进城影响;工作日和周末的污染物浓度峰Ⅱ都出现在22:00左右。O_3的工作日和周末浓度曲线变化基本一致,均呈"双峰"形态,O_3浓度峰Ⅰ出现在14:00左右,高浓度O_3主要来源于大气光化学作用产生的二次污染,浓度峰Ⅱ出现在04:00、05:00左右,其值约为峰Ⅰ值的40%,可能与平流层臭氧垂直气流输送有关。     

太原市春季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子在线观测分析

为系统反映太原市春季PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的特征,采用在线气体/气溶胶监测仪(Marga)分析了太原市2016年3月1日至5月31日期间PM_(2.5)中无机水溶性离子的变化情况,研究表明二次离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+)是无机水溶性离子的主要组成部分,它们在监测期间的均值分别为13.7μg·m~(-3)、14.7μg·m~(-3)以及10.4μg·m~(-3),整个观测期间三者的浓度之和(SNA)占总无机水溶性离子值的百分数为81.0%,占PM_(2.5)百分数为68.5%.三者浓度的日变化特征均呈单峰的形式存在,NO_3~-变化略有不同.热力学研究表明,由于NH_4NO_3分解平衡常数(Ke)与观测期间NH_3与HNO_3的浓度积(Km)的不同,导致了不同监测期间NO-3浓度变化不一致.观测期间硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)的值都大于0.1,说明太原市大气气溶胶中硫酸盐和硝酸盐主要都是经过转化形成的二次污染物.在典型空气污染过程中,SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH+4与能见度、相对湿度的变化有很好的对应关系,说明太原市低能见度与二次离子的生成有关.     

2018年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对银川市空气质量的影响

为了解银川市2018年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响,分析了2016—2018年春节期间、2018年烟花爆竹禁放区与非禁放区以及2018年春节期间污染时段和非污染时段空气质量变化情况.并利用银川市大气超级监测网络的在线观测数据,对颗粒物中的水溶性离子、黑碳(BC)以及区域污染传输情况进行了分析.分析结果表明,与2016年和2017年春节期间同期比较,2018年优良天数同比分别增加4d、2d.除O_3外,其它5项参数整体均呈下降趋势,空气质量改善幅度较大;银川市城区禁放区空气质量较好于周边非禁放区域;春节期间银川市城区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO日均浓度在污染时段(除夕至初二)明显高于非污染时段(初三至初六),分别高出65.2%、90.8%、68.4%、58.2%、67.7%,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的日均浓度比值在初一最大,为68.6%;污染时段与非污染时段相比,K~+日均浓度增幅最大,达到了361.0%;污染时段PM_(10)中的BC日均浓度较非污染时段上升85.2%,春节期间BC与CO小时浓度呈正相关、相关系数为0.73;气溶胶激光雷达监测图显示,春节期间空气质量主要以本地污染为主.     

2018年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对银川市空气质量的影响

为了解银川市2018年春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响,分析了2016—2018年春节期间、2018年烟花爆竹禁放区与非禁放区以及2018年春节期间污染时段和非污染时段空气质量变化情况.并利用银川市大气超级监测网络的在线观测数据,对颗粒物中的水溶性离子、黑碳(BC)以及区域污染传输情况进行了分析.分析结果表明,与2016年和2017年春节期间同期比较,2018年优良天数同比分别增加4d、2d.除O_3外,其它5项参数整体均呈下降趋势,空气质量改善幅度较大;银川市城区禁放区空气质量较好于周边非禁放区域;春节期间银川市城区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO日均浓度在污染时段(除夕至初二)明显高于非污染时段(初三至初六),分别高出65.2%、90.8%、68.4%、58.2%、67.7%,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的日均浓度比值在初一最大,为68.6%;污染时段与非污染时段相比,K~+日均浓度增幅最大,达到了361.0%;污染时段PM_(10)中的BC日均浓度较非污染时段上升85.2%,春节期间BC与CO小时浓度呈正相关、相关系数为0.73;气溶胶激光雷达监测图显示,春节期间空气质量主要以本地污染为主.     

太原市城区大气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)时空分布特征

研究太原市城区大气颗粒物质量浓度时空变化规律,可以为实施更有效的大气污染综合治理手段提供科学依据。以太原市9个国家空气质量自动监测站的数据为基础,运用统计分析和Kriging插值法,对太原市城区2019年大气颗粒物的时空分布进行了分析。结果表明,2019年太原市城区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)年均质量浓度分别为56μg·m~(-3)和107μg·m~(-3),是国家二级标准限值的1.60、1.53倍,以PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)为首要污染物占总超标天数的44.03%和12.58%;PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)年均值为0.52,PM_(2.5)对PM_(10)贡献较大;PM_(2.5)季平均质量浓度为冬季(87μg·m~(-3))秋季(50μg·m~(-3))春季(49μg·m~(-3))夏季(34μg·m~(-3)),PM_(10)为冬季(123μg·m~(-3))春季(120μg·m~(-3))秋季(98μg·m~(-3))夏季(64μg·m~(-3));PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度月变化呈U型,二者平均质量浓度1月最高,8月最低;PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)24h质量浓度变化呈"单峰单谷"型,峰值在10:00,谷值在17:00;取暖期PM_(2.5)与CO、SO2和NO_2相关性高于其他时段;太原市城区PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度空间分布总体上呈北低南高之势,PM_(2.5)春夏秋季的空间分布格局与太原市城区生产、生活、交通干道分布格局比较吻合。以上结果提示秋冬季是太原市城区颗粒物治理的关键时期,位于南部的小店和晋源区为重点防控治理区域。     

上海市大气污染物时空分布及其相关性因子分析

利用2016—2020年上海市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3的质量浓度和温度、相对湿度、平均风速、水平能见度气象条件,分析了上海市PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3污染物的时间变化趋势。同时,利用多元线性回归模型及BP神经网络建立污染物与气象因素之间的相关关系,对其质量浓度进行预测,分析对比不同模型的预测结果。研究表明:2016—2020年上海市大气污染物质量浓度随时间变化整体呈现下降趋势;污染物质量浓度季节性差异显著,PM_(2.5)及PM_(10)质量浓度呈现"冬高夏低",而O_3质量浓度呈现"冬低夏高";可吸入颗粒物质量浓度(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))与SO_2、NO_2质量浓度,O_3质量浓度与NO_2的质量浓度之间存在显著相关性;多元线性回归分析表明相对湿度、平均风速及水平能见度3个气象因素对上海市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)质量浓度产生显著影响;温度、相对湿度、平均风速及水平能见度4个气象因素对上海市O_3质量浓度产生显著影响;多元线性回归分析表明上海市PM_(10)质量浓度与温度之间显著性水平为0.303,意味着温度对上海市大气PM_(10)质量浓度并没有产生显著影响;PM_(10)质量浓度随相对湿度的增加、平均气压及水平能见度的增大而减小;O_3质量浓度则与温度和平均风速呈正相关,与相对湿度和水平能见度呈负相关。相比多元线性回归,BP神经网络在预测上海市气象污染物质量浓度表现出强大的泛化能力,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2与O_3的真实值与预测值相关系数(r~2)分别为98.6%,97.4%,97.6%和98.3%。     

广东省大气环境质量的时空分布特征

随着社会经济的迅速发展、城市化进程的不断加快以及能源消费需求的增加,广东省大气污染问题日益成为人们关注的重要环境污染问题之一。为了进一步了解广东省主要大气污染物质量浓度的时空变化情况,以广东省21个地级市为研究对象,选用广东省生态环境厅历年发布的环境状况公报以及《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095-2012)中的SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3~(-8) h,以及CO 24h平均第95%位数的质量浓度作为评价因子,基于ArcGIS 10.2软件分析平台,分析了广东省主要大气污染物的年际变化特征、空间分布特征及其变化原因。结果表明,1998—2017年间,广东省降水pH年均值由1998年的4.71提高到2017年的5.14,且大多年份维持在5.0-5.6之间,酸雨发生频率均属轻酸雨。除少数年份外,全省SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、O_3~(-8)h和CO平均质量浓度均达到国家二级标准。空间分布上,全省大气主要污染物除NO_2上升,O_3~(-8)h波动变化外,SO2、PM10、PM2.5和CO的质量浓度均呈现下降趋势。近年来,珠三角地区的大气环境首要污染物主要为O_3~(-8)h,其次为PM_(2.5)和NO_2,粤东西北地区除O_3~(-8)h和PM2.5污染较重外,PM_(10)的污染也较为严重。总的来看,研究期间,广东大气环境质量逐年得到改善,主要原因在于全省在社会经济快速发展的同时,也加大了大气环境污染防治工作力度,取得了显著成效。     

北京地区PM_(2.5)浓度影响因素及估算模型

为研究PM_(2.5)与大气污染物浓度之间的关系以及气象条件对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响,本文运用数学统计方法,对北京顺义区2016年1月—12月PM_(2.5)及大气污染物和气象要素的数据资料进行分析并建立了北京顺义区PM_(2.5)浓度的估算模型.双变量相关性分析的结果表明,PM_(2.5)浓度与PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、O_3以及CO等大气污染物浓度与温度、湿度、压强和风速风向等气象条件间呈现强的相关性.建立了PM_(2.5)与单因素拟合模型,其中PM_(10)、NO_2和CO与PM_(2.5)浓度拟合模型的R~2均大于0.6.识别了对PM_(2.5)浓度有显著影响的二阶、三阶交互作用的因素交叉项.综合考虑单个影响因素与影响因素间交互作用的对PM_(2.5)浓度的影响,采用因子分析方法并对提取的主成分进行回归分析,建立了拟合度R~2为0.887的PM_(2.5)浓度估算模型.     

煤改气后天津市采暖期大气污染特征的时空分布研究

燃煤供暖被认为是中国北方采暖期大气污染的主要来源之一,因此国家计划以天然气替代燃煤作为取暖燃料以减轻大气污染。基于2016-2017年天津采暖期前后的空气质量监测数据,探究"煤改气"后城市大气污染物的时空分布特征及影响因素,为大气污染治理提供依据。研究表明,煤改气后天津采暖期主要大气污染物有PM_(2.5)、PM10和NO_2 3种,CO日均质量浓度有超标现象发生,SO_2和O_3日均质量浓度均低于二级标准限值。与使用燃煤采暖时期相比,大气中SO_2、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和CO的日均质量浓度均有不同程度的降低,尤其是SO2浓度降幅高达70%,但NO_2质量浓度没有有效降低。从日变化特征来看,采暖期PM_(2.5)、PM10和CO的日变化规律受到了采暖活动影响,呈单峰单谷型的变化趋势。NO_2、SO_2和O_3的日变化规律与非采暖期相似,受采暖活动影响较小。由于受供暖和大气逆温层的影响,采暖期晚上至上午时段大气污染物(O3除外)的质量浓度远远高于非采暖期相同时段的质量浓度。天津大气污染物在非采暖期呈现出典型的"周末效应",但是在采暖期没有出现"周末效应"。冬季,周末白天人为活动较工作日更为活跃,与之相对应增加的城镇生活源可能是造成周末白天PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度偏高及"周末效应"消失的主要原因。     

On the behaviour of the residence time at the bottom of the mixed layer

To understand why the findings of Deleersnijder et al. [(2006), Environ Fluid Mech 6: 25–42]—the residence time in the mixed layer in not necessarily zero at the pycnocline—are consistent with those of Delhez and Deleersnijder [(2006), Ocean Dyn 56:139–150]—the residence time in a control domain vanishes at the open boundaries of this control domain—, it is necessary to consider a control domain that includes part of the pycnocline, in which the eddy diffusivity is assumed to be zero. Then, depending on the behaviour of the eddy diffusivity near the bottom of the mixed layer, the residence time may be seen to exhibit a discontinuity at the interface between the mixed layer and the pycnocline. If such a discontinuity exists, the residence time is non-zero in the former and zero in the latter. This is illustrated by analytical solutions obtained under the assumption that the eddy diffusivity is constant in the mixed layer.     

Observations on the function of the glands of the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis during settlement

The use during settlement of secretions of the 9 different types of gland in the foot of the pediveliger of Ostrea edulis L. was examined experimentally. During settlement, there is a progressive decrease in the crawling speed of the larva and a strengthening of its bond with the substratum. Both changes are related to (a) a change from ciliary to muscular pedal locomotion; (b) the increasing acidity and viscosity of the mucoid secretions used; (c) the secretion of a byssus thread by the glands of the byssus duet; (d) changes in the form and composition of this byssus. At the termination of settlement, the entire contents of 2 types of gland are discharged. Their secretions give rise to the cement which permanently fixes the larva to the substratum. The 9 types of gland are utilised sequentially in a manner closely related to the 6 phases recognised in settlement behaviour.     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.     

Adjusting the economy to the new energy realities of the second half of the age of oil

Our research indicates that, due to the depletion of conventional, and hence cheap, crude oil supplies (i.e. peak oil), increasing the supply of oil in the future would require exploiting lower quality resources (i.e. expensive), and thus will most likely occur only at high prices. This situation creates a system of feedbacks where economic growth, which requires more oil, would require high oil prices that will undermine that economic growth. We conclude that the economic growth of the past 40 years is unlikely to continue unless there is some remarkable change in how we manage our economy.     

Mining of the forest and the time path of the price of timber

The paper analyzes the effect of transportation (site specific) costs and the effect of mining (depletion) of the forest on the time path of the price and of the net price of timber in two forestry models. The models differ in that one has zero costs and the other has positive costs. The analyses yield the standard mining theory results for certain cases. They also yield extentions of these results for cases with growth of the harvested trees and/or regeneration on the harvested land. The paper concludes, as one would expect, that the theory of the mine is useful in analyzing the time path of the price of timber.     

刍议医院资产管理的现状及其对策

医院的固定资产和流动资产是医院赖以生存和发展的基础,是一项非经营性国有资产．目前公立医院固定资产、流动资产管理现状不容乐观,针对这种状况,首先分析问题形成的原因,然后提出管理的措施或建议,从而使资产管理工作规范化、制度化、科学化,使有限的卫生资源发挥出最大的社会效益和经济效益．参3．     

Stimulation of fat-body production in the polyps of the coralPocillopora damicornis by the presence of mutualistic crabs of the genusTrapezia

A mutualism exists between the xanthid crabs of the genusTrapezia and their host corals,Pocillopora damicornis. It has previously been established that these obligate coral residents benefit the coral hosts by defending them against echinoderm predators and by increasing the survival of polyps located deep between the coral branches. In turn, the corals apparently benefit the crabs by producing lipid-filled structures on which the trapezid crabs feed; these fat bodies may contain some of the lipid which in previous studies of coral metabolism has been termed excess. It was determined by experiments conducted at the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology that the presence of crabs in colonies ofP. damicornis stimulates the polyps to produce the lipid-filled fat bodies; removal of crabs causes corals to cease producing fat bodies. A structure very similar to the fat bodies ofP. damicornis has been reported inAcropora durvillei. Both of these coral genera ordinarily possess xanthid-crab mutualists. This association between branching corals and crustaceans may have evolved because corals of these genera provide shelter among their branches and because these shallow-water corals are evidently capable of releasing lipid which is excess to the corals' metabolic needs, but which can be utilized by the crabs.     

Splitting the tail of the displacement kernel shows the unimportance of kurtosis

Animals disperse in space through different movement behaviors, resulting in different displacement distances. This is often described with a displacement kernel where the long-distance dispersers are within the tail of the kernel. A displacement with a large proportion of long-distance dispersers may have impact on different aspects of spatial ecology such as invasion speed, population persistence, and distribution. It is, however, unclear whether the kurtosis of the kernel plays a major role since a fatter tail also influences the variance of the kernel. We modeled displacement in landscapes with different amounts and configurations of habitats and handled kurtosis and variance separately to study how these affected population distribution and transition time. We conclude that kurtosis is not important for any of these aspects of spatial ecology. The variance of the kernel, on the other hand, was of great importance to both population distribution and transition time. We argue that separating variance and kurtosis can cast new light on the way in which long-distance dispersers are important in ecological processes. Consequences for empirical studies are discussed.     

Hypothesis Concerning the Causes of the Disappearance of Boreal Toads from the Mountains of Colorado

Recent reports of world-wide declines and extinctions of amphibian populations have raised questions about the relation of environmental change to the demise of certain amphibian species. Between 1974 and 1982, 11 populations of boreal toads ( Bufo boreas boreas ) in the West Elk Mountains of Colorado totally disappeared. The apparent cause of extinction of these toads was infection with the bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila . In this paper, the presence of disease in declining populations of these toads is used in conjunction with a variety of data from the literature to formulate a working hypothesis for explaining the cause of the decline of this species, and perhaps others: