磷、砷双重胁迫对不同耐低磷水稻苗期生长及磷、砷吸收的影响

以1个耐低磷和1个低磷敏感水稻为材料,通过土培试验研究磷、砷双重胁迫对水稻苗期生物学特性及磷、砷吸收的影响,并比较不同品种之间的差异.结果表明,相同磷水平下,外加砷浓度为小于25 mg/kg时,水稻的生物量、叶宽、株高、SPAD值及磷吸收量均随砷浓度的增加而增加,当砷浓度达到50 mg/kg时开始下降,两个品种表现相同趋势.说明少量砷可以刺激水稻生长,促进磷的吸收,砷用量过多则抑制水稻的生长及磷的吸收.相同砷水平下,水稻生物学性状及磷、砷吸收量随磷用量的增加而增加,两个品种亦表现相同趋势.说明适当施磷肥可以缓解砷对水稻生长的抑制作用.上述结果表明,低浓度的磷、砷具有协同效应,高浓度的磷、砷表现拮抗作用.此外,相同磷、砷水平下,供试耐低磷水稻的生物学性状及其相对值较低磷敏感水稻大;但相对磷吸收量(除磷处理为150 mg/kg外)比低磷敏感水稻小,而砷吸收量及其相对值均比低磷敏感水稻多,这可能与二者的磷营养特性及水稻对磷和砷的竞争吸收有关.图7表1参19     

两种通气组织不同的水稻品种根表铁膜的形成及砷吸收积累的差异（Differences of Iron Plaque Formation and As Accumulation between Two Rice Cultivars with Different Aerenchyma Tissue）

采用土壤盆栽试验方法,比较了两种通气组织结构不同的水稻品种(扬稻6号和农垦57)根表铁膜的形成及其吸收积累As的差异.结果表明,通气组织结构不同对水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对As的吸收积累有显著影响.通气组织结构发达的扬稻6号根表铁膜数量和铁膜中As含量均显著高于农垦57,扬稻6号根表铁膜量为431.53g·kg-1,铁膜中As含量达到220.2mg·kg-1,分别是农垦57的1.3和1.7倍.发达的通气组织结构显著抑制了As由水稻地下部到地上部的转运以及地上部对As的吸收:扬稻6号地上部As含量为10.77mg·kg-1,显著低于农垦57(12.85mg·kg-1);扬稻6号对As的转移系数(TF)为0.067,仅为农垦57的73.6%.     

磷肥和黑麦草结合修复铅污染贫磷潮土的研究（Remediation of Lead Polluted Chaotu Soil with Low Phosphorus Availability by Phosphorus Fertilizer Amendment and Ryegrass）

在Pb污染土壤中施用磷肥是降低Pb有效性的有效方法.在低磷或高Pb胁迫下,植物根际的一系列变化将促进植物对磷的吸收或对Pb毒性的降低,但低磷胁迫下植物对土壤Pb有效性的影响研究不多.为探讨Pb污染低磷土壤上施用磷肥对Pb有效性、植物吸收Pb的影响及黑麦草(LoliumperenneL.)对土壤Pb有效性的影响,设置0、500和1000mg·kg-13个Pb用量和0、2729mg·kg-1两个普通过磷酸钙磷肥用量,种植黑麦草,0和1000mg·kg-1Pb下设置不种植植物的对照的盆栽试验,植物生长48d后收获,测定植物地上部和根系产量、长度、Pb浓度及土壤DTPA-Pb含量.结果表明,施用磷肥后植物产量和地上部长度增加、根冠比、根系长度和Pb浓度减小,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,未施用磷肥和施用磷肥时植物产量分别为0.37和1.70g·pot-1,1000mg·kg-1Pb用量时这两个数值分别为0.24和1.50g·pot-1,500mg·kg-1Pb用量时,植物产量与未施Pb处理(产量为0.75g·pot-1)差异显著(p<0.05);施用磷肥后,地上部吸收的Pb的比例和植物体吸收的Pb数量均增加.1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物产量、地上部长度均小于500mg·kg-1Pb用量处理时的水平,而土壤DTPA-Pb浓度、植物Pb浓度、Pb吸收量均大于500mg·kg-1Pb处理,表明2729mg·kg-1普通过磷酸钙用量并不能完全抵消1000mg·kg-1Pb对植物生长的抑制作用.施用磷肥降低了土壤DTPA-Pb含量,但500mg·kg-1Pb用量时降低效果不显著(p>0.05).0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,种植植物的处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物处理高54.3%;1000mg·kg-1Pb处理时,种植植物处理土壤DTPA-Pb含量比未种植植物平均低18.5%.以上结果表明,在0mg·kg-1Pb用量下,植物生长受到了一定程度的磷胁迫.在磷胁迫下,种植植物提高了土壤Pb有效性,而在1000mg·kg-1Pb用量下,不管是否施用磷肥,种植植物均降低了土壤Pb有效性.本研究结果表明,在低磷和高Pb胁迫下,施用水溶性磷肥可降低土壤Pb有效性,促进黑麦草生长,促进Pb向植物地上部转移;在低磷胁迫且无Pb污染条件下,黑麦草对土壤Pb的有效性表现为促进;在高Pb胁迫下,不管是否施用磷肥,黑麦草均可降低土壤Pb有效性.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)对旱稻吸收砷及土壤砷形态变化的影响

采用接种和不接种菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)两种模式,研究了菌根真菌对旱稻中砷积累的影响。结果表明接种菌根真菌能够明显提高旱稻地上部磷的含量(对照0.84g·kg-1,接种2.23g·kg-1)和地下部(对照0.76g·kg-1,接种1.04g·kg-1)对磷的吸收;降低地上部(对照2.40mg·kg-1,接种0.69mg·kg-1)和地下部(对照8.90mg·kg-1,接种4.87mg·kg-1)中砷的积累;提高磷从地下部向地上部的转运能力,从而有效抑制了砷从地下部到地上部的传输。进一步研究发现,菌根真菌还可以降低土壤溶液中AsIII和总砷含量,即菌根真菌能够降低水稻可获得的砷含量,从而减少砷对人体健康的威胁。     

珠江三角洲稻田土壤砷及其向水稻籽粒迁移特征

采集珠江三角洲区域水稻(Oryze sativa L.)植株的根系、秸秆、稻谷和对应的耕层土壤(0～15锄)样品,分析土壤和水稻植株中砷含量,初步研究土壤砷与土壤基本理化性质的关系及砷在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移规律.结果表明,土壤砷含量在1.83～18.14 mg·kg~(-1)之间,土壤砷与土壤有机质、砂粒含量呈显著负相关,与土壤粉粒含量呈显著正相关.糙米中的砷含量在0.21～0.43mg·kg~(-1)之间,均未超过国家食品卫生标准(0.7mg·kg~(-1)),砷在水稻植株中的分布规律为根>秸秆>颖壳>糙米.糙米砷含量与秸秆砷含量呈极显著正相关,与秸秆中P/As、Si/As摩尔比呈极显著负相关,因此,降低秸秆中As的积累、增加秸秆中P、Si的积累可降低水稻籽粒中的砷含量.     

砷污染土壤中不同基因型水稻根表铁膜的形成及其对砷吸收和转运影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究6个不同基因型水稻品种根表铁膜形成及其对As吸收、转运的影响。结果表明,水稻形成根表铁膜在不同基因型品种之间差异显著（p<0.001）,其中品种94D-22形成铁膜量（以Fe含量计）是品种圭630的1.5~1.8倍,添加As处理对水稻根表铁膜形成影响不显著。低As含量的对照土壤中,水稻根表铁膜量与根系As含量存在着显著的正相关关系（r=0.657,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转移系数呈显著的负相关关系(r=-0.612,n=24,p<0.01）。土壤添加As后,水稻根表铁膜量与茎叶As含量存在显著的正相关关系（r=0.653-0.673,n=24,p<0.01）,与As转运之间无显著相关性。比较生长于As污染土壤的不同水稻品种,科优1360茎叶积累As较少,且其根系转运As能力也较差,而品种94D-22正好相反。研究结果表明,在As含量较低的土壤中,水稻根表铁膜的存在可成为根系As的障碍层,阻止As向地上部转运;但在As含量较高的土壤,根表铁膜的存在却促进了水稻茎叶对As的积累,其对As的转运没有显著影响。人们可通过作物品种筛选来防治土壤As污染危害、降低As对人体健康的威胁。     

磷水平对不同耐低磷水稻苗根系生长及氮、磷、钾吸收的影响

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580和99112及1个磷敏感基因型99056为材料，采用营养液培养，比较了它们在不同磷水平下苗期根系的生长状况及对氮、磷、钾的吸收情况，结果表明，耐低磷基因型适应低磷的能力较强，它们具有较长的根系、较大的根体积和根干重，其中99011和580表现尤为突出，且它们的根系受磷水平变化的影响明显小于敏感基因型99056；0．081～0．161mmol／L的磷处理更有利于耐低磷基因型根系的发育，并且促进氮和钾的吸收，此时，植株能够吸收较正常磷处理更多的氮和钾；而磷敏感基因型99056吸收氮和钾的量随供磷水平的下降而减少，并且吸收磷的总量受磷水平变化的影响显著较3个耐低磷基因型大。     

低磷胁迫对水稻铁、锰吸收和积累的影响

在盆栽土培条件下,采用不同耐低磷基因型508、580、99011、99112和低磷敏感基因型99012、99056为材料,研究了不同生育时期低磷胁迫对水稻铁、锰吸收和积累的影响.结果表明,不同磷效率水稻基因型间茎叶相对铁、锰含量差异并不明显.分蘖期时,低磷胁迫条件下,低磷敏感基因型水稻茎叶铁含量显著下降,耐低磷基因型受到的影响明显小于低磷敏感基因型.孕穗期时,只有99056茎叶铁含量在低磷胁迫时显著降低;而茎叶锰含量除99112外其它基因型均显著降低.至成熟期,由于受转移效率的影响,水稻茎叶铁、锰含量变化明显比前期复杂.低磷胁迫条件下,耐低磷基因型水稻籽粒铁、锰含量呈下降趋势,低磷敏感基因型籽粒铁、锰含量呈上升趋势.低磷胁迫降低了铁、锰在水稻地上部的积累量.在生育前期,耐低磷基因的铁、锰积累量显著高于低磷敏感基因型;生育后期,耐低磷基因型的绝对积累量优势消失,但相对积累量优势变大.图4表4参25     

磷水平对不同耐低磷玉米基因型幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取2个耐低磷玉米基因型M08和M11及1个低磷敏感基因型M05为材料,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和正常磷条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收情况.结果表明,耐低磷基因型适应低磷的能力较强,它们具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,其株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型M05.低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其在地上部和根系的分配.磷敏感基因型M05吸收磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的量随供磷水平的下降而减少,并且吸收各元素的量受磷水平变化的影响显著较2个耐低磷基因型大.图1表2参24     

砷-铅交互作用对水稻根表铁膜富集及根系吸收砷铅的影响

采用土-砂联合培养方法诱导水稻根表自然形成铁氧化物膜,研究了As-Pb交互作用对水稻根表铁膜吸附砷铅及根系吸收As和Pb的影响.结果表明,As和Pb的添加显著地影响水稻根表铁膜对As和Pb的吸附,并且As-Pb交互作用显著地影响水稻根系对两元素的吸收及根表铁膜对As的吸附.添加Pb可促进水稻根系对As的吸收.当As浓度为25μmol.L-1时,浓度为25μmol.L-1Pb处理与对照相比导致水稻根系吸收As提高了53.3%.同样,施用As也可以促进水稻根系对Pb的吸收,当Pb的浓度为25μmol.L-1和50μmol.L-1时,50μmol.L-1As处理与对照相比,水稻根系吸收Pb分别提高20.2%和28.6%.添加As显著地促进Pb由铁膜向根系中转运,而添加Pb对As由铁膜向根系中的转运影响不大.因此,在重金属复合污染情况下,水稻根表铁膜对重金属的吸附及根系对重金属的吸收均存在着复杂的交互作用.     

根表铁锰膜对不同生育期水稻吸收和转运As的影响

采用土壤盆栽试验法,研究不同生育期水稻根表铁锰膜形成及其对As吸收和转运的影响。结果表明,两个水稻品种YD6和NK57均在分蘖期形成的铁锰膜量最多,成熟期形成的铁锰膜量最少。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累As随着水稻不同品种和不同生育期变化较大,As的吸收和积累与铁锰膜形成存在相关性。与分蘖期相比,YD6和NK57成熟期根系As含量分别减少81.6%和62.1%。孕穗期YD6和NK57茎叶As含量分别比分蘖期减少86.4%和65.5%,比成熟期减少87.8%和67.1%。分蘖期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe或DCB-Mn浓度均呈显著的负相关关系,而孕穗期水稻根系和茎叶As含量与DCB-Fe浓度呈显著的正相关关系,说明不同生育期铁锰膜对水稻植株吸收和转运As的影响不同。两个水稻品种不同生育期,As均主要富集和分配在根表铁锰膜中,铁锰膜中As的分配比率达62.9%～84.9%。NK57从根表铁锰膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒转运As的能力比YD6强,籽粒中As含量是YD6的2.1倍。结果表明可以通过选育As低积累和低转运的水稻品种,来降低污染地区As对人体健康的威胁。     

Influence of iron plaque on chromium accumulation and translocation in three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown in solution culture

Hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate the role of iron plaque on root surface in chromium accumulation and translocation in three rice cultivars (90-68-2, CDR22 and Jin 23A). Rice seedlings were grown under 1.0 mg L^?1 trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) stress with and without phosphorus (P) treatments. P addition significantly increased the shoot and root biomass in all three rice cultivars. In the absence of P, the amounts of iron plaque (DCB-extractable Fe) on the root surface increased resulting in the increase of Cr accumulation in iron plaque. Compared to that with P treatment, Cr concentrations in iron plaque without P treatment were enhanced by 2–3 folds in the three rice cultivars. There was a significantly positive correlation between DCB-extractable Cr and DCB-extractable Fe on the root surface of the three rice cultivars. There were no significant effects on Cr concentration in roots and shoots between P treatments, but significant differences among cultivars were observed. Cultivar Jin 23A had the lowest Cr concentration both in roots and shoots regardless of P treatment. The results suggest that iron plaque could be a trap for immobilising Cr from environment but may not affect Cr uptake and translocation. Screening and breeding the cultivars with low Cr accumulation is considered as the most effective approach in Cr contaminated areas.     

根表铁膜对水稻铅吸收转运的影响

通过温室土壤盆栽试验研究不同生育期水稻根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收和转运Pb的影响。结果表明,两种水稻根表铁膜形成量(以DCB-Fe含量计)及铁膜中吸附的Pb量均随着生育期的延长而减少。水稻根表铁膜Fe含量与铁膜吸附的Pb量呈显著的正相关关系(r=0.798,p0.01)。水稻根系和茎叶吸收积累Pb随着不同品种和不同生育期而变化。品种NK57籽粒Pb含量显著高于品种YD6,前者为后者的1.9倍。从富集系数和分配比率来看,Pb主要富集在水稻的铁膜和根系中,而积累在茎叶和籽粒中的比率较少。Pb从水稻根表铁膜、根系和茎叶向籽粒中的转运系数在两个水稻品种间差异均不显著。水稻分蘖期和孕穗期根表铁膜量与根系Pb含量均呈显著的正相关关系(p0.05),但是成熟期水稻根表铁膜量与根系、茎叶和籽粒中Pb含量相关性均不显著,说明根表铁膜形成对水稻分蘖期和孕穗期吸收积累Pb有一定影响,但对水稻成熟期根系、茎叶和籽粒吸收积累Pb影响不大。     

Water management affects arsenic and cadmium accumulation in different rice cultivars

Paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food and one of the major sources of dietary arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Asia. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of four water management regimes (aerobic, intermittent irrigation, conventional irrigation and flooding) on As and Cd accumulation in seven major rice cultivars grown in Zhejiang province, east China. With increasing irrigation from aerobic to flooded conditions, the soil HCl-extractable As concentrations increased significantly and the HCl-extractable Cd concentrations decreased significantly. These trends were consistent with the As and Cd concentrations in the straw, husk and brown rice. Water management both before and after the full tillering stage affected As and Cd accumulation in the grains. The intermittent and conventional treatments produced higher grain yields than the aerobic and flooded treatments. Cd concentrations in brown rice varied 13.1–40.8 times and As varied 1.75–8.80 times among the four water management regimes. Cd and As accumulation in brown rice varied among the rice cultivars, with Guodao 6 (GD6) was a low Cd but high-As-accumulating cultivar while Indonesia (IR) and Yongyou 9 (YY9) were low As but high-Cd-accumulating cultivars. Brown rice Cd and As concentrations in the 7 cultivars were significantly negatively correlated. The results indicate that As and Cd accumulated in rice grains with opposite trends that were influenced by both water management and rice cultivar. Production of ‘safe’ rice with respect to As and Cd might be possible by balancing water management and rice cultivar according to the severity of soil pollution.     

水稻磷效率差异的生理生化特性

以磷效率差异显著的IR71379—2B—10—2—3-1(磷低效型)、IR7133l-2B-2-1(中间型)及IR74(磷高效型)3个品种为供试材料，采用水培法研究了它们对磷的吸收效率、运输效率及植株体内磷的利用效率，进而研究了其对低磷胁迫的根系形态学和生理生化机制的适应性反应．结果表明：水稻磷效率的高低是由基因型对磷的吸收效率，运输效率及利用效率综合作用的结果．磷高效基因型IR74和磷效率表现为中间型的IR71331-2B-2-1具有高的磷吸收效率．旺盛的根系生长，高的根系活力，Km、Cmin小，Imax大及相对酸性磷酸酯酶(APase)活性高等是水稻对磷高效吸收的特征．但品种不同特征也有别，本试验中的IR74对磷高的吸收效率主要是由于根系生长旺盛，根系吸收面积大所致，而IR71331-2B-2-1高的磷吸收效率则主要缘于根系活力强，Imax大．低磷胁迫下，叶片中核糖核酸酶的活性也大大升高，约是对照的10～15倍，但品种间无显著差异．图2表6参21     

Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Temporal variations and correlations between radial oxygen loss (ROL), iron (Fe) plaque formation, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation were investigated in two rice cultivars at four different growth stages based upon soil pot and deoxygenated solution experiments. The results showed that there were significant differences in ROL (1.1–16 μmol O₂ plant^?1 h^?1), Fe plaque formation (4,097–36,056 mg kg^?1), Cd and As in root tissues (Cd 77–162 mg kg^?1; As 49–199 mg kg^?1) and Fe plaque (Cd 0.4–24 mg kg^?1; As 185–1,396 mg kg^?1) between these growth stages. ROL and Fe plaque increased dramatically from tillering to ear emergence stages and then were much reduced at the grain-filling stage. Furthermore, significantly positive correlations were detected between ROL and concentrations of Fe, Cd and As in Fe plaque. Our study indicates that increased Fe plaque forms on rice roots at the ear emergence stage due to the increased ROL. This stage could therefore be an important period to limit the transfer and distribution of Cd and As in rice plants when growing in soils contaminated with these toxic elements.     

Sequestration of As by iron plaque on the roots of three rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.) cultivars in a low-P soil with or without P fertilizer

A pot experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to investigate the sequestration of As in iron plaques on root surface of three rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Phosphate (P) fertilization increased both plant biomass and tissue P concentrations significantly, indicating that the soils used in this study was highly P-deficient. Results from this study confirmed that low P supply improved the formation of iron plaque on rice roots. As a consequence, arsenic (As) concentrations in DCB-extracts with no P addition were significantly higher than those with P fertilization. Arsenic was highly sequestrated in iron plaque; arsenic concentration in iron was up to nearly 120 mg kg⁻¹, while arsenic concentrations in roots were just several mg kg⁻¹. Both arsenic and phosphate concentrations in iron plaque were highly positively correlated with the amounts of iron plaque (DCB-extractable Fe). Contrary to normal understanding that increasing P supply could reduced As accumulation in plants, results from the present study showed that P fertilization did not inhibit the As uptake by plants (As accumulation in aboveground), which was probably due to the fact that iron plaque formation was improved under low P conditions, thus leading to more As sequestration in the iron plaque. Thus results obtained in this study indicated that the iron plaque may inhibit the transfer of As from roots to shoots, and thus alter the P–As interaction in plant As uptake processes.     

水稻耐低磷特性研究

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580、99112和1个磷敏感基因型99056为供试材料，采用营养液和石英砂培养的方法，研究了与磷效率相关的一些指标．结果表明，99011和580均具有较高的磷吸收效率和利用效率，其中根长是99011高效吸收的重要贡献因子，其次它对难溶性磷有一定的活化吸收能力；580不仅对难溶性磷的活化吸收能力最强，而且善于从低浓度的磷环境中吸收较多的磷；而99112主要靠被动适应生态环境来表现它的耐低磷特性，与磷吸收效率相关的次级因子表现不佳，是99056对低磷反应敏感的主要原因．图3表4参16