Bioakkumulation von Metallen und Stickstoff zwischen 1990 und 2005 in Niedersachsen

Background, aim, and scope Since 1990 the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation across Europe. In the survey 2005 the nitrogen accumulation was measured for the first time in most of the participating countries. In Germany, the surveys were conducted in close cooperation of the relevant authorities of both the Federal Republic and the sixteen states. Therefore, statistical evaluations of the moss survey data with regard to the whole German territory and single federal states are of interest. This article concentrates on Lower Saxony, dealing with the mapping of the spatiotemporal trends of metal accumulation from 1990 to 2005, the spatial patterns of nitrogen accumulation in 2005, and the spatial variability of bioaccumulation due to characteristics of the sampling sites and their surroundings. Materials and methods The bioaccumulation of up to 40 trace elements and nitrogen in mosses was determined according to a Europe-wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol regulates the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the classification of the measured values for mapping spatial patterns. In Lower Saxony all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological characteristics and several criteria to be fulfilled according to the guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modelled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different Kriging techniques. Furthermore, multi metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with help of percentile statistics: The MMI_1990–2005 was calculated for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The statistical association of the metal and nitrogen bioaccumulation, site specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions was analysed by bivariate nonparametric correlation analysis, contingency tables and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Results The results of the quality controlled chemical analyses shows a significant decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2000 for all elements but Zn. From 2000 to 2005 a further significant decrease can be stated for Cd, Hg and Pb, to most parts non significant increases can be observed for Cr, Cu, Fe, Sb and Zn. Cr thereby exhibits the highest accumulation in 2005 when compared to the results of 1990, 1995 and 2000. The MMI illustrates the temporal trend of the metal bioaccumulation as a whole: From 1990 to 2000 a continuous significant decrease can be observed. From 2000 to 2005 the median of the MMI increases, again significantly, from 3.4 to 4. The N concentration in mosses in Lower Saxony reaches from 1.1 to 1.9?% in dry mass. High N concentrations were detected in agriculturally intensively used areas. Highly significant bivariate correlations between the metal bioaccumulation and land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites were found reaching from 0.3 to 0.5. Other location criteria with similar correlation coefficients/Cramér’s V are moss species, altitude, distance to the North and Baltic Sea and the distance of the sampling site to the nearest tree crown. N only shows negative correlations to urban land use and the distance to the nearest tree. Exemplified for Sb multivariate correlations were furthermore detected by CART. It could be shown that the Sb bioaccumulation interacts with the moss species and the ratio of agriculture, forests and urban areas around the sampling site. Discussion The decrease of the continuously decrease of heavy metals reflects the improving air quality in the past 15 years. Compared to other environmental monitoring and modelling programmes the moss surveys registered increasing concentrations of toxic metal elements between 1990 and 2005, e.?g. Cr. High Cr loads in mosses were also registered in other European countries like in Switzerland. Further investigations are therefore necessary to investigate whether this is due to different emission conditions or biogenic effects (e.?g. as a result of increasing nitrogen depositions). Contrary to deposition measurements that exhibit a higher temporal resolution the moss surveys provide measurement data on a wide range of elements. Some of these elements are important with regard to human-toxicological aspects (e.?g. As, Al, Hg, Sb, V). Due to its ecotoxicological relevance nitrogen was monitored in the European moss survey 2005 for the first time. Compared to the metals regionally high emissions of nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere can be detected in Lower Saxony. The standardised biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution with mosses is an important link between the technical acquisition of depositions and the accumulation in biological material. To claim that the element concentrations in mosses should correlate to a high degree with measured or modelled depositions is not appropriate since these approaches are considering different biological or physical receptors. Nevertheless, the accumulation of air pollutants in terricolous mosses reflects the degree of air pollution which is permanently deposited and affects the system of plants and soils. The degree of correlation thereby depends on the boundary conditions of the physical processes, like regional and site-specific meteorological conditions within the accumulation period, the vertical and horizontal vegetation structure or land use conditions. Conclusions The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and the multi-component-model of CLRTAP because they prove on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation incl. arable crops. If environmental monitoring is seen as a continuous task and the applied methodology works well as an early warning system then environmental policy is enabled to act in preventative sense and to pursue unexpected developments. No other environmental monitoring programme provides such a wide range of ecotoxicologically relevant elements measured as spatially dense as the case for the moss surveys. The spatial distribution of environmental information is an essential criterion for their usability in terms of political measures for the federal states and the federation. Recommendations and perspectives Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a positive example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e.?g. federal state or natural landscape), nation wide (e.?g. Germany) and continental (e.?g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality controlled moss data are made available via a WebGIS portal. Therefore the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the continuous task of environmental monitoring can be met and carried on in the future.     

Trend der Schwermetall-Bioakkumulation 1990 bis 2005: Qualitätssicherung bei Probenahme, Analytik, geostatistischer Auswertung

Background, aim and scope Since 1990, the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation across national boundaries in Europe. The results prove how air pollution control in Germany and in all of Europe affected the bioaccumulation of metals in those ecosystems that are not directly influenced by nearby emission sources. This article focuses on the assessment of spatiotemporal patterns of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany since 1990. Furthermore, the spatial variance of the metal bioaccumulation is analysed with regard to sampling site-specific and regional land characteristics. Special focus hereby relies on the correlation of the metal concentration in mosses and in depositions. Hence, the moss surveys contribute to §?12 of the German Federal Nature Conservation Act as well as to the “Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution” (CLRTAP). Materials and methods The bioaccumulation of up to 40 trace elements in mosses was determined according to a European wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol regulates the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the classification of the measured values for the mapping of spatial patterns. In Germany all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological criteria as well as other aspects seen as relevant in the mandatory guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding emissions and land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modeled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different kriging techniques. Furthermore, different multi-metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with the help of percentile statistics: The MMI1990 aggregates the data for Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn determined in 1990. The MMI1995, MMI2000, MMI2005 furthermore include As, Cd, Hg and Sb for 1995, 2000 and 2005, respectively. Two other MMI allow for a time integrating view on the metal bioaccumulation in Germany: The MMI1990–2005 was calculated on behalf of all measured/geostatistically estimated data for Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. Therefore the integrated assessment of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2005 is possible. The MMI1995–2005 furthermore includes the element-specific data of As, Cd, Hg and Sb therefore integrating 12 elements over the last three surveys. The statistical association of the metal bioaccumulation, site-specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions was analysed by bivariate correlation analysis and multivariate decision tree models (Classification and Regression Trees – CART, Chisquare Automatic Interaction Detection – CHAID). Results The results of the quality-controlled chemical analyses show a significant decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2000. From 2000 to 2005 a further decrease can be stated for Hg, Pb and Ti. However, a significant increase for Cd, Cr, Cu, Sb and Zn can be observed. This especially holds true for Cr (+ 160?%) that almost reaches as high concentrations in mosses as in 1990. In 2005, the metal loads in mosses, except for Cr, show spatial distributions similar to those in 1990, 1995 and 2000. Hot spots are mostly found in the urbanised and industrially influenced Ruhr Area, the densely populated Rhine–Main region and in the industrially influenced regions of former East Germany (e.?g. Halle–Leipzig region). The spatial variance of the metal bioaccumulation can mainly be explained by site-specific (moss species, canopy drip effects) and site-surrounding (land use, depositions, emissions) characteristics. Discussion High Cr loads in mosses were also registered in other European countries like in Switzerland. Further investigation is therefore necessary to investigate whether this is due to different emission conditions or biogenic effects (e.?g. as a result of increasing nitrogen depositions). Compared to other environmental monitoring and modelling programmes the moss surveys registered increasing concentrations of toxic metal elements between 1990 and 2005. Contrary to deposition measurements that exhibit a higher temporal resolution the moss surveys provide measurement data on a wide range of elements. Some of these elements are important with regard to human-toxicological aspects (e.?g. Hg, Sb, As, Al, V). The standardised biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution by mosses is an important link between the technical acquisition of depositions and the accumulation in biological material. To claim that the element concentrations in mosses and in the deposition should correlate to a high degree is not appropriate since both approaches are physically related but are not identical. The degree of correlation thereby depends on the boundary conditions of the physical processes, like regional and site-specific meteorological conditions within the accumulation period, the vertical and horizontal vegetation structure or land use conditions. Conclusions The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and multi-component model of CLRTAP because they prove on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation. If environmental monitoring is seen as a continuous task and the applied methodology works well as an early warning system then environmental policy is enabled to act in preventative sense and to pursue unexpected developments. No other environmental monitoring programme provides such a wide range of ecotoxically relevant elements measured as spatially dense as the case for the moss surveys. The spatial distribution of environmental information is an essential criterion for their usability in terms of political measures for the federal states and the federation. Recommendations and perspectives The Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a positive example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e.?g. federal state or natural landscape), nationwide (e.?g. Germany) and continental (e.?g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality-controlled moss data are made available via an internet-based webGIS portal. Therefore the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the monitoring of Heavy Metals by Mosses Surveys is an important task among the European environmental observations, which should be continued in future for scientific and political reasons in its current extent.     

Anreicherung atmosphärischer Depositionen von Metallen und Stickstoff in Moosen Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns von 1990 bis 2005

Background, aim and scope Since 1990 the UN ECE Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys provide data inventories of the atmospheric heavy metal bioaccumulation across Europe. In the survey 2005 the nitrogen accumulation was measured for the first time in most of the participating countries. In Germany, the surveys were conducted in close cooperation of the relevant authorities of both the Federal Republic and the sixteen states. Therefore, statistical evaluations of the moss survey data with regard to the whole German territory and single federal states are of interest. This article concentrates on Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, dealing with the mapping of the spatiotemporal trends of metal accumulation from 1990 to 2005, the spatial patterns of nitrogen accumulation in 2005, and the spatial variability of bioaccumulation due to characteristics of the sampling sites and their surroundings. Materials and methods The bioaccumulation of up to 40 trace elements in mosses was determined according to a Europe-wide harmonised methodology. The according experimental protocol regulates the selection of sampling sites and moss species, the chemical analysis and quality control and the classification of the measured values for mapping spatial patterns. In Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania all sampling sites were described with regard to topographical and ecological characteristics and several criteria to be fulfilled according to the guideline. Together with the measurements this metadata was combined with other information regarding land use in the surroundings of the sampling sites in the WebGIS MossMet. The spatial structure of the metal bioaccumulation was analysed and modelled by variogram analyses and then mapped by applying different kriging techniques. Furthermore, multi metal indices (MMI) were derived for both the sampling sites and raster maps with help of percentile statistics: The MMI_1990–2005 was calculated for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The statistical association of the metal bioaccumulation, site specific characteristics as well as information on land use and emissions was analysed by bivariate nonparametric correlation analysis, contingency tables and Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID). Results The results of the quality controlled chemical analyses show a significant decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in Germany from 1990 to 2000 for all elements. However, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania the concentrations of Cr and Zn are even significantly higher than those found in 1990. From 2000 to 2005?a further non-significant increase can be stated for As, Cu, Ni and Ti. The concentrations of Cd and Pb decreased significantly throughout all four surveys. The MMI illustrates the temporal trend of the metal bioaccumulation as a whole: After a significant decrease from 1990 to 2000 it increased significantly till 2005. The N concentration in mosses in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania reaches from 1.3 to 2.3?% in dry mass and is negatively correlated with the forest ratio in the surroundings of the moss sampling sites and to the same degree positively correlated with the area ratio of agricultural land uses. Except for Cd, Pb and Sb all metal concentrations in the mosses are negatively correlated with the forest ratio around the sampling sites. With the exception of Cr all metal concentrations are further negatively correlated with the precipitation sums of the accumulation periods. Only the Cu and Zn concentrations show no or rather a negative correlation with the tree height whereas all other elements exhibit positive correlations. Furthermore, all elements except Cr are significantly associated to the sampled moss species, the growth pattern and the frequency of occurrence of the mosses at the respective sampling sites. Exemplified for Cu multivariate correlations were furthermore detected by CHAID. It could be shown that the frequency of the mosses, the sampled moss species, the distance to motorways and the distance to the Baltic Sea are the statistically most significant boundary conditions of the Cu concentrations in the mosses sampled in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in 2005. No correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the concentrations of Cd, Hg and Pb in the mosses at p < 0.1. For Pb in 1995?r is 0.52 at p = 0.012, for the other surveys no correlations at p < 0.05 could be found. Discussion The increase of the Cr bioaccumulation from 2000 till 2005 is particularly pronounced in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. This trend is confirmed with regional differences in the national average as well as in other participating countries like in Switzerland. Deposition measurements did not register this trend. In contrast to the UNECE area, the federal territory and several federal states no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the metal concentrations in the mosses. Conclusions The fact that no correlations were found between the modelled total depositions and the element concentrations in the mosses may be caused by the low spatial resolution (50?×?50?km) of the EMEP data. The moss surveys contribute to the heavy metal and the multi-component-model of CLRTAP because they prove on different spatial scales how air pollution control influences the accumulation of emitted substances in environmental subjects of protection like vegetation. In contrast to deposition measurement networks the moss monitoring identified a trend reversal in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: The continuous decrease of the metal bioaccumulation in mosses from 1990 till 2000 has changed to an increase of several metals between 2000 and 2005. This increase is significant for Cr and Zn. Recommendations and perspectives The spatial resolution of the EMEP deposition data should be enhanced based on the Europe-wide regression relationship between the element concentrations in the deposition and in the mosses. For regional studies the existing but so far not useable deposition measurement data of the federal states should be made available. It should further be investigated what caused the increase of the Cr concentrations above the level of 1990 – perhaps emissions or biogenic effects as a consequence of simultaneously increased nitrogen loads? The Heavy Metals in Mosses Surveys are a positive example for environmental monitoring activities reaching across three spatial and administrative levels: regional (e.?g. federal state or natural landscape), nation wide (e.?g. Germany) and continental (e.?g. Europe). In Germany the harmonised and quality controlled moss data are made available via a WebGIS portal. Therefore the moss data may easily be accessed for environmental monitoring purposes and the control of environmental political actions. Hence, the continuous task of environmental monitoring can be met and carried on in the future. It should further be considered to expand the moss monitoring on the survey of persistent organic pollutants and apply it in human-biomonitoring. This would facilitate the acquisition of indoor and outdoor pollution with the same receptor.     

Atmosphärische Deposition und Anreicherung von Schwermetallen und Stickstoff in Natura-2000-Gebieten Deutschlands

Purpose Under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution mosses are used to map the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and nitrogen throughout Europe. To this end, since 1990 mosses were sampled and analyzed chemically every five years. The goal of this article is to apply the moss survey data for assessing the bioaccumulation of Cd, Pb and N in German Natura 2000 Sites of Community Importance (SCI). Methods The temporal trends of the heavy metal bioaccumulation within SCIs were analyzed using a multi metal index (MMI) calculated by means of geostatistics and percentile statistics. For nitrogen, only monitoring values for 2005 were available for the assessment. The geostatistically estimated values of the metal and nitrogen concentrations in mosses were transformed to estimated deposition values by use of regression analyses. Subsequently, the results were integrated into the assessment of the German SCIs. Results Highest metal loads within SCIs were detected in 1990, followed by a continuous decrease to 2000 and a significant increase until 2005. Regarding N, a median of 1.5?% nitrogen in the dry mass was calculated. The deposition values calculated from the moss estimates resulted in median values of 0.33?g/ha/a for Cd, 8.2?g/ha/a for Pb and 16.7?kg/ha/a for nitrogen. Conclusions The Moss-Monitoring is the only environmental monitoring programme which enables statistically sound estimations of the exposure of SCI to environmental contaminants in terms of heavy metal and nitrogen deposition and bioaccumulation.     

南京城市土壤重金属含量及空间分布特征

研究了南京城市土壤重金属含量、来源及空间分布特征。结果表明,南京城市土壤中V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr污染不明显,但受到了不同程度的Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd污染,其中Hg污染比较严重。V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr含量之间均呈极显著正相父;Cu、Pb、Zn、Sb、Hg、Cd含量之间也均呈极显著正相关。南京城市土壤V、Mn、Co、Ni、Cr主要继承了原土物质;Hg、Cd、Pb主要来源于城市燃煤、机动车尾气及工厂排放粉尘;Sb主要来源于机动车尾气和工厂排放粉尘。南京城市土壤Hg、Cd、Pb、Sb含量空间分布规律非常相似,均表现为外围向市中心有逐渐增加的趋势,并且在新街口—鼓楼、梅山硫铁矿形成异常高值的岛状、环状区域。     

Levels and distribution of trace metals in surface sediments from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic

Trace metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) have been measured in 27 surface sediment samples collected from Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. The analyses yielded concentration values (in mg kg^?1) of 0.13–0.63 for Cd, 11.89–21.90 for Co, 48.65–81.84 for Cr, 21.26–36.60 for Cu, 299.59–683.48 for Mn, 22.43–35.39 for Ni, 10.68–36.59 for Pb, 50.28–199.07 for Zn and 8.09–65.34 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. Relative cumulative frequency method has been used to define the baseline values of these metals, which (in mg kg^?1) were 0.14 for Cd, 13.56 for Co, 57.86 for Cr, 25.14 for Cu, 364.08 for Mn, 26.22 for Ni, 17.46 for Pb, 70.49 for Zn and 9.76 for Hg (in ng g^?1), respectively. The enrichment factor analysis indicated that Hg showed some extent of anthropogenic pollution, while Pb, Zn and Cd showed limited anthropogenic contamination in the study areas.     

Ecological and human health risks from metal(loid)s in peri-urban soil in Nanjing,China

In order to investigate the ecological and human health risks of metal(loid)s (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cr, and As) in peri-urban soils, 43 surface soil samples were collected from the peri-urban area around Nanjing, a megacity in China. The average contents were 1.19, 67.8, 37.6, 105, 167, 44.6, 722, and 50.8 mg kg^?1 for Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and As, respectively. A significant positive correlation was found between Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As (p < 0.01), and Cr had a significant positive correlation with Ni (p < 0.01). Geoaccumulation indices indicate the presence of Cd and As contamination in all of the peri-urban soil samples. Potential ecological risk indices show that the metal(loid)s in the soil could result in higher ecological risks. Cd is the main contributor to the risk, followed by As. The levels of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Mn, and As in stomach and intestinal phases show a positive linear correlation with their total contents. Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, and Pb in stomach phase showed higher bioaccessibility, while in intestinal phase, Cu, Cr, and As had the higher bioaccessibility. The carcinogenic risk in children and adults posed by As, Pb, and Cr via ingestion was deemed acceptable. The non-carcinogenic risks posed by these metal(loid)s via ingestion to children are higher than to adults and mainly result from As.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Octopus vulgaris from coastal waters of Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean)

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in various tissues (hepatopancreas, branchial hearts, salivary gland, gills, genital tract, mantle, arms and skin) of Octopus vulgaris collected from three different contaminated sites in front of Alexandria (Egypt) during 2000. All collected tissues displayed high enrichment factors when compared to ambient levels. Heavy metal concentrations in most tissues displayed significant differences among sites, sizes and sex. This study suggests that hepatopancreas, and to a lesser extent branchial hearts, are better indicators of chronic Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd contamination than edible tissues. The enrichment factor (EF) for heavy metals in the hepatopancreas and in edible tissues allowed discriminating our samples into three main groups; (1) EF?>?55 (Cu), (2) EF ranging from 15 to 7.5 (Fe, Cd and Zn) and (3) EF?相似文献   

深圳市内某河表层沉积物重金属含量及污染评价

2008年11月,从广东省深圳市内某河采集9个(0—5cm)表层沉积物样品,分析其Cu,Cd,Cr,Pb,Zn,Ni,As和Hg的含量和前6种元素的形态分布,并采用潜在生态风险指数法进行污染评价.结果表明,沉积物中Cu和Zn的含量普遍较高,为5.27—1865mg.kg-1和198.4—1275mg.kg-1,其次是Cr,Ni和Pb,为54.39—908.7mg.kg-1、31.3—445.5mg.kg-1和11.63—814.9mg.kg-1,As,Cd和Hg的含量较少;Cd的残余晶格态、Cr的铁/锰氧化态和残余晶格态、Cu的有机结合态和残余晶格态,以及Ni,Pb和Zn的铁/锰氧化态为各元素的主要存在形态;沉积物中Cd和Cu的潜在生态风险普遍较大,9个样品中6个达到Cd极强生态危害,4个达到Cu很强生态危害,有5个样品的重金属混合污染潜在生态风险达到极强生态危害.     

Heavy metal content of moss from Kampinos National Park in Poland

The results are presented of studies on the content of Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd inPleurozium schreberi moss within the spatial system of Kampinos National Park (KPN) adjacent to the Warsaw urban agglomeration. Over a large area (64.3–78.3%) of the Park, mosses contain the following amounts of metals in mg kg^–1 dw: 80–120 of Zn, 60–80 of Pb, 10–15 of Cu, 4–8 of Ni and 0.6–0.9 of Cd. All trace metals were found to accumulate in elevated amounts in moss in the south-eastern portion of the Park bordering the urban area, and it is this part of the Park that should be considered as most polluted by heavy metals.     

珠江磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属含量及其分布特征

分析了在珠江磨刀门河口采集的37个表层沉积物样品重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Hg、As、Ni)的含量及分布特征。采用原子吸收法分析了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni的含量,采用冷原子吸收法分析了Hg、As含量。结果表明,口门处及其两侧和拦门沙内坡重金属的含量最高;外海区域重金属含量普遍较低;由口内河床至口门处,Cu、Cr、Hg、As的含量减小,Pb、Cd、Zn、Ni的含量逐渐增大;大部分重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Ni)的含量由口门处至拦门沙地区是先减小再增大的;由拦门沙至外海,Cu、Pb、Cd、As的含量减小,Zn和Ni的含量先减小后增大;由口门处至外海,Cr和Hg含量的总体趋势是增大的。磨刀门河口表层沉积物中重金属元素含量与CEC、小于0.001mm粘粒以及沉积物有机质含量的相关性均达到显著或极显著水平;重金属含量与沉积物pH值的相关性不显著;重金属元素的含量变化和分布规律还表明磨刀门表层沉积物的重金属主要受陆源污染物的影响。     

润肤霜类化妆品中金属元素的测定及砷形态初探

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定化妆品中的金属元素铝、铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉、锡、锑、钡、镧、铈、镨、钕、钐、汞、铅的总量,并结合液相色谱(HPLC)-ICPMS联用技术考察了化妆品中的砷形态.研究表明,金属指标不合格的化妆品多为汞含量超标;此外,化妆品中的砷多以无机砷形式存在.     

Biomagnification of trace elements in a benthic food web: the case study of Deer Island (Northern Yellow Sea)

In this study, we investigated the concentrations of ten trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As) and their trophodynamics in a benthic food chain of Deer Island, Northern Yellow Sea. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, and As in the food chain ranged from 3.2 to 23.2, from 71 to 227, from 7.4 to 45.6, from 0.44 to 5.80, from 0.73 to 7.60, from 0.14 to 1.65, from 0.68 to 6.70, from 0.08 to 1.86, from 0.08 to 1.18, and from 0.24 to 3.92 mg kg^?1 dry weight, respectively. Among these trace elements, the linear regression between the log-transformed concentrations of Hg and Cd and δ¹⁵N values showed statistically significant increase (p<0.05) with the slopes of 0.134 and 0.144, indicating biomagnification of Hg and Cd occurred in the benthic food chain of Deer Island. While the linear regression for other eight trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Se, Ni, Cr, Pb and As) were characterised by extensive scatter with non-significant correlation coefficients (R ²=0.002–0.235) and slopes (p=0.079–0.875), indicating there were not biomagnified or biodiluted of these trace elements.     

Plants growing in a mining area: screening for metal accumulator plants possibly useful for bioremediation

A field study was conducted in an iron mine in Hamedan (Iran) to find native accumulator plants and to evaluate the extent of metal bioaccumulation in the naturally growing vegetation. The concentrations of total As, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn were found to be higher in the mine than in soil. These plants accumulated the highest amounts of the following metals in their roots: Euphorbia cheiradenia As, Stipa barbata Cd, Pb and Cr, Euphorbia macroclada Cu, Centaurea iberica Fe, Reseda lutea Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Zn, and Xanthium strumarium Se. In the aerial parts, the highest metal accumulation was found in Epilobium fragilis As, Carthamus oxyacantha Cd, Fe, Mn, and Pb, Verbascum speciosum Cu, Centaurea iberica Mo, Salvia spinosa Ni and Cr, Glaucium grandiflorum Se, and Malva neglecta Zn. Enrichment factors and bioconcentration factors were also determined; C. oxyacantha, S. spinosa, M. neglecta, C. iberica, V. speciosum, G. grandiflorum, and E. fragilis are the most effective accumulators and are proposed for phytoremediation of polluted soils.     

Neutron activation and atomic absorption analysis of Ulva Lactuca and Gracilaria Verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

NAA and AAS have been applied to determine the content of As, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Sm and Zn in Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. The analytical data has been subjected to cluster and stepwise discriminant analysis. Thus the influence of some industrial sources on the pollution of water in the Gulf is detected and correlation between Zn‐Co‐Cr‐La; Br‐K; Cu‐Ni; Cd‐Sb‐Mn in the investigated algae is established.     

电镀企业周边大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价

以东莞市5个镇区为研究对象,采集电镀企业周边大气样品,分析了样品中重金属(包括As、Co、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn和Hg)的含量分布,使用富集因子(enrich factor)、地累积指数(index of geoaccumulation)、Hakanson法和美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)的人体暴露健康风险评价模型,对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中重金属进行人体健康风险评价。结果表明,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和TSP中As、Cd和Cr平均浓度皆超标。Cr、Ni和V元素在3种颗粒物中非富集,主要为自然源;As、Co、Cu、Pb和Zn,可能来源于自然源和叠加的工业污染。Cd、Hg和Sb浓度受人为污染影响严重。Cd、Sb、Cu、Zn、Pb为生物可利用元素(K>0.6),在环境中的可迁移性高且易于被生物体和人体吸收。Mn元素的非致癌风险值较其他重金属要高1~4个数量级,且儿童的非致癌暴露风险值HQ均高于成人的。3种颗粒物中重金属元素通过呼吸吸入途径产生的非致癌风险HI值均高于人体可接受的上限1.0,其主要贡献来源于Mn的影响,研究区非致癌风险较为严重。除PM_(10)中Co元素和TSP中Co、Cr的成人致癌风险CR值大于10-4之外,其余大部分重金属元素通过呼吸途径产生的致癌风险CR值均在可接受范围之内,此外,3种颗粒物中的成人的致癌暴露风险值CRT均高于儿童的CRT值,并且除了PM_(2.5)中儿童的重金属致癌暴露风险CRT值(4.70E-05)低于人体可接受范围的上限(10-4),其余CRT值均高于10-4,致癌风险较为严重。     

淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

城市地表灰尘中重金属会对人体健康和生态环境产生危害,为研究城市中不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的含量和潜在生态危害水平,以典型煤炭资源型城市淮南市的地表灰尘为研究对象,采集工业区、商业区、交通区、文教区、居住区和公园绿地等6种功能用地共40个点位的地表灰尘。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）和DMA-80直接测汞仪测定Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的含量,分析其在不同功能区地表灰尘中的分布特征、相关性及可能的来源;并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在不同功能区的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明：1）淮南市地表灰尘中 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均质量分数分别是202.59、74.63、62.74、110.69、0.57、35.82、12.18、50.95和0.105 mg·kg-1,其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg的平均含量分别是淮南市土壤背景值的3.47、3.17、2.04、1.21、9.50、1.12、2.56倍,是中国土壤背景值的2.73、2.87、2.78、1.81、5.88、1.33、1.62倍。2）9种重金属中,Zn和V的含量在不同功能区分布相对均匀,其他重金属在不同功能区含量均表现出较明显的空间异质性。3）不同功能区中,Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均含量在工业区最高,Cr 和 Cd 的平均含量在交通区最高。4）不同重金属的相关性表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni 等5种元素有同一来源,Co 和 V 有同一来源。5）单项潜在生态危害系数大小为 Cd〉Hg〉〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Zn〉Cr〉V。不同功能区9种重金属复合生态危害均处于强生态危害水平（300≤RI〈600）,其中工业区和交通区潜在生态危害水平最高。     

Soil pollution by trace metals derived from animal feed and manure in the Bursa region of Turkey

The Bursa region of Turkey has important agricultural production areas. Animal producers use agricultural fields in this region for disposal of manure. Therefore, in this study the concentrations of the seven trace metals Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Cd in 324 animal feed and manure samples from three dairy cattle, three laying hens farms, and three broiler farms have been determined. The average concentrations in dairy cattle manure were 130 (Zn), 150 (Mn), 4.2 (Cu), 6.8 (Ni), 44 (Cr), 0.8 (Pb), and 0.09 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; for laying hens manure 240 (Zn), 190 (Mn), 0.63 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 30 (Cr), 0.55 (Pb), and 0.12 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight; and for broiler manure 240 (Zn), 280 (Mn), 1.4 (Cu), 3.8 (Ni), 35 (Cr), 3.4 (Pb), and 0.16 (Cd) mg kg^?1 dry weight. The calculated trace metal loading rate indicated that manure application might pose a potential risk to agricultural fields according to the current soil protection regulations of Turkey.     

Concentrations of Cd,Ni, Pb,and Cr in the two edible fish species Liza klunzingeri and Sillago sihama collected from Hara biosphere in Iran

The concentrations of four metals (Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr) were determined in the muscles, gills, and livers of two edible fish species (Liza klunzingeri and Sillago sihama) caught from the Hara biosphere of Southern Iran. In both fish species, metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factors were in the sequence liver?>?gill?>?muscle. Bioaccumulation factors were found to be highest in S. sihama. The metal concentrations were descending in the order of Ni?>?Cr?>?Pb?>?Cd, except for muscle samples from S. sihama showing an inversion of Pb and Cr. There is a significant negative correlation between the concentrations of the metals in each tissue with length, weight, and age, except for muscle in L. klunzingeri. Some metal levels in the muscle exceeded the limits recommended by FAO, WHO, and FEPA.