广西大明山自然保护区两栖动物资源调查报告

2000年9月11日至26日，在广西省大明山自然保护区共采集鉴定两栖类动物66只(种)，共计9种，隶属1目，4科．结合以往的调查资料，目前已知大明山自然保护区有两栖动物动物22种，隶属1目，5科，9属．保护区内的两栖类多样性系数(H′)为1．21028，均匀度指数(J)为0．58202．     

中小型土壤动物对川西高山草甸枯落物分解的季节响应

中小型土壤动物是土壤生态系统重要组成部分.为了了解川西高山草甸不同草本植物枯落物中土壤动物季节动态,利用凋落物网袋法,于雪被末期(5月初)和生长季末期(11月初)对6种草本植物残体中的中小型土壤动物群落进行了调查.结果显示,干漏斗(Tullgren)法共分离到中小型土壤动物871只,隶属1门4纲9目27类(科).雪被末期获得562只,隶属1门4纲7目14类群,其中以矮蒲螨科和美绥螨科为优势类群;生长季末期共获得309只,隶属1门4纲9目19类群,其中以丽甲螨科和舟蛾科为优势类群.川西高山草甸枯落物分解的中小型土壤动物群落结构具有显著的季节特征,多样性和类群数受季节变化的影响显著(P<0.05),且常见类群和稀有类群均发生明显变化.禾本类和阔叶杂草两类植物功能群的土壤动物群落多样性无显著差异(P>0.05).两个季节草本植物残体中土壤动物群落Sorensen相似性系数均低于0.5.草本各物种组成对土壤动物群落多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05).以上研究结果表明,川西高山草甸生态系统中,季节交替引起的环境因子变化,特别是日均温和枯落物含水量是影响中小型土壤动物群落结构的主要因素.     

重庆缙云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶种类调查和区系分析

蝴蝶是重要的生态和观赏昆虫,重庆市缙云山国家级自然保护区的蝴蝶种类鲜见系统调查和研究。基于2012—2019年的野外系统调查及重庆师范大学昆虫标本馆馆藏蝴蝶标本,研究共获得缙云山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶标本569只,通过形态学鉴定,它们隶属于5科79属128种,其中重庆市新记录属2属和新记录种8种,缙云山国家级自然保护区新记录属5属和新记录种32种。这5科中,蛱蝶科的物种多样性最高,达到31属49种245只,其余依次为灰蝶科(20属27种118只)、弄蝶科(17属26种44只)、凤蝶科(5属16种65只)和粉蝶科(6属10种97只)。物种丰富度指数分析显示,弄蝶科的物种丰富度指数最高,达3.920,其余依次为蛱蝶科(3.130)、灰蝶科(2.486)、凤蝶科(1.985)和粉蝶科(1.015)。世界动物地理区系分析表明,该保护区蝴蝶的区系成分以东洋区和古北区共有种为主(占63.98%),其次是东洋区种类(占34.12%),世界广布种最少(仅占1.90%)。中国动物地理区系分析表明,保护区以跨西南—华南—华中的三区型分布为主(占27.01%),其次是跨西南—华中—华南—华北的四区型(占14.7%)。     

贡嘎山鸟类的多样性、分布及区系

鸟类是环境质量的指示物种,开展鸟类多样性的研究有助于了解区域生物多样性的现状和格局,为生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学参考. 2011-2018年采用固定样线法并辅以红外相机拍摄法,对贡嘎山东坡和西坡的鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类259种,隶属14目52科.其中非雀形目13目15科63种,雀形目37科196种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类5种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类20种,中国特有鸟类15种.贡嘎山区域以留鸟为主,达179种(占69.1%),夏候鸟63种,冬候鸟9种,旅鸟8种;鸟类多样性整体上呈现中锋分布模式,即以中海拔带鸟类的多样性最为丰富.东西坡鸟类的多样性和区系差异较大,东坡鸟类多样性高于西坡,虽均以东洋界物种为主,但古北界鸟种在西坡所占的比例高于东坡.本研究为贡嘎山自然保护区增加鸟类新纪录11种.(图1表4参28)     

南岳自然保护区兽类资源考察报告

南岳自然保护区野生兽类动物资源丰富,共有33种,包括7目16科,属东洋界的25种,占75.8 %,属古北界的7种,占24.2 %.区内珍稀动物种类多,有大灵猫、小灵猫、野猪、穿山甲、林麝、獐等6种国家二级保护动物,12种湖南省重点保护动物.区内兽类动物由于偷猎乱捕,有些种类如华南虎、云豹已灭绝,有些动物种类已濒临灭绝,采取措施保护已刻不容缓.     

内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区繁殖期鸟类种群动态

于2015—2019年5月和6月采用样线法结合样点法对内蒙古图牧吉国家级自然保护区繁殖期鸟类进行实地调查观测,并分析鸟类群落多样性和均匀性年际和月份变化,以确定鸟类种群动态变化规律。结果表明,保护区繁殖期鸟类共观测到99种,隶属15目33科,以雁形目(Anseriformes)和鸻形目(Charadriiformes)鸟类为数量优势种,大鸨种群动态呈显著时空变化。保护区鸟类物种种数和种群数量呈显著空间差异,鸟类群落多样性呈显著年际差异和空间差异,湿地鸟类多样性高于草地,以农田为主的栖息地最低;保护区鸟类群落多样性平均值为2.39±0.39。鸟类均匀度指数平均值为0.33±0.05,且存在显著空间差异。关注繁殖期鸟类可确定重点保护时段和保护区域,提高自然保护区保护力度,确保繁殖期鸟类免受人为干扰。同时,应加强保护区生物多样性保护与监测,为自然保护区管理成效评估和保护政策优化提供科学支撑。     

中国东南部丹霞地貌区珍稀濒危保护物种的初步分析

根据野外调查和丹霞地貌申遗委员会提供的各丹霞地貌区的资料,中国东南部丹霞地貌区共有各类珍稀濒危保护植物178种,隶属于39科93属;其中国家重点保护植物27科,34属,41种,Ⅰ级5种,Ⅱ级36种;被中国植物红皮书<中国物种红色名录>(2004)收录128种,隶属33科、77属,极危2种,濒危7种,易危65种;被(2006)收录的植物共14科15属17种,濒危种(EN)3种、易危种(VU)6种,极危种(CR)1种;CITES(野生动植物保护国际贸易公约)收录的有5科,46属,107种.根据国家重点保护野生动物名录(1999),国家重点保护动物71种,其中Ⅰ级重点保护10种,Ⅱ级重点保护61种;被IUCN收录85种,其中,濒危种8种,易危种20种,极危种2种,其他为低危种;CITES收录100种,隶属于14目29科,其中单目单科单种的有5种;中国动物红皮书的动物有72种,其中,濒危种(EN)7种、易危种(VU)26种,极危种(CR)1种,其他为低危种.珍稀濒危动植物资源极其丰富.通过比较可以看出,丹霞地貌区的野生重点保护植物数目高于黄山、神农架、武夷山,与三清山的相近.但从被子植物的野生重点保护植物来看,要比黄山、武夷山丰富,说明了丹霞地貌植物区系的丰富性和独特性,丹霞山可能是历史变迁过程中一个重要的避难所.     

川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性动态

为进一步了解土壤动物对高寒森林凋落物分解的影响,于2011年11月至2012年10月在凋落物分解的不同时期即冻结前期、冻结期、融化期、生长季节初期、生长季节中期以及生长季节末期,采用凋落物分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山/高山森林代表性物种康定柳(Salix paraplesia)、方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria)、红桦(Betula albosinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落物中土壤动物的群落结构及其多样性动态.结果显示:(1)共捕获土壤动物7 082只,隶属2门9纲15目57科(类),不同物种凋落物中土壤动物捕获量差异显著,依次为岷江冷杉(36.01%)红桦(29.19%)康定柳(19.59%)方枝柏(15.21%).(2)冻融季节土壤动物捕获量显著小于生长季节,但仍占到总捕获量的17.69%.(3)凋落物分解的不同时期,土壤动物优势类群差异显著,但主要以弹尾目和甲螨亚目为主.(4)土壤动物功能类群以菌食性(64.17%)最多,其次是捕食性(23.89%),植食性(8.94%)次之,腐食性(3.00%)最少.(5)土壤动物多样性受温、湿度影响显著,其Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与水热条件变化趋于一致.这些结果表明凋落物质量及水热条件综合作用于川西亚高山/高山森林凋落物分解过程中土壤动物群落结构及其多样性.     

鄱阳湖康山和都昌水鸟多样性动态研究

2017—2019年,采用样区直数法对鄱阳湖区康山湖区候鸟自然保护区(简称康山)和都昌候鸟自然保护区(简称都昌)水鸟多样性进行调查,共记录水鸟9目12科48种159 701只,其中康山38种38 074只,都昌42种121 627只。记录到国家I级重点保护鸟类5种,分别为中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)、白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)、白头鹤(Grus monacha)、东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和黑鹳(Ciconia nigra);国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类5种。国家保护动物种类和主要类群在康山和都昌分布差异较大,2个保护区在水鸟保护上各有优势。2个保护区水鸟优势种共计10种,其中,康山水鸟优势种有8种,包括雁鸭类和鹬类等,都昌仅记录3种水鸟优势种,均为雁鸭类。调查期内,每年康山水鸟物种数、个体数和群落优势度指数均低于都昌,水鸟多样性指数和均匀度指数则高于都昌。推测这种差异与2个保护区的微生境有关。康山和都昌水鸟物种的差异,体现2个保护区在国家重点保护鸟类和优势水鸟的保护上起到了生态功能互补作用,应继续加强对2个保护区的保护。     

昌吉市不同景观土壤动物群落结构

为了解不同利用方式土地的春季土壤动物群落结构,于2007年3月至6月对昌吉市周围的5种土地,即天然林、人工林、草地、农田、废弃地进行取样调查,共捕获土壤动物2 046只,隶属3门10纲24目.分析表明:土壤动物优势类群为昆虫纲(Insecta)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)、弹尾纲(Collembola),常见类群为腹足纲(Gastropoda)、寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)、软甲纲(Malacostraca)和双尾纲(Diplura)等,其他均为稀有类群.5种不同利用方式土地土壤动物群落物种多样性和均匀度指数有一定的差异,草地的物种多样性最大,废弃地的多样性最小,体现了群落的复杂性与多样性.垂直分布显示土壤动物具有明显的表聚现象.根据土壤动物群落聚类的结果,可将5中土地分为2组,即草本植物种植型、林地型.显示了土壤动物群落对土壤利用方式的响应情况.     

广西大明山自然保护区鱼类资源调查研究

~~广西大明山自然保护区鱼类资源调查研究@黄文$湖南省第一师范学校!湖南长沙410002 @邓学建$湖南师范大学生命科学学院动物系!湖南长沙410081~~~~~~     

The value, limitations, and challenges of employing local experts in conservation research

Abstract: Evidence suggests that the involvement of local people in conservation work increases a project's chances of success. Involving citizen scientists in research, however, raises questions about data quality. As a tool to better assess potential participants for conservation projects, we developed a knowledge gradient, K, along which community members occupy different positions on the basis of their experience with and knowledge of a research subject. This gradient can be used to refine the citizen–science concept and allow researchers to differentiate between community members with expert knowledge and those with little knowledge. We propose that work would benefit from the inclusion of select local experts because it would allow researchers to harness the benefits of local involvement while maintaining or improving data quality. We used a case study from the DeHoop Nature Preserve, South Africa, in which we conducted multiple interviews, identified and employed a local expert animal tracker, evaluated the expert's knowledge, and analyzed the data collected by the expert. The expert animal tracker J.J. created his own sampling design and gathered data on mammals. He patrolled 4653 km in 214 days and recorded 4684 mammals. He worked from a central location, and his patrols formed overlapping loops; however, his data proved neither spatially nor temporally autocorrelated. The distinctive data collected by J.J. are consistent with the notion that involving local experts can produce reliable data. We developed a conceptual model to help identify the appropriate participants for a given project on the basis of research budget, knowledge or skills needed, technical literacy requirements, and scope of the project.     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Managing Protected Areas in the Tropics. MacKinnon, John; MacKinnon, Kathy; Child, Graham; and Thorsell, Jim
Jaguar: One Man's Struggle To Establish the Worlds First Jaguar Preserve. Rabinowitz, A.
Bird Conservation     

Meeressäuger als Bioindikatoren

Marine mammals are at the top of the marine food chain and, the-refore, show high concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds in their fatty tissue (blubber) By choosing the proper species it is possible to use marine mammals as bioindicators for chlorinated hydrocarbons in different marine environments. It is essential to choose a species whose habitat is confined to a restricted range. In addition to recording the age, sex, and, condition index of the bioindicator, information about its diet and metabolism should also be analyzed.     

The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.     

Effects of different management strategies on long-term trends of Australian threatened and near-threatened mammals

Monitoring is critical to assess management effectiveness, but broadscale systematic assessments of monitoring to evaluate and improve recovery efforts are lacking. We compiled 1808 time series from 71 threatened and near-threatened terrestrial and volant mammal species and subspecies in Australia (48% of all threatened mammal taxa) to compare relative trends of populations subject to different management strategies. We adapted the Living Planet Index to develop the Threatened Species Index for Australian Mammals and track aggregate trends for all sampled threatened mammal populations and for small (<35 g), medium (35–5500 g), and large mammals (>5500 g) from 2000 to 2017. Unmanaged populations (42 taxa) declined by 63% on average; unmanaged small mammals exhibited the greatest declines (96%). Populations of 17 taxa in havens (islands and fenced areas that excluded or eliminated introduced red foxes [Vulpes vulpes] and domestic cats [Felis catus]) increased by 680%. Outside havens, populations undergoing sustained predator baiting initially declined by 75% but subsequently increased to 47% of their abundance in 2000. At sites where predators were not excluded or baited but other actions (e.g., fire management, introduced herbivore control) occurred, populations of small and medium mammals declined faster, but large mammals declined more slowly, than unmanaged populations. Only 13% of taxa had data for both unmanaged and managed populations; index comparisons for this subset showed that taxa with populations increasing inside havens declined outside havens but taxa with populations subject to predator baiting outside havens declined more slowly than populations with no management and then increased, whereas unmanaged populations continued to decline. More comprehensive and improved monitoring (particularly encompassing poorly represented management actions and taxonomic groups like bats and small mammals) is required to understand whether and where management has worked. Improved implementation of management for threats other than predation is critical to recover Australia's threatened mammals.     

The ghosts of predators past: population cycles and the role of maternal programming under fluctuating predation risk

Maternal effects may be a major factor influencing the demography of populations. In mammals, the transmission of stress hormones between mother and offspring may play an important role in these effects. Laboratory studies have shown that stressors during pregnancy and lactation result in lifelong programming of the offspring phenotype. However, the relevance of these studies to free-living mammals is unclear. The 10-year snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) cycle is intimately linked to fluctuating predation pressure and predation risk. The enigma of these cycles is the lack of population growth following the decline phase, when the predators have virtually all disappeared and the food supply is ample. We have shown that a predator-induced increase in maternal stress hormone levels resulted in a decline in reproduction. Here we examine population and hormone changes over a four-year period from the increase (2005) to the decline (2008). We report (1) that an index of maternal stress (fecal corticosteroid metabolite [FCM] concentrations) fluctuates in synchrony with predator density during the breeding season; (2) that maternal FCM levels are echoed in their offspring, and this occurs at a population-wide level; and (3) that higher maternal FCM levels at birth are correlated with an increased responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in their progeny. Our results show an intergenerational inheritance of stress hormones in a free-ranging population of mammals. We propose that the lack of recovery of reproductive rates during the early low phase of the hare cycle may be the result of the impacts of intergenerational, maternally inherited stress hormones caused by high predation risk during the decline phase.     

Geographical Range Size and the Conservation of Mexican Mammals

Range was estimated for the 423 noninsular mammals of Mexico to identify those species with more restricted distributions and to detect priority areas for conservation based on the presence of such species. Thirty-eight percent of nonvolant mammals and 15.4% of bats are restricted in Mexico to areas of less than 114,000 km². Restricted species were defined as those occurring in ranges smaller than the median for bats and for nonvolant species. Following this criterion, most nonvolant species with restricted distribution in Mexico are either endemic to the country or are shared with the United States, whereas endemic chiropteran species are few, and most Mexican bats with restricted distribution also occur in South America. Nonvolant mammals with restricted distribution in Mexico tend to be of small body size, herbivore or granivore, and fossorial or semifossorial. Among bats, gleaners are significantly more restricted than aerial insectivores. Species with restricted distribution are inadequately represented in the current official list of endangered species, particularly in the case of nonvolant mammals. Similarly, some areas of Mexico that harbor several species with restricted distribution are not represented in the Mexican system of protected areas. Therefore, rarity, in this case measured by the area of distribution, should be included as an additional criterion for conservation of the Mexican mammal fauna.