石家庄市室内空气中甲醛、苯系物和TVOC的污染特征

在石家庄市内选取部分新装修装饰的民用住宅进行室内空气采样,对甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC分别采用酚试剂分光光度法和气相色谱法进行分析。测定结果表明:新装修装饰后的室内空气中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC存在不同程度的超标现象,其中,甲苯污染相当严重,最大超标倍数为17.7;卧室中甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和TVOC等污染物的超标率普遍高于客厅,其中卧室甲醛超标率约为客厅的2倍;室内空气中甲醛浓度随着密闭时间的增加持续增加。最后提出一系列相应的防治措施与建议。     

简单复垦对磷矿废弃地磷释放的影响模拟实验

针对简单复垦方式对磷矿废弃地污染物释放的影响开展研究,通过室内培养实验,比较磷矿石、废土石和对照土壤栽培烟草和玉米后污染物的释放量和土壤生物理化性质的关系.研究结果表明,根际土壤可溶性PO43-、F-和Ca2+均比非根际土壤和空白土壤显著提高(P0.05),解磷细菌增加了1—2个数量级.矿土Ca2+的释放不受作物类型的影响,可用于指示矿物相分解程度;PO34-的释放主要受土壤Al-P组分控制;矿土F-的释放量与可溶性Ca2+和PO34-紧密相关.研究结果表明经过简单复垦,废土石的磷污染物释放量最大,磷矿石存在较高的潜在分解风险。     

基于SPSS软件的居民住宅室内甲醛污染的调查与分析

甲醛是一种无色、具有强烈刺激性气味的气体,也是室内环境的主要污染物之一,人体长期暴露于高浓度甲醛环境中,会出现建筑病态综合症,如头晕、恶心、耳鸣等.目前学者对室内甲醛深度的影响因素、释放因子及其评价方法做了大量研究,但采用系统的统计学方法对甲醛含量及其影响因素进行分析尚且少见.     

保定市新装修室内空气污染特征及人体健康风险评价

为了解保定市新装修房屋室内空气污染特征及其对人体的健康影响，于2018年至2020年，在全市范围内选取装修完成半年内的住宅居室和办公场所共79处进行了环境空气样本采集，分析了其甲醛、TVOC和苯系物含量，并评估了甲醛暴露对成年人群造成的健康风险.结果表明，保定市新装修室内环境空气污染普遍存在且污染较为严重，其中住宅居室室内空气污染以甲醛和TVOC为主，办公场所室内空气污染以甲醛、TVOC和苯系物为主；室内甲醛浓度多分布在(0.10—0.15) mg·m^-3范围内，室内TVOC浓度多分布在(0.60—0.90)mg·m^-3范围内.健康风险评估结果显示，保定市住宅居室内装修环境空气甲醛呼吸暴露途径对成年人具有较高的致癌风险；办公场所室内装修环境空气甲醛呼吸暴露途径对成年人具有潜在致癌风险，且同样环境下，成年男性通过呼吸途径受到的甲醛致癌风险比女性更大.敏感分析结果表明，环境空气中的甲醛浓度和人的呼吸速率对风险评估结果影响较大.     

提取剂pH对沉积物释放金属的影响

本文研究了不同提取剂pH变化对从沉积物中释放金属浓度的影响.结果表明:沉积物中所释放的金属浓度随提取剂pH增加而减少,当pH为1.0时,相同的提取条件下,各种提取剂提取所获得的金属浓度相近.同时也研究了在所选择的提取液中沉积物对金属离子的吸附作用,发现沉积物对所加金属离子有明显的吸附作用.结果强烈地支持在实际对沉积物样品提取过程中存在着再吸附作用和提取剂的pH将对从沉积物中释放金属浓度起重要控制作用. 拟定了沉积物中三步连续提取的方法,即把沉积物金属结合态分为无机态(酸可提取态)、有机(包括硫化物)态和残渣态,并与Tessier的连续提取法进行比较.发现在非残渣态中二种方法的金属释放量类似,但三步连续提取法具有简单,快速和低消耗等优点.     

复合空气污染净化液对人造板中甲醛的去除效率

目前,国内室内污染的治理方法主要有:物理吸附法、臭氧净化法、静电除尘法、负氧离子净化法、空气净化器、空气清新剂、甲醛捕捉剂等,这些方法中大多能耗较大,并且易产生二次污染,而复合空气污染净化液能够克服以上缺点,快速去除甲醛、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氨、TVOC等多种有害物质.     

新型甲醛捕获剂的合成及其捕获性能研究

游离甲醛是室内空气中最主要的污染物之一,对人体造成的危害越来越受到关注.因此,研制新型甲醛捕获剂及其捕获性能具有重要的实际意义.采用亲水性单体丙烯酰胺和亲油性单体苯乙烯为反应物,以氧化还原引发剂,经霍夫曼降解反应合成了含氨基的两亲性共聚物.通过单因素实验考察了不同原料比、引发剂剂量时所合成的产物对人造板游离甲醛捕获率的影响,然后根据单因素实验的结果设计正交试验以优化合成条件.结果表明:苯乙烯单体和丙烯酰胺单体的摩尔比为1:3,引发剂与单体摩尔比为9%,丙烯酰胺单体和NaClO的摩尔比为1:1.2时产品捕获率最好,可达60.40%.实验合成的两亲性共聚物在常温下不挥发,相对稳定而且捕获效果较好,是一种理想的新型甲醛捕获剂.     

两种缓释肥料在海水中的养分释放特性及强化石油烃生物降解

通过沙土柱实验考察了硫包衣尿素和甲醛尿素2种缓释肥料在不同pH值和盐度的海水介质中养分的释放特性,并利用摇瓶培养实验考察了这两种肥料对SZ36-1原油生物降解作用的影响.结果表明,在实验设置的pH(7.00-8.00)和盐度(24.00-32.00)范围内,pH值对硫包衣尿素和甲醛尿素肥料氮素释放性能有较大影响,其中,近中性的海水介质有利于硫包衣尿素中氮素的释放,弱碱性环境更有利于甲醛尿素的释放;而盐度对两种肥料的氮素释放均无明显影响.两种缓释肥料都能够持续释放氮素而维持石油烃降解菌QPH-2的生长,并促进原油中各组分包括烷烃和芳烃明显降解.其中,添加硫包衣尿素体系中各烷烃组分的降解率为13.94%-59.02%,芳烃类组分降解率为9.60%-32.33%;添加甲醛尿素体系中各烷烃组分的降解率为11.56%-49.65%,芳烃类组分降解率为13.49%-41.67%.     

土壤污染物的释放速率及阻隔措施的研究

本文测定了硝基苯,苯胺,萘和苯酚从土壤向大气释放的速度,这些污染物一开始都有较高的释放速率,几天后污染物的释放速率下降。清洁的粘土和水泥板覆盖在污染的土地上能有效地防止污染物向大气释放,可用于土壤的修复。     

中国5个城市儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛及总挥发性有机化合物浓度调查分析

为了解儿童住宅室内环境污染现状,于2013—2014年,分别在上海、北京、大连、长沙和武汉,对8—12岁儿童家庭室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和总挥发性有机化合物(TVOC)浓度进行检测.统计分析表明,不同城市住宅室内空气中甲醛、乙醛和TVOC浓度存在显著性差异性(P0.01),冬春季,大连和北京住宅室内空气中甲醛平均浓度高于上海、长沙和武汉.夏秋季住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中甲醛和乙醛浓度均高于冬春季(P0.01).在夏秋季,上海和大连儿童卧室内空气中甲醛浓度超标率分别为15.8%和20%,上海住宅客厅和儿童卧室内空气中乙醛浓度超标率分别为5.3%和10.5%.     

广州万顷沙大气中醛酮类化合物的污染特征与来源分析

对广州万顷沙大气中的醛酮类化合物进行了检测。实验方法是应用醛酮类化合物和2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）迅速反应生成衍生物,产物在高效液相色谱上检测。结果表明,大气中可以检出12种醛酮类化合物,其中丙酮质量浓度最高,其次是甲醛、乙醛和丙醛。这4种化合物平均质量浓度分别是22.07、9.99、7.80和1.20μg·m-3。白天醛酮类化合物的质量浓度比夜晚的高。ρ（甲醛）/ρ（乙醛）、ρ（乙醛）/ρ（丙醛）的数值显示大气中醛酮类污染主要和人为来源有关。甲醛、乙醛、丙醛和丁醛的质量浓度具有良好的相关性。广州城区的污染物随风迁移到万顷沙,使万顷沙也具有城市环境污染特征。     

两种常见植物净化室内空气的效果

为探讨家居植物对甲醛的吸收能力和对改善室内空气质量的效果,将库拉索芦荟（Aloevera）和虎尾兰（Sansevieria trifasciata）两种植物放置于相对封闭的环境中,进行16d的甲醛暴露实验。结果表明,虎尾兰的甲醛耐受性高于库拉索芦荟,在整个实验过程中都保持良好的生长状态,具有持续的甲醛去除能力（去除率达...     

Microbes to clean indoor pollutants

Formaldehyde is a dangerous indoor pollutant which is introduced in house by common objects such as furniture. Effective microorganisms have the very interesting ability to degrade some pollutants. Here, we tested the removal of formaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes using effective microorganisms including yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and photosynthetic bacteria. Formaldehyde was quantified by GC–MS of formaldehyde dinitrophenylhydrazone. Other aldehydes were analyzed by GC–MS. Results show that effective microorganisms remove 70–100 % of formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and 4-methylbenzaldehyde in about a week. Experiments on chipboard panels indicate the possibility to decrease the amount of formaldehyde emission by furniture. This is the first report on the removal of formaldehyde by effective microorganisms, to our best knowledge.     

Fenton degradation of dialkylphthalates: products and mechanism

Contamination of wastewater by organic pollutants is a major worldwide issue. For instance plastic additives such as phthalates are found in wastewater. Efficient techniques are thus needed to clean wastewaters. The Fenton reaction involving H₂O₂ and Fe(II) salts can be used to treat polluted water. During the Fenton reaction pollutants are decomposed directly by hydroxyl radicals. In some cases toxic by-products are produced. Here dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, and dipropyl phthalate by-products formed during the Fenton reaction were studied. Fenton degradation of selected phthalates yielded numerous transformation products such as hydroxylated phthalates. The hydroxylation reaction occurred at the aromatic ring of phthalates and yielded mono- and dihydroxylated phthalates. For monohydroxylated phthalate, 3-hydroxy- and 4-hydroxydialkylphthalates are the main transformation products. In addition to hydroxylated derivatives, aliphatic chain degraded mono- and dihydroxylated phthalates were also detected.     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2+、Fe2+并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明:当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

树脂D001负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属脱溴2,2＇,4,4＇-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）的研究

采用大孔树脂D001交换吸附Pd2＋、Fe2＋并在厌氧条件下以硼氢化钠溶液还原吸附的钯铁离子制备成负载纳米Pd/Fe双金属树脂。利用该树脂对2,2＇,4,4＇-四溴联苯醚（BDE-47）进行脱溴反应,探讨了该法的可行性和特性。结果表明：当大孔树脂D001、氯化钯、硫酸亚铁用量分别为0.75 g、2μg和0.2 g时所制备的双金属树脂脱溴水-乙醇溶液中的BDE-47效果最佳,反应遵循准一级动力学,速率常数k约为0.161 d-1,半减期为1.21 d。负载Pd/Fe的D001连续3次脱溴反应都有较好的效果,水-乙醇溶液中超过90%以上的BDE-47在反应6 d后被降解。负载Pd/Fe双金属的树脂可以重复活化再生,但再生2次后其脱溴效率变差,反应6 d只有47.3%的BDE-47被降解。用气相色谱-质谱联用仪和离子色谱仪跟踪Pd/Fe双金属树脂脱溴BDE-47反应,可知产物包括溴离子、三溴联苯醚、二溴联苯醚、一溴联苯醚和联苯醚。     

13C isotope evidence for photochemical production of atmospheric formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone pollutants in Guangzhou

Ambient formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone are harmful air pollutants with potential carcinogenic effects on human health. They are considered as important photochemical products from photo-oxidation of atmospheric hydrocarbons. However, little is known on the effet of photodegradation of air pollutants on δ¹³C values. Here, we report the first ¹³C isotope evidence for the photochemical production of ambient formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. Air samples were collected each day during early morning, noon, early afternoon, and late afternoon on 17–19 September 2008 in Guangzhou by drawing air through 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated cartridges. The samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography for concentration analysis and then using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for δ¹³C analysis. Our results show that ambient formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were enriched by 1–5 ‰ in ¹³C in the early afternoon relative to other sampling durations, and they also exhibited the highest concentrations in the early afternoon. Measured δ¹³C values of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were in the range from ?37.15 to ?29.01 ‰. The observed enrichment in ¹³C implied important photochemical production together with the highest concentrations in the early afternoon. Especially, measured δ¹³C range from ?37.15 to ?29.01 ‰ was in accordance with forecasted δ¹³C range from ?43 to ?28 ‰ based on the mass balance in ¹³C between the carbonyls and its major hydrocarbon precursors, providing important ¹³C isotope evidence for the photochemical production of ambient formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone.     

土壤污染物来源及前沿问题

人类活动对土壤系统的影响日趋严重。土壤污染物主要来自污染的大气沉降，废水和污水灌溉，工业废渣和城市垃圾，以及农药施用等。土壤污染对环境和人体健康造成极大的危害。文章通过计算得出了大气汞沉降和酸沉降在中国的累积沉降量，并通过调查分析中国各项污染物来源的最新资料，详细论述了各主要污染因素对土壤系统的影响。文章阐述了污染物在土壤系统中主要的物理化学行为，主要包括污染物在土壤生态系统中的吸附、迁移和扩散、酸沉降对土壤系统的影响等三个方面。最后回顾了该领域的研究现状和主要的前沿问题，并对进一步的深入研究提出了建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.