苏北沿海防护林区域温度效应的研究

应用多元回归分析方法，研究了苏北沿海防护林的区域温度效应，初步结论是，防护林网冬季上午有增温效应，下午有降温作用，但不明显，夏季效就与冬季相反，且较强。效应强度与成熟林覆盖率及主导风向有关。     

海岸景观防护林群落对堤岸土壤化学的生态效应

采用定位对比试验方法,连续2年按季节对比监测广州市南沙区沿海防护林（海岸防护林、河涌水网防护林、路网防护林）土壤与岸堤撂荒地土壤、土壤水分与林缘江水中K＋、Na＋、Mg、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-、Pb、Cd的含量,研究海岸景观防护林群落对岸堤土壤盐分、重金属元素的生态修复作用。结果表明：①与林缘江水相比,防护林土壤水分中K＋、Na＋、Cl-、SO42-平均含量分别减小约66.2%、28.8%、34.9%、17.5%,有效地改善了土壤水体钠盐、钾盐的含量。②防护林群落土壤水、林缘江水中Pb与Cd的年均含量依次为：江水〉海岸防护林〉河涌水网防护林〉路网防护林;相对于林缘江水,防护林土壤水分中Pb、Cd平均含量分别减小约38.0%、68.2%。③相对于堤岸撂荒地土壤,防护林群落土壤中K＋、Na＋、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-平均含量分别减小约66.5%、63.8%、63.9%、76.8%和11.2%;3种防护林群落间K＋、Na＋、Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-的含量差异显著,即路网防护林〉河涌水网防护林〉海岸防护林,且相对撂荒地土壤Cd的平均含量减小率分别达到72.8%、57.6%、77.5%,表现出显著的土壤化学生态修复效应。④3种防护林土壤的盐分离子含量在季节上、土壤层上未表现出显著差异;土壤Pb、Cd含量在土层间的差异也不显著,、但在年内季节上的差异极显著。总体来看,海岸景观防护林能够有效缓解珠江口土壤盐分和重金属的侵蚀,在沿海地区发挥着重要的生态修复作用。     

京杭运河淮安段水利防护林群落护堤防蚀效应

对京杭运河淮安段水利防护林群落的护堤防蚀效应进行了研究.结果表明,防护林植被可以明显改善地表土壤物理性能,明显增加土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,降低土壤容重.不同植物群落对地表土壤的护堤防蚀效应明显不同.早熟禾群落和女贞群落可以有效提高土壤有机质含量和土壤通气蓄水效应.有植被分布的地表土壤抗蚀性比裸地显著增强（P＜0.05）.相对而言,早熟禾群落土壤水稳性指数最大（0.892）,其余依次为女贞群落（0.835）、梨树群落（0.791）、桃树群落（0.530）、水杉群落（0.397）和裸地（0.341）.植物群落土壤的抗蚀性与植物根系生物量、根数和土壤有机质含量分别呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）.     

川中丘陵区边坡防护林对农田土壤有机碳的影响——以盐亭县为例

通过边坡防护林和轮作措施的区组对比分析,研究川中丘陵区典型的边坡防护林——柏木林对农田土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量分布的影响。结果表明,有边坡防护林的2种农田(油菜-玉米轮作和玉米单作)土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量明显高于无防护林同类农田。有防护林的农田土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量呈与防护林距离减小而下降的变化趋势;而无防护林农田内,不同距离土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量无显著差异。多因素方差分析表明,防护林对土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量的影响均达显著水平,轮作措施仅对浅层土壤微生物量碳含量的影响达显著水平。总体上看,柏木防护林能增加农田土壤有机碳含量,但同时对近距离农作物存在一定的胁迫作用,应该对纯柏木防护林的结构和组成进行改造。     

流动沙漠腹地灌木根际土壤微生物比较分析

分层采集塔里木沙漠公路3种防护林灌木梭梭、沙拐枣、红柳的根际土和非根际土,分析土壤微生物的根际效应及其与土壤环境因子间的关系.结果表明,3种防护林树种的根际土壤微生物均有比较明显的正效应,R/S值大小为梭梭沙拐枣柽柳;土壤微生物区系组成在不同树种根际土之间变化不大,其中细菌介于78.10%～93.18%,为优势类群,放线菌次之,真菌仅为0.03%～0.12%;与非根际土相比,根际土壤养分含量较高,盐分含量较低,为微生物营造了较好的土体条件.可见,沙漠腹地定植灌木对风沙土发育有较明显的促进作用,尤其是梭梭,建议实际林分配置中可适当提高梭梭的比例.     

上海沿海防护林空气负离子水平测定

空气负离子被誉为“空气维生素”,是衡量空气质量的重要指标。为了探讨城市防护林改善人居环境的效应,选择上海南汇地区的沿海防护林作为研究对象,对空气负离子水平进行了分析测定。结果表明,不同土地利用方式、林分内不同空间空气负离子分布呈现显著差异;负离子水平随林分树种不同而变化。不同土地利用方式下负离子浓度表现为：林地〉小区〉...     

辽北四位一体庭院生态系统冬季增温保温效应研究

观测表明，辽北庭院生态系统中日光温室、养猪暖舍、厕所、沼气池四位一体模式具有较好的增温保温效应，效果明显优于单一日光温室，可创造良好的养殖业环境，保证模式中沼气池在冬季良好运行。     

全球升温下中国温度区域变化的稳定性

利用中国气象中心160站点的气温观测资料,对中国20世纪后半期的气温变化进行方差分析,结果发现气温变化幅度有显著的纬度效应:纬度越高,方差值越大,说明气温变化的幅度也越大。在季节上,气温变化幅度差异显著,普遍是冬季大,夏季小。气温变化幅度的纬度效应在区域分布上,冬季的纬度效应出现在35°N以北,35°N以南不存在纬度效应;夏季的纬度效应表现在34°N以南,34°N以北没有明显的纬度效应。30°N～35°N之间的地带是冬夏季节差异最小的地带,从这一地带开始,不管往南还是往北,气温变化的季节差异都趋于增大。这种格局与我国升温的区域分布是一致的,说明我国最近半个世纪以来的气温变化是持续升高的。最后对气温变化的区域差别进行了机制上的探讨。     

川中半自然型防护林演替过程中的物种多样性

四川中部绵阳官司河流域的半自然型林是长江中上游地区防护林的一个较典型类型。本文以它为研究对象，对群落的物种多样性及其在次生演替过程中的动态变化趋势进行了初步研究，并结合影响多样性的几个主要环境因子进行了相关性分析。结果表明：（1）现阶段该防护林的植物种类组成和群落结构均较简单，松、柏、栎混交的针阔叶林占绝对优势，其物种多样性较小，但随着群落次生演替的进展，各层次的多样性趋于增加；（2）用灰色系统理论的关联度分析方法研究群落的物种多样性与主要环境因子的相关性是可行的。经测定，研究区的土壤pH值，外界干扰度和土壤含水量等指标对防护林的物种多样性有显著的影响。图2表3参16     

伊乐藻在冬季低温条件下对污染水体的净化效果

研究了耐寒沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)在冬季低温条件下的生长状况，以及不同生物量的伊乐藻对污染水体的净化效果。在冬季水温3—7℃的低温条件下，大多数水生植物处于生长停滞期，然而实验结果表明，伊乐藻在此条件下却具有明显的生长能力，并且单位生物量的增长量最大可达0．34g；实验结果同样显示了伊乐藻在低温条件下对TN、TP和CODCr具有一定的净化效果，对TP的去除效果要比对TN和CODCr的去除效果好；从实验结果还可看出，伊乐藻在水温高于4℃时对藻类具有抑制作用，从这一点就可说明伊乐藻具有一定的克藻效应，且其抑制能力与水温有很大的关系。     

西北地区昼夜增温的不对称性对植被动态的影响

全球变暖有很大的差异性,表现在昼夜增温速度和各个季节的温度增加的速率具有不一致性,夜间增温的速度要快于白天增温的速度,夜间气温的增温对植被变化的影响更为明显。文章利用34年逐月最高温、最低温以及降水量数据,用一元线性回归分析法、反距离权重插值以及二阶偏相关分析法,分析了西北地区白天和夜间气温的非对称时空变化和非对称增温趋势对植被动态的影响,结果表明:西北地区昼夜温度都呈现出上升的趋势,且上升趋势比较明显,白天增温的速度和夜间增温的速度呈现出不对称性,夜间温度升高的速率是白天温度升高速率的1.2倍,昼夜的温差呈现出减小的趋势;西北地区昼夜增温趋势存在不一致性,白天气温的增温速率在-0.02-0.11℃?a-1,夜间气温的增温速率在-0.06-0.2℃?a-1。tmax和tmin在绝大部分地区都呈现上升趋势,但在空间变化的区域上具有不对称性;西北地区植被生长对昼夜增温的响应具有明显的空间差异性,大部分地区的植被对昼夜增温表现为积极的响应,夜间增温对植被的影响要比白天增温对植被的影响是比较明显的;白天和夜间增温的不对称性影响着不同类型的植被,白天气温的升高有利于针叶林植被、草地和阔叶林植被的生长,而夜间气温的升高对灌丛和荒漠植被的生长有积极的影响。     

Effect of water temperature on the courtship behavior of the Alpine newt Triturus alpestris

Temperature is expected to have an effect on the behavioral patterns of all organisms, especially ectotherms. However, although several studies focused on the effect of temperature on acoustic displays in both insects and anurans, almost nothing is known about how environmental temperature may affect ectotherm visual courtship displays and sexual performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of environmental temperature on the sexual behavior of Alpine newts (Triturus alpestris). We subjected T. alpestris to two different temperatures in controlled laboratory conditions. Temperature had a major effect on both male and female behaviors: at low temperature, the frequencies of several displays, including tail-raising during sperm deposition, are lowered. This variation is caused indirectly by temperature because it is due to female responsiveness, which is temperature-dependent. However, the fanning movement of the males tail during its main courtship display is independent of female behavior: at lower temperatures, the tail beats at a lower rate, but for a longer time. The similar reproductive success (i.e. sperm transfer) at the two temperature ranges indicates that breeding in cold water is not costly but instead allows males and females to mate early in the season. This is particularly adaptive because, in many habitats, the reproductive period is shortened by drying or freezing conditions, which may impair survival of branchiate offspring. This study also demonstrates the necessity of considering environmental parameters when modeling optimality and characteristics of ectotherm behaviors.Communicated by W. Cooper     

Effects of temperature on yolk utilization,initial growth,and behaviour of unfed marine fish-larvae

The effect of temperature on yolk utilization, initial growth and behaviour of larvae of four species of marine fishes, i.e.,Acanthopagrus schlegeli, Engraulis japonica, Pagrus major andParalichthys olivaceus, was investigated under laboratory conditions at Hiroshima in 1989. The yolk sac was absorbed earlier with increasing temperature for all species. Morphological characters such as pectoral fin appearance, mouth opening and eye pigmentation differed from species to species over the range of experimental temperatures, and the sequence of development of these characters varied with temperature even within the same species. Temperature did not have a large influence on the maximum growth of unfed larvae, but had a clear effect on the time to starvation, occurring earlier at higher temperatures. Larval behaviour as indicated by time spent moving was also influenced by temperature; behavioural activity was greater at higher temperatures for all species examined. The effect of temperature on the early stage of larval life is discussed in terms of behavioural and morphological developments, as well as on yolk utilization, and its influence on larval survival in nature and under rearing conditions is evaluated.     

Thermal tolerance of Mytilus edulis of Eastern Australia

The tolerance and resistance parameters of Mytilus edulis were investigated using probit analysis based on the dosage-mortality response curve. The effect of thermal acclimation on incipient lethal temperatures for a range of 5° to 25°C are described. The ultimate upper incipient lethal temperature is 28. 2°C. Changes in the thermal resistance parameters with size, photoperiod and salinity are shown to be statistically significant. The temperature of incapacitation of the mussel is defined in relation to the critical thermal maxima. A correlation was found between latitude and both temperature of incapacitation and temperature of spawning in the laboratory.     

干旱区哈密瓜生长和产量与气候要素的关系

农业是气候变化最敏感的领域之一,气候变化将对农作物产量产生巨大影响。探讨气候变化对干旱区哈密瓜(Cucumis meloL.)生长和产量的影响,明确关键影响气象因子,可为合理有效利用气候资源和防灾减灾提供科学依据。选取1981—2019年哈密瓜生长年气候因子、生长季内气象要素和1999—2019年发育期及产量资料,分析了哈密瓜生长气候变化特征、哈密瓜发育期和产量的年际变化趋势,并探讨影响其差异变化的主要气候要素。结果表明,近40年来平均气温、平均地温、日照时数年尺度和生长季内月尺度变化均呈显著上升趋势。气温、地温、≥20℃积温是影响干旱区哈密瓜发育期变化的关键因子,气候变化促使哈密瓜从播种期到座果期显著提前,成熟期推迟,全生育期不显著延长。6月和7月的热量条件对干旱区哈密瓜气候产量的影响比较显著,平均气温、日照时数的增加有利于哈密瓜气候产量的形成,但需谨防平均最高气温的上升对产量造成的不利影响。     

天津植被指数对气候因子响应的敏感性分析

探索植被覆盖与气候变化相互关系是全球环境变化研究领域的重要内容之一,研究特定区域植被对气候变化响应特征对植被重建和生态恢复具有重要意义。然而,目前植被对气候因子响应的敏感性研究还十分缺乏。利用1982—2003年8km×8km的NASA/GIMMS半月合成的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和同期气候数据,研究了天津地区NDVI对气候因子响应特征及其敏感性。结果表明：植被NDVI与气温及降水均有显著非线性正相关关系（P〈0.0001）;在半月平均气温低于0℃时,植被NDVI与气温没有显著性相关,而从气温高于0℃,一直到高于22℃,NDVI与气温的关系均达到显著性水平（P〈0.05）,但相关性是逐渐降低的;当半月平均气温高于23℃及以上时,NDVI与气温没有显著的相关关系（P〉0.05）;当半月降水量〉0mm时,NDVI与降水存在极显著正相关关系（P〈0.0001）,随着降水量的增加,相关关系减弱,在降水量大于50mm时,NDVI与降水没有显著相关关系（P〉0.05）;研究结果证实,天津地区植被指数对气候的响应存有明显的非线性特征,在低温和低降水量条件下植被的响应更为敏感,23℃和50mm分别是该地区影响植被生长的气温和降水阈值。结合1982—2003年逐半月气候条件分析发现,气温的影响主要是春、秋两季,而降水的影响主要表现在春、秋及夏初。     

Metabolic rates of epipelagic marine zooplankton as a function of body mass and temperature

The metabolic rates (oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, phosphate excretion) of epipelagic marine zooplankton have been expressed as a function of body mass (dry, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus weights) and habitat temperature, using the multiple-regression method. Zooplankton data used for this analysis are from phylogenetically mixed groups (56 to 143 species, representing 7 to 8 phyla, body mass range: 6 orders of magnitude) from various latitudes (habitat temperature range:-1.4° to 30°C). The results revealed that 84 to 96% of variation in metabolic rates is due to body mass and habitat temperature. Among the various body-mass units, the best correlation was provided by carbon and nitrogen units for all three metabolic rates. Oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion and phosphate excretion are all similar in terms of body-mass effect, but differ in terms of temperature effect. With carbon or nitrogen body-mass units, calculated Q₁₀ values are 1.82 to 1.89 for oxygen uptake, 1.91 to 1.93 for ammonia excretion and 1.55 for phosphate excretion. The effects of body mass and habitat temperature on the metabolic quotients (O:N, N:P, O:P) are insignificant. The present results for oxygen-uptake rate vs body mass do not differ significantly from those reported for general poikilotherms by Hemmingsen and for crustaceans by Ivleva at a comparable temperature (20°C). The importance of a body-mass measure for meaningful comparison is suggested by the evaluation of the habitat-temperature effect between mixed taxonomic groups and selected ones. Considering the dominant effects of body mass and temperature on zooplankton metabolic rates, the latitudinal gradient of community metabolic rate for net zooplankton in the ocean is estimated, emphasizing the non-parallelism between community metabolic rates and the standing stock of net zooplankton.     

城市绿地对小气候影响的研究进展

城市绿地对小气候的生态作用是研究城市绿地的重要问题.综述了国内外有关城市绿地对温度、湿度作用的研究报导,总结了城市绿地对温度、湿度影响的时空变化规律.目前城市绿地与温、湿度的关系多为定性研究,定量研究的技术与手段的局限使得定量研究还存在一定困难;城市绿地在美学、休憩等方面的潜在作用还无法定量研究;关于城市绿地群落结构与特性对小气候影响机制的研究还很少,这些都将是今后研究的重要方向.     

Effect of temperature and temperature adaptation on calcification rate in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis

Using ⁴⁵Ca incorporation into the coral skeleton as a measure of calcification rate, the effect of temperature on clacification rate was studied in the hermatypic coral Pocillopora damicornis. Both immediate and long-term (adaptation) effects were investigated. Temperature has a marked effect on rate — an effect that varies depending on the temperature history of the coral (i.e., temperature adaptation occurs). P. damicornis showed both 27° and 31°C temperature optima, one or the other being dominant depending on the natural water temperature to which the coral was adapted. The two optimum temperatures may indicate two isoenzymes or two alternate metabolic pathways involved in the calcification process.     

模拟增温效应对西藏苔草繁殖生态的影响

通过采用国际冻原计划模拟增温对植物影响的方法,从繁殖生态学角度研究了西藏苔草（Carex thibetica Franch）种群的物候期、分蘖数、生物量和种群繁殖对增温的响应。结果表明：暖棚内气温、土壤表层温度分别了1.17℃和1.50℃;物候期提前或延迟,生长期延长;增温可以提高西藏苔草的生殖产量,但不提高其种子发芽率;增温可提高西藏苔草分蘖数和生物量;西藏苔草繁殖对策趋于营养繁殖。