人工湿地生态系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展

介绍了人工湿地及其去除污水中氮磷的机理，并从湿地植物、基质和微生物三个方面系统地阐述了目前人工湿地系统提高氮磷去除率的研究进展情况；提出了可以通过改良湿地系统设计提高氮磷净化效果、利用培养优化菌种与调节环境条件促进湿地系统氮磷的转化及通过在基质中添加合适的附料、提高人工湿地系统植物多样性从而增加氮磷的吸附吸收的建议，为人工湿地污水净化技术的应用研究提供了有益的参考。     

污水湿地处理工艺优化组合设计

污水湿地处理系统是利用土壤、作物、微生物自然净化功能的生态工程技术。主要有水面湿地和渗滤湿地两种类型，在天津城市污水土地处理与利用系统研究的基础上，将两种工艺的优点进行优化组合，并应用于大港油田等污水湿地处理工程，运行结果表明：将水面湿地和渗滤湿地工艺优化组合设计的示范工程，具有提高水力负荷、减少运行费用、节省工程投资、处理效果稳定等特点，有利于处理工程的长期稳定运行。     

湿地生态系统甲烷排放研究进展

湿地是大气CH4的主要自然来源。天然湿地每年向大气中排放的CH4占全球CH4排放总量的15％～30％。在厌氧环境条件下，CH4通过甲烷产生菌的作用而产生；在氧化条件下，CH4通过土壤中微生物的作用而被氧化和迁移。CH4从土壤中的排放和吸收经过几个生物和物理过程。湿地中CH4通量在时空两个方面都有较大变化，这种在空间上的变化与CH4产生、氧化和迁移过程有关，同时受不同地域的特殊因素如水文状况、植物群落、土壤温度等的影响。湿地水文条件是决定CH4排放的关键控制因子，表层土壤温度与CH4排放通量成正相关关系，土壤中氮含量也对CH4排放通量起作用。环境因子与CH4排放间的交互作用是非常复杂的，与CO2相比，CH4的产生在时空两方面更易于变化。目前关于湿地CH4排放的模型多为一维模型，主要模拟CH4在土壤中的产生过程，以及从上覆土壤、植被和水体进入大气的迁移过程；模型一般涉及不同深度的土壤温度、水位和净初级生产力。     

湿地土壤动物及其与湿地恢复的关系

土壤动物是湿地生态系统物质循环和能量流动的关键环节,也是湿地生态系统演化的重要驱动因子,湿地土壤动物的动态变化可以作为湿地退化和恢复响应的重要生态指标。近年来基于湿地土壤动物群落生态学的单一研究颇多,对湿地土壤动物及其与环境因子关系的研究亦取得了长足进展,但关于湿地土壤动物和湿地退化与恢复的研究鲜有报道。本文论述了湿地土壤动物在湿地恢复过程的机制和优势,阐述了湿地土壤动物研究现状与进展,表明湿地土壤动物是湿地生态系统和湿地生物多样性的重要组成部分,已成为湿地恢复的重要指标。通过分析湿地土壤动物及其与湿地恢复的关系,认为湿地土壤动物的动态变化可以较好地反映退化和恢复过程中生态功能的变化,建议深入探索土壤动物对湿地退化和恢复的响应机制。关于土壤动物对湿地生态指示功能的研究,是恢复生态学和湿地重建领域未来需要研究解决的一个重要问题,是研究人为干扰过程以及湿地恢复过程中土壤动物变化规律的关键。今后要进一步融合土壤动物和整个湿地生态系统的研究为一体,把不同强度干扰下湿地土壤动物生态学及其与不同土地利用方式下土壤质量及湿地植被结合起来,从土壤动物群落特征变化角度阐明湿地生态系统对不同强度干扰的响应机制,为深入探索不同强度干扰下湿地生态系统的退化过程和机制,从而为退化湿地恢复与部分重建的生物学与生态学基础提供科学依据。     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地温的测定表明，湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的3种湿地植被中，漂筏苔草积水最深，冷湿效应最大，其次为毛果苔草，小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同，随距离增加，温度增大，湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地4℃之多，高出漂筏苔草湿地近5℃，表明湿地的制冷作用很明显。     

江汉平原湿地功能下降与洪涝灾害关系分析

建国以来，江汉平原湿地面积及其生态功能发生了很大的变化，根据史志记载和气候资料，对江汉平原洪涝灾害的发生规律和变化趋势进行了分析，总结出江汉平原洪涝灾害频率趋高、江河湖高水位频率明显增加、外洪内涝日益严重的变化特点。据此，从时间上探讨了湿地变化与洪涝灾害之间的联系，发现历史和近代洪涝灾害的频发期与相应时期的围垦和江堤修筑有较好的对应。结合国土资源部土地变更调查数据分析了近10年来江汉平原湖泊湿地的主要转移途径，从空间上探讨了湿地动态变化与江汉平原洪涝灾害发生之间的内在联系，研究结果表明江汉平原洪涝灾害的发生和湿地面积的减少及其功能的退化之间存在着很好的相关性，从而进一步证实了湿地的围垦和退化是导致其调蓄能力降低，引发洪涝灾害加剧等负页环境效应的一个重要原因。     

苏北里下河地区湿地资源可持续利用的思考

以里下河地区湿地资源利用为例，剖析湿地资源开发过程中带来的相关环境问题，包括：湿地面积缩小，自然灾害濒发；区内环境状况日趋恶化，生产与生活性污染严重；湿地功能日益衰退；湿地农业生产效益下降，农民的生产投入明显不足。此外，还探讨湿地生态系统可持续利用对策，具体有：建立湿地可持续利用新的评价指标与标准，建立预警分析系统，以现代湿地生态工程技术为指导，全面提高湿地利用的社会、经济、环境综合效益。     

盐城自然保护区人工湿地对水鸟分布的影响

通过定位观察，进行了人工湿地内鸟类的种类鉴别和数量统计。结果表明，２２０ｈｍ＾２人工湿地先后招引了包括丹顶鹤在内的５５种水鸟前来栖息。并通过与人工湿地建立以前调查结果的分析比较，阐述了建立人工湿地对整个保护区生态系统功能的调节和补充作用。     

基质对于人工湿地净化磷素潜能的探讨

综述了不同基质对于人工湿地净化磷素的潜能的研究结果。总结了不同基质对磷素的理论最大吸附量以及基质在人工湿地运行中对磷素净化能力,探讨了影响基质对磷素吸附性能的几个主要因素,并对今后在人工湿地基质类型的选择方面提出了展望。     

天然湿地生态系统评价技术研究进展

当前湿地科学已成为世界各国研究重点,其中湿地评价技术是热点之一。文章回顾了国内外河口、河流和湖库湿地生态系统评价指标体系、湿地生态环境质量现状及脆弱性及其生态系统健康评价技术、湿地生态系统功能、效益、价值评价技术研究现状以及新技术在上述这些领域中的应用。这些研究多是针对常规环境条件下小空间尺度、单一类型或单一动力作用下的湿地生态系统功能、效益和环境质量方面的评价。在此基础上,考虑宏观尺度上湿地生态系统与其周围生态系统的相互作用以及非常规环境条件下湿地生态系统的响应机制,提出完善天然湿地生态系统评价技术需要发展的几个方面,包括湿地-河流生态系统评价、湿地生态系统对临近区域及其子系统可持续发展的影响评价、湿地生态系统反馈评价以及极端条件下湿地生态系统评价技术。     

Using internet search behavior to assess public awareness of protected wetlands

Improving public awareness of protected wetlands facilitates sustainable wetland management, which depends on public participation. One way of gauging public interest is by tracking Internet search behavior (ISB). We assessed public awareness of issues related to protected wetland areas (PWAs) in South Korea by examining the frequencies of specific queries (PWAs, Ramsar, Upo wetland, Sunchon Bay, etc.) using relative search volumes (RSVs) obtained from an Internet search engine. RSV shows how many times a search term is used relative to a second search term during a specific period. Public awareness of PWAs changed from 2007 to 2013. Initially the majority of Internet searches were related to the most well‐known tidal and inland wetlands Sunchon Bay and Upo wetlands, which are the largest existing wetlands in Korea with the greatest historical exposure. Public awareness, as reflected in RSVs, of wetlands increased significantly following PWA designation for the wetlands in 2008, which followed the Ramsar 10th Conference of Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands (COP10) meeting. Public interest was strongly correlated to the number of news articles in the popular media, as evidenced by the increase in Internet searches for specific wetlands and words associated with specific wetlands. Correspondingly, the number of visitors to specific wetlands increased. To increase public interest in wetlands, wetland aspects that enhance wetland conservation should be promoted by the government and enhanced via public education. Our approach can be used to gauge public awareness and participation in a wide range of conservation efforts.     

Gaining Traction: Retreading the Wheels of Marine Conservation

Abstract:  A number of international treaties address the conservation of marine resources. The declining state of the world's oceans suggests that these treaties are not succeeding and could use improvement. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is increasingly embracing the conservation of marine species. We examine the evolution of marine species protection under CITES and illuminate some of the mechanisms used and challenges faced in implementing CITES protection. We found that clarification is needed on when and where CITES applies and how CITES should work with other treaties and institutions. The Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) can contribute to increased effectiveness of CITES for marine conservation. Foremost, the SCB community could foster dialogue on creating a broad vision of how CITES should apply to marine species and how it can synergistically interact with other important marine-conservation treaties and institutions. More specific contributions could focus on defining listing criteria for marine species, improving the science behind the nondetriment finding, and offering technical guidance on species proposals. A future role for SCB could be to contribute to the enhanced effectiveness of other marine conservation agreements such as the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the International Whaling Commission, and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea .     

洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危鸟类群落组成及多样性

2005年7至2007年4月,采用直接记数法和"GPS"技术定位监测对洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类资源及其环境进行调查。结果表明:洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类有218种,隶属于16目46科。其中古北界鸟类占优势,有118种,东洋界鸟类54,广布种鸟类46种。冬候鸟为主体,有118种,留鸟40种,夏侯鸟35种,旅鸟25种。按生态类群分,游禽45种、涉禽69种、陆禽3种、猛禽22种、攀禽11种、鸣禽68种;该湿地有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类7种、Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类43种,国际湿地公约名录中的鸟类37种。洞庭湖湿地珍稀濒危保护鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数分别为4.489 7和0.576 5。     

Cosmic exergy based ecological assessment for a wetland in Beijing

Wetlands research and restoration has become one of the critical concern due to their importance in providing ecosystem services. This study proposes a holistic methodology to assess the wetland ecosystem based on cosmic exergy as a thermodynamic orientor. This new approach is applied to two typical wastewater treatment facilities (an activated sludge system and a cyclic activated sludge system) and to a constructed wetland ecosystem in Beijing for comparison. Results show that the Beijing wetland ecosystem gains positive net present ecological value of 3.08E+14 J_c regarding its total life cycle. Comparison with the activated sludge system and cyclic activated sludge system, shows that the wetland ecosystem has greater dependencies on local resources (22% vs. 0% vs. 0%) and renewable resources (67% vs. 38% vs. 31%) as well as a larger ecological sustainability index (0.64157 vs. 0.00005 vs. 0.00008). This implies that the wetland ecosystem is more environmentally friendly and sustainable method for water treatment.     

意大利东北部滨海湿地演变及其影响因素监测分析

意大利东北部海岸分布着独特的滨海湿地景观,在地中海区域具有极其重要的生态价值。该研究主要利用遥感影像监测1984—2016年滨海湿地演变,覆盖该区域所有的国际重要湿地保护区,并在此基础上定量分析滨海湿地演变的影响因素,深化对滨海湿地演变规律的认识,为今后制定与实施滨海湿地保护政策提供科学依据。研究结果显示,(1)滨海湿地的演变受一系列自然和人为因素影响,包括海平面上升、城市扩张、农业及旅游业发展等负面因素。保护区外的滨海湿地减少了21.62%,且岛屿湿地面临海平面上升的严重威胁,部分区域高达56%的湿地被海水侵蚀。(2)环保立法与修复措施在大部分滨海湿地集中分布片区得到有效实施,带来了积极的环境效应,湿地总面积从111 km²(1984年)增长至119 km²(2016年),保护区内滨海湿地大体上并未受到持续增强的人类活动带来的重大负面影响。但严格的环保措施和持续的城镇化产生了“环境极化”效应,同样不利于滨海湿地环境的长远维持。应当在保护区边缘区域采取弹性的环保策略,使滨海湿地环境得到更加可持续的有效保护。     

Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain,China

Wetlands, with their many values and important functions, are precious resources. They have, however, undergone great changes during economic development and population growth. Relying on recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques, this paper probes changes in wetland landscapes on Yinchuan Plain during 1978–2006. A series of remote sensing images was used to identify wetland landscape types. Landscape pattern indices, such as patch number, patch density, landscape shape, and Shannon's diversity, evenness, and contagion indices were calculated with GIS and landscape analysis software. Changes in wetland landscape patterns on Yinchuan Plain were analyzed. The analysis show that the total area of wetlands on Yinchuan Plain decreased from 391,540,239 m² in 1978 to 267,979,957 m² in 2006, a significant change over 28 years. The area of rivers and lakes has shrunk, and the area of paddies has increased consistently, with increasing wetland fragmentation and heterogeneity. The number of patches, patch density, and landscape shape index shows that wetland landscape patterns have undergone great changes. The landscape diversity, landscape evenness, and contagion indices indicate that wetland landscapes have become less heterogeneous. We discuss the causes of these changes and the sustainable development of wetland ecosystems.     

Aquatic herbivores facilitate the emission of methane from wetlands

Wetlands are significant sources of atmospheric methane. Methane produced by microbes enters roots and escapes to the atmosphere through the shoots of emergent wetland plants. Herbivorous birds graze on helophytes, but their effect on methane emission remains unknown. We hypothesized that grazing on shoots of wetland plants can modulate methane emission from wetlands. Diffusive methane emission was monitored inside and outside bird exclosures, using static flux chambers placed over whole vegetation and over single shoots. Both methods showed significantly higher methane release from grazed vegetation. Surface-based diffusive methane emission from grazed plots was up to five times higher compared to exclosures. The absence of an effect on methane-cycling microbial processes indicated that this modulating effect acts on the gas transport by the plants. Modulation of methane emission by animal-plant-microbe interactions deserves further attention considering the increasing bird populations and changes in wetland vegetation as a consequence of changing land use and climate change.     

湿地生态系统碳汇与碳源过程的控制因子和临界条件

湿地生态系统由于其自身的结构组分特征,已成为地球表层系统中最为重要的碳汇。但是近年来对于湿地系统的不合理开发利用、降水减少等原因使其碳汇功能减弱,湿地的碳蓄积能力下降且有转变为碳源的趋势。文章从湿地生态系统的水份、植物类型、土壤厚度、微生物(底物、pH、温度、氧化还原条件)等方面总结了影响湿地碳汇/源过程的控制因子和临界交替条件。湿地水位的高低决定湿地的氧气环境,与甲烷产生量成正相关,但却与二氧化碳产生量有一定的负相关关系。湿地植物通过通气组织与根系分泌物等影响湿地碳的吸收与排放通量,湿地植株的高度、覆盖率等也是影响湿地作为碳汇与碳源的重要因素。不同深度土层由于其产甲烷菌、甲烷氧化菌等微生物活性不同导致各个土层碳吸收、排放通量的差异,通常浅层土壤中的CO2、CH4的产生率高于深层土壤。微生物的活跃程度直接影响到湿地碳的吸收与排放,影响活跃程度的因素包括湿地底物、pH、温度与氧化还原条件等。湿地底物浓度的增加会在一定程度上提高甲烷的产生率,中性或者是弱碱性环境是产甲烷菌的最适宜条件,在一定范围内温度越高,甲烷产生量越大,而温度对于二氧化碳的影响则是通过改变光合作用来实现。氧化还原电位与甲烷产生量成负相关关系,-...     

Prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use of wild species inferred from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Unsustainable exploitation of wild species represents a serious threat to biodiversity and to the livelihoods of local communities and Indigenous peoples. However, managed, sustainable use has the potential to forestall extinctions, aid recovery, and meet human needs. We analyzed species-level data for 30,923 species from 13 taxonomic groups on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species to investigate patterns of intentional biological resource use. Forty percent of species (10,098 of 25,009 species from 10 data-sufficient taxonomic groups) were used. The main purposes of use were pets, display animals, horticulture, and human consumption. Intentional use is currently contributing to elevated extinction risk for 28–29% of threatened or near threatened (NT) species (2752–2848 of 9753 species). Intentional use also affected 16% of all species used (1597–1631 of 10,098). However, 72% of used species (7291 of 10,098) were least concern, of which nearly half (3469) also had stable or improving population trends. The remainder were not documented as threatened by biological resource use, including at least 172 threatened or NT species with stable or improving populations. About one-third of species that had use documented as a threat had no targeted species management actions to directly address this threat. To improve use-related red-list data, we suggest small amendments to the relevant classification schemes and required supporting documentation. Our findings on the prevalence of sustainable and unsustainable use, and variation across taxa, can inform international policy making, including the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.     

Exploring relationships between conservation and poverty reduction in wetland ecosystems: lessons from 10 integrated wetland conservation and poverty reduction initiatives

It is well known that whilst wetlands deliver a wide range of services vital for human well-being, they are being rapidly degraded and lost. Losses tend to be higher where human populations are increasing most and demands for economic development are greatest. Multidisciplinary management approaches that integrate conservation and development objectives in wetlands are therefore urgently requested for by the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. This paper describes the evaluation of 10 wetland management case studies from Asia, Africa and South America that adopted such an integrated approach. The evaluation assessed the outcomes of these integrated initiatives to identify conditions and processes for linking conservation and poverty reduction objectives in wetlands. The findings are also compared with other assessments of integrated approaches, particularly in terms of their effectiveness in optimizing conservation and poverty reduction outcomes. The results from our studies suggest an ongoing evolution of such integrated interventions, which also implies cycles of learning from past mistakes. Overall, our results highlight the significant variation between wetlands in types and quantities of services they provide and emphasize the need to view many ecological issues as social challenges for equitable solutions to both wetlands and people. The analysis further shows that the positive on-ground results owe much to the interdisciplinary problem analysis, whereby interventions can move from treating symptoms to addressing root causes. while no blueprint emerged on how to successfully integrate conservation and poverty reduction in wetlands, important lessons for future interventions were drawn.